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DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2008 with funding from
IVIicrosoft Corporation
http://www.archive.org/details/dictionaryofindiOObuckuoft
DICTIONARY OF
INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
B,
C. E. BUCK.LAND, CLE.
(Indian Civil Ser'vice^ retired).
M
LONDON
SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO., LIM
25 HIGH STREET BLOOMSBURY
1906
BS3
PREFACE
There are Biographical Dictionaries which contain lives of Indian celebri-
ties, and there are many biographies of individuals who have distinguished
themselves in India. But the Dictionaries are large, expensive works,
and the separate " Lives " or " Memoirs " are often lengthy or inaccessible.
There is no single volume of moderate size, containing such information
as is sufficient for the ordinary reader, regarding the careers and doings
of the large number of persons connected with India, in history, by their
exploits, services, and writings. The object of this " Dictionary of Indian
Biography " is to supply this want. It purports to be a handy Work
of Reference, giving the main facts of the lives of about 2,600 persons —
English, Indian, Foreign, men or women, living or dead — who have been
conspicuous in the history of India, or distinguished in the administra-
tion of the country, in one or other of its branches, or have contributed
to its welfare, service, and advancement by their studies and literary
productions, or have gained some special notoriety. Such a work
must be limited by considerations of time, space, and cost. It has
been thought desirable to commence the present volume from about
1750 A.D., a date which admits of the inclusion of Lord Clive and his
contemporaries in Southern India, when the English power in India
was being established. It has been found necessary to treat the lives in
an indicative rather than in an exhaustive manner. It is impossible to
include everybody who has been in India, and nothing has been harder
than the attempt to fix a standard of merit to entitle its possessor to
inclusion. No one consulted has been able to suggest a criterion of " dis-
tinction." The titles and decorations of the various Orders of Knight-
hood afford no certain ground. A complete and full Biographical Dic-
tionary for India could only be undertaken, and might well be undertaken,
by Government Agency, or under a financial guarantee of the cost of
production. In all the difficulties of the problem, it is only possible to
decide, for inclusion or exclusion, upon general principles, general reputa-
tion, or notoriety : and the many persons omitted for want of space are
likely to challenge the conclusions of the Editor. Again, in such a work,
unintentional omissions are sure to occur, in spite of all precautions, but
they can be supplied in future editions. In many cases, even of prominent
names, sufficient biographical information is not available, or, at any
rate, has not come to hand. It is equally impossible to avoid, entirely,
mistakes of dates or facts : the sources of information consulted often
disclose discrepancies, which personal knowledge has sometim.es been
able to determine. Accuracy has been a main object in the compilation,
but the short lives cannot be made more accurate than the sources of
V A*
vi PREFACE
information permit. In the Addenda will be found a few notices which
were accidentally omitted from the body of the work, or were obtained
too late to be included in their proper places.
A copious Bibliography has been appended. It contains the names
of a number of works which may advantageously be consulted by those
who are desirous of acquiring a greater knowledge of the individuals
treated in the Dictionary of Indian Biography, or of the history of India,
than can be conveyed in the brief notices in the Dictionary itself. It will
also be useful to the general reader of Indian literature. A separate list
of the chief Works of Reference consulted is subjoined to this Preface.
The Indian names of places have been spelt, for the most part, accord-
ing to the Jonesian (or Hunterian) system of transliteration adopted by
the Government of India. But that system allows, by way of compromise,
a number of names, which have in times past been spelt phonetically, to
retain their popular, though irregular, forms. Opinions differ as to the
extent to which such disregard of strict transliteration may be permitted.
In this work, some of the familiar words have been retained, and, in all
cases, the attempt has been made to adapt the spelling to the plain and
simple sound of a word : no dots or accents have been used. The Indian
names of persons have been arranged on a system by which they can be
most easily found. In many cases, the territory with which the person is
connected supplies the keyword. In the case of Hindus, not designated
territorially, the family name should be first sought. In some cases (e.g.
among the Parsis), where the family name has been dropped, the name
which is used as a surname is put first. In the case of some Hindus, and
of Muhammadans, who have no name common to all the members of a
family, the arrangement is according to the first names in their alphabetical
order. Some common names have been spelt in the different ways which
their owners have adopted for themselves.
The greater portion of the compilation, as well as the editing, has
fallen on the Editor. At the same time, his acknowledgments are due
to all who have afforded him assistance and information. He has specially
to thank Mr. H. Wigram, of the Madras Civil Service (retired), now of
Messrs. Swan, Sonnenschein & Co., for his co-operation and ready counsel ;
the Editor of the AthencBum for kindly permitting the publication of
lists of names in his Journal : the officers in charge of the India Office
Library, for their unfailing courtesy and stores of knowledge put at his
disposal ; and certain officers in India for their welcome help : their names
are not mentioned, lest it should be supposed that any portion of the
Dictionary has any official authority.
Corrections and suggestions will be thankfully received.
THE EDITOR.
6i, Cornwall Gardens, London, S.W.,
November ist, 1905.
WORKS OF REFERENCE CONSULTED .
Account of the Mutinies in Oudh, An, M. R. Gubbins : 1858.
Addiscombe : its Heroes and Men of Note, Col. H. M. Vibart : 1894.
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographic : 1875.
American, European and Oriental Literary Record, Trlibner's : 1865-89.
Annual Register, The.
Asiatic Annual Register for the years 1800-1811, The : 1801-12.
Asiatic Quarterly Review, The : 1886-1905.
Asiatic Society, Journals of the Royal.
Assam, A StatisticaljAccount of, W.j.W. Hunter : 1879.
Bengal Army, History of the Rise and Progress of the, Capt. A. Broome : 1850.
Bengal Artillery, List of Oflicers who have served in the Regiment of the, by Maj.-
General F. W. Stubbs : 1892.
Memoir of the Services of the, Capt. E. Buckle : edited by J. W. Kaye :
1852.
Bengal, A Statistical Account of, W. W. Hunter : 1875-7-
Bengal Civil Servants, 1780-1838, Dodwell and Miles : 1839.
Bengal Establishment, A General Register of the Honourable E. L Company's
Civil Servants of the, from 1790 to 1842, by Ram Chandra Das and H. T.
Prinsep : 1844.
Bengal Obituary, The, Holmes & Co. : 1848.
Bengal under the Lieutenant-Governors, 1854-98, C. E. Buckland : 1901.
Biographical Treasury, A, Maunder.
Biographic Universelle, Ancienne et Moderne : 1811-53.
Bombay and Western India, J. Douglas: 1893.
Bombay Civil Servants, 1798-1839, Dodwell and Miles : 1839.
Book of Dignities, The, H. Ockerby : 1890.
British India and its Rulers, H. S. Cunningham : 1881.
British Indian Military Depositary, The, S. Parlby : 1822-7.
Calcutta Review, The : 1844-1905.
Celebrities of the Century, L. C. Saunders : 1887.
Centenary Review of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1784-1883 : 1885.
Chambers's Biographical Dictionary, G. D. Patrick and F. H. Groome -. 1897.
Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sunnuds relating to India, etc., A, C. U.
Aitchison, continued by others : 1892.
Comprehensive History of India, A, H. Beveridge : 1858-62.
Conversations Lexikon, Brockhaus : 1882.
Meyer : 1893.
Cyclopaedia of India, E. Balfour . 1885.
Decisive Battles of India, The, G. B. Malleson : 1883.
Dictionary of Biography, Lippincott : 1881.
Dictionary of General Biography, A, W. L. R. Gates : 1881.
Dictionary of National Biography : 1 885-1903.
Dictionary of Universal Biography, Beeton : 1869-70.
Dictionnaire Universel des Contemporains, G. Vapereau : 1893.
Dizionario Biograflco degli Scrittori Contemporanei, A. de Gubernatis : 1879-
viii WORKS OF REFERENCE CONSULTED
Early Annals of the English in Bengal, The, C. R. Wilson : 1895, 1900.
Early Records of British India, J. T. Wheeler: 1878.
East India Military Calendar, The, J. Philippart : 1823-4.
East Indian Gazetteer, The, W. Hamilton : 1815.
Echoes from Old Calcutta, H. E. Busteed : 1897.
Eminent Persons, Biographies reprinted from the " Times," 1870-94 : 1892-7.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, The.
Encyclopaedia of Missions, The, Dwight, Tupper, and Bliss : 1904.
Forty-one Years in India, Earl Roberts : 1898.
Gazetteer of the Territories under the Government of the E. I. Co., A, E. Thornton :
1857.
General Biographical Dictionary, The, A. Chalmers : 1812-7.
Gentleman*s Magazine, The.
Glimpses of Old Bombay and Western India, J. Douglas . 1900.
Golden Book of India, The, R. Lethbridge -. 1893.
Government of India, The, Sir C. P. Ilbert: 1898.
Heroines of Ind, M. Dutt : 1897.
Historical Sketches of the South of India, M. Wilks : 1810-7.
History of India, H. G. Keene : 1893.
I^oper Lethbridge : 1881-93.
J. C. Marshman : 1867-93.
^ James Mill, 1817 : ed. by H. H. Wilson : 1858.
History of India from the Earliest Ages, The, J. T. Wheeler: 1867-81.
History of India : Hindoo and Mohammedan Periods, M. Elphinstone : 1841, 1889.
History of the British Empire in India, E. Thornton : 1841-5I: [L. J. iTrotter :
1866-99.
History of the Indian Mutiny, A, G. W. Forrest : 1904.
T. R. E. Holmes . 1891.
G. B. Malleson : 1878-80.
History of the Indian Navy, 1613-1863, C. R. Low : 1877. ' [
History of the Madras Army, W. J. Wilson: 1882-8. U
History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan from the
year 1745, A, R. Orme : 1775-8.
History of the Sepoy War, J. W. Kaye : 1864-76.
History of the War in Afghanistan, J. W. Kaye: 1857.
Homeward Mail, The, 1857-1905-
Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography, The.
Imperial Gazetteer of India, The, W. W. Hunter, 14 vols. : 1885-7.
India and its Native Princes, L. Rousselet : 1878.
India : its Administration and Progress, J. Strachey : 1903.
India Lists, The.
Indian Civil Service List, The, 1880, A. C. Tupp : 1880.
Indian Directory : Thacker & Co.
Indian Empire : its People, History and Products, The, W. W. Hunter : 1893.
Indian Polity, G. T. Chesney : 1868: 1894.
India Office Lists, The.
India on the Eve of the British Conquest : a Historical Sketch, S. Owen : 1872.
India's Princes, M. Griffiths : 1894.
Kabul Insurrection of 1841-2, The, V. Eyre : 1879.
Last Century of Universal History, 1767-1867, The, A. C. Ewald : 1868.
List of Inscriptions on Tombs and Monuments in Bengal, C. R. Wilson : 1896.
Lives of Indian Officers, J. W. Kaye: 1867.
WORKS OF REFERENCE CONSULTED ix
Madras Civil Servants, 1780-1839, Dodwell and Miles: 1839.
Medical Officers of the E. I. Co.*s Service, 1764-1837, Dodwell and Miles : 1839.
Memorials of Old Haileybury College, F. c. Danvers and others -. 1894.
Men and Events of my Time in India, R. Temple : 1882.
Men and Women of the Time, V. G. Plarr : 1897.
Men of the Reign, T. H. Ward : 1885.
Men of the Time, T. Cooper : 1875.
Men whom India has Known, J.J. Higginbotham : 1874.
Military History of the Madras Engineers and Pioneers, The, IT. M. Vibart : 1881-3.
Modern History of the Indian Chiefs, Rajas, Zemindars, The, L. (ihose : 1879-81.
Mogul Empire, The, H. G. Keene : 1866.
Monumental Register, The, De Rozario : 1815.
Narrative of the War in Afghanistan in 1838-9, H. Havelock -. 1840.
New Biographical Dictionary, A, T. Cooper 1883.
New General Biographical Dictionary, A, H. J. Rose : 1857.
Nouveau Dictionnaire, Larousse.
Nouvelle Biographic Generale : i860.
Obituary Notices in the " Times."
Officers of the Indian|Army, 1760-1837, Dodwell and Miles : 1838.
Official Lists.
Oriental Biographical Dictionary, An, T. W. Beale : 1881 ; edited by H. G. Keene :
1894.
Oriental Christian Biography, W. H. Carey : 1852.
Our Indian Empire, C. Macfadane : 1844.
Panjab and Delhi in 1857, The, J. Cave-Browne: 1861.
Particular Account of the European Military Adventurers of Hindustan, A, 1784-
1803, H. Compton.
Peerage, Baronetcy and Knightage, Burke : 1904.
Pillars of the Empire, T. H. S. Escott : 1879.
Rajas and Nawabs of the N.W.P. : 1877.
Rajas of the Panjab, The, L. H. Griffin : 1873.
Report on the Old Records of the India Office, G. M. C. Birdwood : 1891.
Representative Indians, G. Paramaswaran Pillai : 1902.
Representative Men of India, S. jehangir : 1889.
Royal Military Calendar, The, J. Philippart : 1815-6.
Rulers of India Series, The, W. W. Hunter.
Selections from Calcutta Gazettes, W. S. Seton-Karr and H. Sandeman : 1864-9.
Sepoy Generals, G. W. Forrest . 1901.
Sepoy Revolt, The, J. J. McLeod Innes : 1897.
Short Account of the Lives of the Bishops of Calcutta, A, W. C. Bromehead : 1876.
Short History of India, A, J. T. Wheeler • 1889.
Sketches of some Distinguished Anglo-Indians, W. F. B. Laurie : 1887-8.
Indian Women, Mrs. E. F. Chapman : 1891.
Story of the Nations, The : the volumes of the Series relating to India.
The First Afghan War and its Causes, H. M. Durand : 1879.
Twelve Indian Statesmen, G. Smith : 1898.
Twelve Pioneer Missionaries, G. vSmith : 1900.
Who's Who : 1904, 1905.
ABBREVIATIONS
A.D.C.:
= Aide de Camp.
F.R.A.S.=
A.G.:
= Adjutant-General.
A.A.G.=
= Assistant Adjutant-General.
F.R.CL-
D.A.G.=
^Deputy Adjutant-General.
'.A.A.G.=
= Deputy Assistant Adjutant-
General.
F.R.C.P.=
A.G.G.:
= Agent to the Governor-
General.
F.R.C.S.=
A.M.D.=
=Army Medical Depart-
ment.
F.R.CV.S.=
B.A.=
= Bachelor of Arts.
B.C.S.=
= Bengal Civil Service.
F.R.G.S.:
B.L.=
-Bachelor of Law, or of
Letters.
F.R.S.=
Bo.C.S.
= Bombay Civil Service.
C.B.
= Companion of the Bath.
F.R.S.E.:
CLE.
= Companion of the Indian
Empire.
F.S.A.=
C. iiiC.=
= Commander in Chief.
C.I.^
= Crown of India.
F.S.A.S.=
C.J.
= Chief Justice.
C.M.G.
= Companion of St. Michael
and St. George.
F.S.S.=
C.M.S.
= Chm:ch Missionary
Society.
F.S.S.A.:
CO.:
= Commanding Officer.
F.Z.S.:
CS.I.:
= Companion of the Star of
India.
G.CB.:
CV.O.
= Commander of the Royal
Victorian Order.
G.CH.=
D.CL.
= Doctor of Civil Law.
D.D.
= Doctor of Divinity.
G.C.I.E.:
D.I.G.
= Deputy Inspector-General.
D.L.
= Deputy Lieutenant.
G.C.M.G.:
>»
Doctor of Laws.
D.N.B.
= Dictionary of National
Biography.
G.C.S.I.:
D.S.O.
= Distinguished Service
Order.
G.CV.O.
E.I.Co.
= East India Company.
F.G.S.
= Fellow of the Geological
Society.
G.M.I.E.
F.I.C
= Fellow of Institute of Chem-
istry.
G.M.S.I.
F.I.I.
= Fellow of Institute of Jour-
nalists.
H.B.M.:
F.L.S.
, = Fellow of the Linnaaan
Society.
H.E.I.CS.:
F.M.
= Field Marshal
Royal
Royal
Royal
= Fellow V of the
Asiatic Society.
- Fellow of the
Colonial Institute.
= Fellow of the
College of Physicians.
= Fellow of the Royal
College of Surgeons.
= FeUow of the Royal
College of Veterinary
Surgeons.
= Fellow of the Royal
Geographical Society.
= Fellow of the Royal
Society.
= Fellow of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh.
= Fellow of the Society of
Antiquaries.
= Fellow of the Society of
Antiquaries of Scotland
= FeUow of I the Statistical
Society.
= Fellow of the [Society of
Science and Art.
= Fellow of the Zoological
Society.
= Knight Grand Cross of the
Bath.
= Knight Grand Cross of the
Order of the Guelphs.
= Knight Grand Comman-
der of the Indian Empire.
= Knight Grand Cross of
St. Michael and St.
George.
= Knight Grand Commander
of the Star of India.
= Knight Grand
the Royal
Order.
, = Grand Master
Indian Empire.
= Grand Master of the Star
of India.
= His (or Her) Britannic
Majesty.
= Honourable East India
Company's Service.
Cross of
Victorian
of the
Xll
ABBREVIATIONS
H.H.
, = His Highness, or His
Honour.
M.R.A.S.B.=
H.M.:
= His (or Her) Majesty.
N.B.=
H..R.H.=
= His (or Her) Royal High-
N'.L =
ness.
N.W.P.=
I.C.S.:
= Indian Civil Service.
O.U.B.C.=
I.M.S.
= Indian Medical Service.
J.A.S.B.:
= Journal of the Asiatic
P.C.=
Society of Bengal.
Ph.D.=
J.P.
= Justice of the Peace.
P.M.O.=
J.R.A.S.^
= Journal of the Royal
Asiatic Society.
P.W.D.
K.B.:
= Knight Bachelor or Knight
Q.C.=
Companion of the Bath.
Q.M.G.=
K.C.
= King's Counsel.
A.Q.M.G.=
K.C.B.
= Knight Commander of the
Bath.
D.A.g.M.G.=
K.C.H.:
= Knight Commander of the
Order of the Guelphs.
D.Q.M.G.=
K.C.I.E.
= Knight Commander of the
Indian Empire.
q.v.^
K.C.M.G.
= Knight Commander of St.
Michael and St. George.
R.A.=
K.C.S.I.
= Knight Commander of the
Star of India.
R.A.S.'j.=
K.C.V.O.
= Knight Commander] of the
R.E.=
Royal Victorian Order.
R.M.A.:
K.G.
=: Knight of the Garter.
R.M.C.=
K.P.
= Knight of St. Patrick.
R.N.:
K.T.
= Knight of the Thistle.
R.N.R.:
LL.B.
= Bachelor of Laws.
S.P.C.K.:
LL.D.:
= Doctor of Laws.
L.M.
= Licentiate in Midwifery.
S.P.G.:
L.R.C.P.
= Licentiate of the College of
Physicians.
T.C.D.:
L.S.A.
= Licentiate of the College of
U.P.:
Apothecaries.
V.C.:
M.A.
= Master of Arts.
V.D.:
M.A.O.
= Muhammadan Anglo-
Oriental.
Y.M.C.A.:
M.D.
= Doctor of Medicine.
Z.D.M.G.=
M.I.
=: Madras Infantry.
M.P.
= Member of Parliament.
= Member of the Royal
Asiatic Society of Bengal.
= North Britain.
= Native Infantry.
= North-West Provinces.
= Oxford University Boat
Club.
= Privy Councillor.
= Doctor of Philosophy.
= Principal Medical Officer.
= Public Works Depart-
ment.
= Queen's Counsel.
= Quarter-Master-General.
= Assistant Quarter - Master-
General.
= Deputy- Assistant Quarter-
Master-General.
= Deputy Quarter - Master-
General.
= quod vide = which see.
= Royal Academy.
= Royal Artillery.
= Royal Asiatic Society's
Journal
= Royal Engineer.
= Royal Military Academy.
= Royal MiHtary College.
= Royal Navy.
= Royal Naval Reserve.
= Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge.
= Society for the Propaga-
tion of the Gospel.
=Trinity College, Dublin.
= United Provinces.
= Victoria Cross.
= Volunteer Decoration.
= Young Men's Christian
Association.
— Zeitschrif t der Deutschen
Morgenlandischen
Gesellschaft.
DICTIONARY
OF
INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
ABADIE, HENRY RICHARD (1841- )
Entered the Army, 1858 : served in
the Abyssinian campaign, 1868, and the
Afghan War, 1879-80, including the
capture of Kandahar : commanded
the Eastern District, 1899-1900 : Maj-
General : C.B. : Lieutenant-Governor of
Jersey, 1900-4.
ABBOTT, AUGUSTUS (1804-1867)
Born Jan. 7, 1804 : son of H. A. Abbott :
brother of Sir Frederick, and Sir James A.:
educated at Warfield, Winchester, Addis-
combe : entered the Bengal Artillery,
1819 : served at Bhartpur in 1825-6 :
in 1838-9 was in the Army of the Indus,
in the march to Kandahar, and the pur-
suit to Girishk, at the siege of Ghazni, and
the occupation of Kabul : was in the
Kohistan fighting with Sale, and under
him, on his return to Jalalabad ; com-
manded the Artillery during the siege
of Jalalabad and the defeat of Akbar Khan
on April 7, 1842 : commanded the Artil-
lery in Pollock's relieving Army, at Tezin
on Sep. 12, 1842, and the re-occupation
of Kabul : C. B. : Hony. A. D. C. to
Governor - Generals : Inspr - General of
Ordnance, 1855 : retired, 1859 : Maj-
General, i860 : died Feb. 25, 1867.
ABBOTT, SIR FREDERICK (1805-1892)
Brother of Sir James Abbott, and son
of Henry Alexius Abbott, a Calcutta
merchant : born June 13, 1805 : educated
at Warfield and Addiscombe : entered
Bengal Engineers, 1823 : Maj-General,
1858 : arrived in India, 1823 : in the
Burmese war of 1824-26: employed in the
P. W. D. and garrison-engineer at Cal-
cutta in 1841 : Chief Engineer in Pol-
lock's relieving force in 1842, and at the
re-occupation of Kabul : in the first
Sikh war and at Sobraon in 1846 : directed
the bridge and pontoon operations :
C. B. : retired in 1847 : Lieutenant-
Governor of the Addiscombe Military
College, 1851-61 : knighted, 1854 : Mem-
ber of Council of Mihtary Education, and
Commissioner of National Defence : died
Nov. 4, 1892.
ABBOTT, H. EDWARD STAGEY
(1855- )
Son of General Abbott, Bengal Infantry :
educated at St. Elizabeth College, Guern-
sey, and R.M.A. Woolwich : entered the
Army, 1874 : served in India, in the Afghan
War, 1878-80 : P.W.D. Panjab ; Hazara
expedition 1888 : Under Secretary P.W.D.
Panjab : Chitral Relief force, 1895 :
Superintending Engineer, P. W. D. : Lt.-
Colonel R.E. : D.S.O.
ABBOTT, SIR JAMES (1807-1896)
Brother of Sir F. Abbott : born March
12, 1807 : educated at Blackheath and
Addiscombe : entered the Royal Artillery
in 1823 : arrived in India, 1823 : served
at Bhartpur, 1825-6 : in the Revenue
Survey : with the Army of the Indus in
1838-9, to Kandahar : in 1839, with
D' Arcy Todd to Herat, and sent by him
to Khiva to negotiate with the Khan for
the release of Russian captives held by
him : on the Khan's behalf crossed the
Caspian, and went to St. Petersburg and
on to England, 1840 : after some political
employ, he was Commissioner of Hazara '
from 1845 to 1853, and held the country
against the Sikhs in the second Sikh War,
1848-9 : his name is preserved in the
town of Abbottabad ; commanded a
column in the Black Mountain expedi-
tion, 1852 : C. B., 1873 : K. C. B., 1894 :
General, 1877 : retired from the Army,
1879 : died Oct. 6, 1896. He was also
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
" a poet, antiquarian, and man of let-
ters ; " wrote a Narrative of a Journey
from Herat to Khiva, Moscow and St.
Petersburg, etc., and about Alexander the
Great in the Panjab, etc.
ABBOTT, SAUNDERS ALEXIUS (1811-
1894)
Maj -General : born July 9, 1811 :
son of Henry Alexius Abbott, merchant,
Calcutta ; educated privately and at
Addiscombe ; joined the Bengal Infantry
in 1828 : appointed, in 1836, Assistant
in the Revenue Survey under Sir H
Lawrence (q.v.) : held Survey charges,
1838-42 : present at Mudki, Dec. 18,
1845, bringing the reserves from Kasauli
and Sabathu by forced marches : also
as A.D.C. to Lord Hardinge at Firoz-
shahr ; dangerously wounded : Deputy
Commissioner of Umbala, 1847 : of
Hoshiarpur, 1849 : in charge there during
the mutiny ; Commissioner of Lucknow,
1858-63 ; Brevet-Major, 1846 ; Hon.
A.D.C. to Governor-Generals, until he
retired Sep. 1864 : after retirement was
Agent of the Sind, Panjab, and Delhi
railway at Lahore for years, and after-
wards on the Home Board of Direction :
died at Brighton, Feb. 7, 1894.
ABDUL HAK, SIRDAR DILER JUNG
UL MULK (1863-96)
Son of a small hereditary chieftain in
the Dekkan : joined the Bombay Govern-
ment service before he was 20 : in the
police, captured a dangerous dakait :
made C. I. E. : joined the Hyderabad
service : Sir Salar J ung sent him to Eng-
land to obtain an alteration in the guaran-
tee which the Nizam had given on his
State railway : for effecting this, he was
handsomely rewarded : was given a
mining monopoly in the Nizam's state,
from which he made a personal profit of
nearly a quarter of a million : but, after
the publication of the facts in 1888, he
suffered political downfall at Hyderabad :
and strove in vain to regain his position
in the Nizam's service : died May, 1896.
ABDUL LATIF, NAWAB BAHADUR
(1828-1893)
Son of a leading pleader in the Sadr
Diwani Court at Calcutta : born, March,
1828 : educated at the Calcutta Madrasa :
entered Government service in 1846 :
appointed a Deputy Magistrate in 1849 :
acted sometimes as Presidency Magis-
trate : Member of the Bengal Legislative
Council for several years, and of the
Calcutta Corporation: J. P. : on the
Central Board of Examiners ; Fellow of
the Calcutta University : on the Income
Tax Commission for Calcutta, 1861-5 :
founder and secretary, from 1863, of the
Muhammadan Literary and Scientific
Society, and several otlaer public bodies :
Nawab, 1880 : C. I. E. 1883 : Nawab
Bahadur, 1887 : often consulted by
Government, as the most progressive
and enlightened among the Muhammadans
of Bengal, whose interests and aspirations
he never ceased to urge : died 1893.
ABDUL MUSSEAH, REV. ( ? -1827)
Born at Delhi ; his original name was
Sheikh Salih : son of a learned man, a
teacher : became a Munshi at Lucknow
to Englishmen : served at the Oudh
Court, and was a trooper under the
Mahrattas : he turned to Christianity on
hearing preaching at Cawnpur, and was
baptized at Calcutta by Rev. D. Brown
{q.v.) in 181 1, receiving his name Abdul
Musseah ; became in 1812 a catechist of
the C.M.S., a teacher and preacher and
writer of commentaries on Scriptxure,
making converts : about 1820 he received
Lutheran ordination, and undertook Mis-
sionary work, remaining at Agra till 1825 :
ordained by Bishop Heber as minister of
the Established Church at Calcutta, 1825 :
died March 4, 1827.
ABEL, CLARKE (1780-1826)
Physician to Lord Macartney on the
mission to China, and, as naturalist,
made extensive collections, which were
lost : also physician to Lord Amherst,
when Governor-General : died in India,
Nov. 24, 1826.
ABERCROMBY, SIR JOHN (1772-1817)
Son of Sir Ralph Abercromby : born
1772 : entered the Army, 1786 : served in
Flanders, W. Indies, and as' Military Secre-
tary to his father in Egypt : seized in
1803 and imprisoned by Napoleon, to
1808 : C. in C, Bombay, 1809 : in com-
mand of the expedition for the captiure
?iMauritius, 1810 : C. in C, and tempo-
rary Governor at Madras, May 21, 18 13,
until Sep. 16, 1814 : Lt-General, 1812 :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
K.C.B., 1814 : M.P. for Clackmannan,
1815 : G.C.B., 1816 : died Feb. 14, 1817.
ABERCROMBY, SIR ROBERT (1740-
1827)
Younger brother of Sir Ralph : entered
the Army in 1758 : served in North
America till the peace in 1763 : and again,
from 1776 to 1783, throughout the war
to the capitulation of Yorktown : went
to India 1788, and, in 1790, was Governor
of Bombay and C. in C. there : Maj-
General, 1790. After operations on the
Malabar coast, he joined Lord Cornwallis
in attacking and defeating Tippoo at
Seringapatam in 1792 : K. B. : succeeded
Lord Cornwallis as C. in C. in India,
Oct. 1793, being at the same time Member
of the Supreme Council till Feb. 1797 :
he defeated the Rohillas at Batina in
Rohilkund in 1794 : Lt-General in 1797 :
M.P. for Clackmannan County in 1798 :
Governor of Edinburgh Castle, 1801 :
General, 1802 : died Nov. 1827.
ABERIGH • MACKAY, GEORGE
ROBERT (1848-1881)
Born July 25, 1848 : son of Rev. Dr.
James Aberigh-Mackay, Chaplain in Ben-
gal : educated privately in Scotland, at
Magdalen College School, Oxford, and
St. Catherine's College, Cambridge : en-
tered the Education Department at
Bareli in the N. W. P., 1870 : Professor
of English Literature at the Delhi College,
1873 : Tutor to the Raja of Ratlam,
Central India, and Principal of the College
there, 1876 : Principal of the Rajkumar
College at Indore, 1877 : Fellow, Calcutta
University, 1880 : wrote a number of
educational works : also Notes on Western
Turkistan, a Hand-book of Hindustan, a
Manual of Indian Sport, Native Chiefs
and their States, The sovereign Princes and
Chiefs of Central India : at one time wrote
largely for the Pioneer, and constantly
for other English and Indian papers,
including letters in the Bombay Gazette
under the nom de plume " The Political
Orphan " : but his best work was his
Twenty-one Days in India, being the Tour
■of Sir Ali Baba, a series of sketches of
Indian life and society which appeared
in Vanity Fair in 1878-9, and were after-
wards published together. For brilliant
wit, his work has not been approached
in modern days in India. His bright and
sympathetic humour, his " suspicion of
cynicism which is the soul of modern
pathos," his freedom from maUce, his
command of style and language, the keen
edge and truth of his criticisms, his grasp
and range, took the pubUc by storm : a
distinguished literary career lay before
him, when he died, Jan. 12, 1881, from
tetanus, caused by a chill caught at lawn-
tennis : he was also an ardent sportsman,
and lover of birds and animals.
ABRAHAMS, LIONEL (1869- )
Educated at City of London School :
scholar of Balliol College, Oxford : Arnold
Prize : entered the India Office 1893 :
Assistant Financial Secretary, 1901:
Financial Secretary, 1902 : contributed
to^the Dictionary of Political Economy.
ADAM, SIR FREDERICK ( ? -1853)
Governor : son of Right Hon. William
Adam : entered the Army, 1795 : in the
Guards, 1799 : in Egypt, 1 800-1 : in
Sicily and Spain : A.D.C. to the Prince
Regent : Maj -General : commanded a
Brigade at Waterloo : K. C. B. : Lord
High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands,
1824-6 : G.C.M.G. : P.C, 1831 : Governor
of Madras, 1832-7 : G.C.B., 1840 : Colonel
of the 57th and 21st regts. : General,
1846 : died Aug. 17, 1853.
ADAM, JOHN (1779-1826)
Son of Right Hon. W. Adam : born
May 4, 1779. educated at Charterhouse
and Edinburgh University : writer in
the E. I. Co.'s service, reached Calcutta,
.Feb. 1796 : three years at Patna : head
assistant in the judicial-revenue Secre-
tariat : in May, 1802, was Head of the
" Governor-General's office " : in 1804,
Deputy Secretary in the Secret and Poli-
tical Departments : in 1809, Secretary
in the Military Department : in 1812,
Secretary in the Secret, Foreign and
Political Departments : Private Secretary
in 1 817 and Political Secretary to the
Marquis of Hastings, whom he accom-
panied during the Mahratta-Pindari war,
greatly influencing his policy of estab-
lishing the British supremacy : was " the
very able and very conservative " Mem-
ber of the Supreme Council, 1819-25 :
opposed the liberty of the Press as un-
suited to India, and the financial transac-
tions of Palmer & Co with the Nizam :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
acted as Governor General from Lord
Hastings' departure in Jan. until Lord
Amherst's arrival in Aug., 1823 :
adopted a strong and active policy : a
Regulation was passed, in April, 1823,
to curb the public Press : under it, John
Silk Buckingham, who had established
the Calcutta Journal and criticised Govern-
ment, satirically commenting upon an
appointment made by Government, was
deprived of his licence and deported to
England. The Court of Directors ap-
proved Adam's policy, and the Privy
Council concurred. Adam was the first
to grant public money, a lakh of rupees a
year, in support of native education :
devoted town duties to public works :
increased civil judicial establishments :
added four regiments to the Bengal
Army : was given a renewed term as
Member of Council : he died at sea, off
Madagascar, June 4, 1825. His picture,
by Chinnery, is in the Town Hall, Cal-
cutta, and a tablet to his memory is in
St. John's Church there, testifying to his
merits.
ADAM, WILLIAM PATRICK (1823-
1881)
Governor : son of Admiral Sir Charles
Adam, K.C.B. : born 1823 : educated at
Rugby and Trinity College, Cambridge :
B.A. : called to the bar by the Inner
Temple, 1849 : Private Secretary to Lord
Elphinstone, Governor of Bombay, 1853-
58 : M.P. for Clackmannan and Kinross,
1859-80 : Lord of the Treasury, 1865-6,
and 1868-73 • First Commissioner of
Works in 1873, and Privy Councillor :
' Whip ' of the Liberal party, 1874-80,
and Governor of Madras, Dec. 20, 1880 :
died at Ootacamund May 24, 1881 : his
eldest son was created a Baronet in recog-
nition of his father's public services :
his widow was given the rank of a
Baronet's widow and made a member of
the Order of the Crown of India.
ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH ( ? -1882)
NaturaUst, Army-Surgeon and Sur-
geon-Major from 1848 to 1873 : Professor
of Zoology at Dublin, and of Natural
History at Cork : wrote Wanderings of
a Naturalist in India, and The Western
Himalayas and Cashmere : F. G. S. :
F. R. S. : and LL.D. of Aberdeen : died
in Aug. 1882.
ADAMS, REV. JAMES WILLIAMS
(1840-1903)
Educated at Trinity College, Dublin:
ordained, 1863 : on the Bengal Ecclesi-
astical Establishment, 1868-1887: chosen,
1879, to be Chaplain to the Kabul Field
Force : was at Charasia and other engage-
ments, and in Lord Roberts' march from
Kabul to Kandahar : won the Victoria
Cross — the only clergyman who ever
gained it — in the Chardeh valley, near
Kabul, in Dec. 1879 : first saved a
wounded man of the 9th Lancers, by
dismounting and supporting him imtil
relieved ; he then, up to his waist in water,
and under a heavy fire from the Afghans
within a few yards, by sheer strength
dragged out two more men of the same
regiment from under their horses in a
ditch. He also saw service as Chaplain
in Burma. On his retirement, in 1887,
he was appointed Rector of Postwick,
Norfolk ; died at Ashwell Rectory near
Ockham, on Oct. 20, 1903, " Padre "
Adams, as he was called, had immense
influence with the British soldier, who
adored him. He was Chaplain in Ordinary
to H.M., 1901.
ADAMS, SIR JOHN WORTHINGTON
(1764-1837)
Entered the Army 1780 : fought
under Sir R. Abercromby {q. v.) against
the Rohillas : was at the capture of
Seringapatam, 1799 : commanded his
regt. in 1809, on active service in Central
India : C. B., 1815 : held commands in
Kumaon, Nagpur, the Dekkan : took
Chanda in 1818, was at Bhartpur in 1826 :
commanded the Sirhind Division, May,
1828 : Maj-General 1830 : Colonel of the
1 6th Bengal, N.I. : K. C. B. : died March 9,
1837, at Sabathu.
ADAMS, THOMAS ( ? -1764)
Major : an officer of the school of
Clive : in 1763 succeeded to a command
in Bengal : defeated Mir Kasim, Nawab
of Bengal, performing splendid exploits
during the campaign : he started, just
after a British reverse, with a few English
veterans and a handful of sepoys : de-
feated one of the Nawab's Generals at
Katwa : marched on Murshidabad and
occupied it : won a briUiant victory at
Gheria : dislodged the enemy from their
position of great strength at the pass of
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Udwanala : took Monghyr : marched
on Patna, and took it by assault, though
he was so broken down by illness that he
could scarcely retain his command. Mir
Kasim had fled from Patna on the ap-
proach of the English : Adams pursued
him as far as the boundary of Oudh :
he then handed over the command to
Knox and died, worn out, Jan. i6, 1764.
ADYE,SIR JOHN MILLER (1891-1900)
Born Nov. i, 18 19, son of Major J. P.
Adye, R.A. : entered the Royal Artillery
in Dec. 1836 : in the Crimea as Brig-
Major to the Artillery ; Brevet-Lt-
Colonel, 1854, and C. B. : through the
mutiny as A.A.G. for Royal Artillery :
with General Windham at Cawnpur and
at the defeat of the Gwalior contingent,
Dec. 6, 1857 : commanded the R.A. in
Madras in 1859 : D.A.G. of Artillery in
India, 1863 ; in the Sitana (Umbeyla)
campaign : Director of Artillery at the
War Office, 1870 : to the Crimea in 1872,
to report on the British cemeteries and
monuments : Governor of R.M.A. Wool-
wich, 1875 : wrote largely on the ques-
tion of the Russians in Central Asia
and on Afghanistan, opposing a forward
policy : Surveyor-General of Ordnance,
1880 : Chief of the Staff to Lord Wolseley
in the Egyptian campaign, 1882 : Gov-
ernor of Gibraltar, 1883-1886 : K.C.B.
in 1873 : Commander of the Legion of
Honour, 1874 : G.C.B. in 1882, and the
Order of the Medjidie : General, Nov.
20, 1884 : died Aug. 26, 1900. He wrote
on India, viz.. The Defence of Cawnpur^
Sitana, a Mountain Campaign, Indian
Frontier History, and an autobiography.
AFGHANISTAN, ABDUR RAHMAN,
AMIR OF (1844-1901)
Son of Afzal Khan, and grandson of
the Amir Dost Muhammad : confirmed
by Shir Ali, in 1863, in a government in
Turkistan : took part in the civil war
between his father and his uncle Shir Ali
{q.v.) : escaped to Bokhara when his
father was imprisoned in 1864 : collected
a force and defeated Shir Ali at Shekhabad
in May, 1866, and recovered Kabul for
his father : on the latter's death, in 1867,
became C. in C. to his uncle Muhammad
Azim : retired to Balkh : he was defeated
at Tinak Khan, by Yakub on behalf of
Shir Ali, on Jan. 3, 1869, and made for
Bokhara, receiving an allowance from
Russia : remained for 10 years at Samar-
kand. In 1880 he watched events from
Balkh, and, when Yakub Khan abdicated
and was sent to India, negotiations were
opened with Abdur Rahman, who pro-
ceeded to Charikar, was recognised as
Amir of Kabul by the British Govern-
ment in July, 1880, and finally nominated
Amir on Aug. 10 : he subsequently
occupied Kandahar when evacuated by
the British forces, lost it to his uncle
Ayub Khan {q.v.) in 1881, but personally
recovered it from Ayub in Sep. 1881 :
established his power throughout Afghan-
istan, and had frontier disputes with
Russia : visited the Viceroy, Lord Duf-
ferin, at Rawul Pindi, March, 1885, to
discuss Afghan affairs, and was then
made G.C.S.I. At the time of the Penjdeh
incident with Russia, in April, 1885, he
showed great forbearance. He had to
repress risings in various parts of the
kingdom : defeated his cousin Ishak,
Governor of Turkistan. In 1893 he
received Sir M. Durand's mission to
settle a number of frontier questions,
which at times had nearly led to hostili-
ties with the British. He ruled with a
rod of iron. GC.B., 1895 : disappointed
at not being allowed to have a diplomatic
agent resident in London, for which he
asked through his son Nasrulla, in 1895.
During his reign he employed English
firms and experts to work for him at
Kabul, and greatly strengthened his
kingdom and military power, but main-
tained the traditional Afghan policy of
keeping foreigners in general out of his
country : in an autobiography he showed
his confidence in the British alliance : he
died Oct. 3, 1901.
AFGHANISTAN, DOST MUHAMMAD
KHAN, AMIR OF (1791-1863)
Twentieth son of Payinda Khan
(executed 1799), who was chief of the
Barakzais, and brother of Fateh Khan,
the Barakzai " Mayor of the Palace "
of Mahmud Shah, of the Abdalis, or
Duranis. As the result of the fighting
among the members of the Durani and
Barakzai families from the time of Payinda
Khan, Dost Muhammad established
himself in 1822-3 iii Kabul, Kashmir hav-
ing been lost to the Sikhs in 1819, Herat
and Peshawar not being in his power.
He defeated Shah Shuja, the Sadazai or,
Durani, late Amir, at Kandahar in 1833 :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
but lost Peshawar to the Sikhs in 1834 :
styled himself Amir in 1833. In 1837
Burnes was sent on an embassy to Kabul,
to oppose Persian designs on Herat :
Dost Muhammad was found to be intri-
guing with Russia, and a Russian Envoy
appeared at Kabul : Lord Auckland's
Government decided to depose Dost
Muhammad and reinstate Shah Shuja
as Amir : on the approach of the British
force in 1839 Dost Muhammad fled to
Bokhara, but escaped, advanced on
Kabul, made a stand at Bajgah, but was
defeated and fled again : after a success
against the English at Parwandarra, he
surrendered, Nov. 3, 1840, to the Eng-
lish envoy and was sent down to Cal-
cutta : at the end of the first Afghan
war, in 1842, he returned to Kabul and
resumed his reign : in the Panjab cam-
paign of 1848-9, he sent assistance to the
Sikhs : he concluded the treaty of Pesha-
war with the Governor-General in March,
1855, by which the independence of
Afghanistan was recognised : and a sub-
sidy was given to him, under an agreement
made in Jan. 1857 : he regained Kanda-
har in Jan. 1856 : remained quiet and
staunch to the British during the mutiny :
established his power throughout Afghanis-
tan, capturing Herat, May 27, 1863 :
died at Herat, June 9, 1863 : was a
strong ruler, and leader of men, but cruel
and unscrupulous.
AFGHANISTAN, SHIR ALI, AMIR OF
(1820-1879)
Fifth son of Dost Muhammad {q.v.),
whom he accompanied in exile to India :
succeeded him on his death, at Herat, in
1863, being recognised by the Government
of India : civil war ensued between him
and his brothers. He lost his eldest son,
Muhammad Ali, in the battle of Kajhbaz,
in 1865, when he defeated his brother
Muhammad Amir and took Kandahar :
lost Kabul to his nephew, Abdur Rahman :
imprisoned, 1864, his brother Afzal, who
regained his freedom after the battle of
Shekhabad in May, 1866, was proclaimed
Amir, but died 1867. Shir Ali at one
time had lost Kabul and Kandahar, but,
having recovered Kabul from his brother
Muhammad Azam, defeated Abdur Rah-
man {q. v.), son of Afzal, on Jan. 3, 1869,
drove him out and was recognised as
Amir by the Government of India. Lord
Mayo received him in darbar at Umbala
in 1869. Shir Ali returned disappointed
from the darbar, and showed resentment
at the failure of his requests and his subse-
quent treatment by the British Govern-
ment : in 1873 he sent an envoy, Saiyad
Nur Muhammad, to India, to make cer-
tain proposals, which were not accepted :
negotiations took place in 1877 between
the envoy and Sir L. Pelly, on behalf of
the Governor-General, Lord Lytton, but
were fruitless. Abdullah Jan, named
in 1873 as his heir, died in 1877. In 1878
Shir Ali was found to have received, at
Kabul, a Russian mission under General
Stolietoff : he stopped Sir Neville Cham-
berlain's mission at Ali Masjid, and the
second Afghan war ensued. On the
approach of the British forces. Shir Ali
fled from Kabul and died at Mazar-i-
Sharif, in Afghan Turkistan, on Feb. 21,
1879.
AGA ALI SHAH ( ? -1886)
Like his father, Aga Khan, the spiritual
head of the Khoja community, from whom
he received tribute in Asia and Africa :
best known to Englishmen as a keen
sportsman, a strong supporter of the turf :
Member of the Bombay Legislative Coun-
cil : succeeded by his son, Aga Sultan
Muhammad Shah : died in 1885.
AGA KHAN (1800-1881)
The venerable spiritual head of the
Khoja community, of Shia Muhamma-
dans : descendant of the mysterious and
dreaded " old man of the mountains " :
claimed to be descended from Ali and
Fatima : fled from Persia 40 years before
his death, after an attempt to gain the
Persian throne, at which his family aimed :
assisted the British with his light horse
in the Afghan war, 1842 : received
Rs. 1,000 a month as pension : resided a
short time in Calcutta, and then 30 years
in Bombay, holding his court in grand
style, and taking a leading part in turf
and sporting matters : the keenest racing
man in India : exercised almost absolute
control over his subjects, " a king without
a territory," the annual tribute from his
followers amounting to a lakh of rupees :
died April 12, 1881.
AGA SULTAN MUHAMMAD SHAH
(1875- )
Born 1875 : Aga Khan: succeeded his
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
father, Aga Ali Shah, as head of Ismaili Mu-
hammadans : has many religious followers
in East Africa, Central Asia and India :
attended the Coronation (1902) as guest
of the English nation : K.C.I.E. 1898 :
G.C.I. E. 1902 : Member of the Governor
General's Legislative Council: has the
Zanzibar and Prussian Orders.
AGNEW, PATRICK ALEXANDER
VANS (1822-1848)
I.C.S. : son of Lt.-Colonel P. Vans
Agnew, a Director of the E.I. Co : educated
at Haileybury : arrived in India in 1841 :
Assistant to the Superintendent of the
Cis-Satlaj States, and at Sobraon in 1846 :
after political work connected with
Kashmir was assistant to the British
Resident at Lahore : was sent in 1848
with Lt. Anderson to Multan, to introduce
both a change in the personnel of the native
Government and new fiscal arrangements :
they were treacherously attacked on
April 20, 1848, wounded and subsequently
murdered by Mulraj's retainers, with his
knowledge : this outrage led to the second
Sikh War of 1848-9, after which the
Panjab was annexed.
AGNEW, SIR WILLIAM FISCHER
(1847-1903)
Son of General Agnew, of the Indian
Staff Corps : called to the bar at Lin-
coln's Inn, 1870 : joined the bar of the
Calcutta High Court : edited, from 1877,
the Indian Law Reports, Calcutta : was
Law Lecturer, Presidency College, 1879 :
Recorder of Rangoon, 1884— 1900, officia-
ting in 1885-6 as a Judge of the Calcutta
High Court : knighted, 1899 : retired
in 1900 : edited several books on Indian
Law: died Dec. 26, 1903.
AHLIA BAI ( ? -1795)
Wife of Khandi Rao Holkar, (who died
i754),son of Malhar Rao Holkar, of Indore.
On the latter's death, in 1765, Mali Rao,
son of Khandi and Ahlia, succeeded to
the throne, but died in 9 months. Then
Ahlia assumed the government, chose
Takaji Holkar as her minister, and ruled
till her death in 1795. She transacted
business daily, unveiled, in open darbar
from 2 p.m : had great ability and charac-
ter, was deeply rehgious, and governed
admirably.
AHMAD KHAN, SIR SYAD, KHAN
BAHADUR (1817-1898)
Educational reformer : born Oct. 17,
1 81 7, at Delhi, of a noble family : his
ancestors came into India from Central
Asia, and held high office under the Mogul
Emperors : he entered Government ser-
vice in 1837 and rose to be a subordinate
Judge in the N.W.P. In the mutiny he
rendered faithful service to the British at
Bijnur, saving their lives : he wrote a
pamphlet in Urdu on the causes of the
mutiny. He was devoted to antiquarian
research and was a Member of the Royal
Asiatic Society : in 1864 he formed a
Translation Society at Ghazipur (after-
wards moved to Alighar) and had several
valuable English works translated into
Urdu. He visited England in 1869, and
left his son (afterwards Mr. Justice Mah-
mud of the Allahabad High Court), to
be educated at Cambridge. He wrote a
reply to Sir W. W. Hunter's work on
The Indian Musalmans — are they bound
in Conscience to rebel against the Queen ?
In 1876 he retired from Government
service, and in 1877 commenced the Anglo-
Oriental College at Alighar. He was a
Member of the Legislative Council, N.W.P.
and an Additional Member of the Governor
General's Legislative Council, 1 878-1 882 :
was made a K.C.S.I. in 1888 : a
man of extreme courtesy combined with
personal dignity : to his College he
devoted his whole energy and means :
died March 27, 1898 : wrote ArchcBolo-
gical History of Delhi 1847 : F.R.A.S.
1864.
AHMAD SHAH ABDALI, or DURANI
( ? -1772)
Son of an Afghan chief of the tribe of
Abdal, near Herat : held a command under
Nadir Shah : after whose death, in i747»
he attacked the Persians, seized Kandahar,
Kabul and Lahore : in 1748 he attacked
the Moguls in Hindustan : returned to
Kabul, but, in 1757, came down on Delhi
and Agra, plundered Mathura and re-
turned to Kandahar : about 1758, in
response to an invitation from India, he
advanced against the Mahrattas, then in
great power, and defeated them at Panipat,
Jan. 1761 : returned to Kabul : again
invaded India in 1767 : returned to
Afghanistan with little success, but some
plunder : died 1772, succeeded by his
second son, Timtu: Shah.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
AHMAD, SYAD (
? )
Of Bareli : a horseman under Amir
Khan (q.v.) : went to Delhi, became a
disciple of Shah Abdul Aziz, a famous
devotee there : became a religious teacher
and reformer, aiming at the restoration of
pure Muhammadanism : went to Calcutta
in 1821 : to Mecca, 1822 : to Bombay,
1823 : wrote the Incitement to Religious
War, and opened a jihad against the Sikhs
in 1826 : was killed in battle, and the
movement terminated.
AINSLIE, WHITELAW (1766-1836)
Joined the E. I. Go's medical service in
1788, and served in Madras : in 1810 he
was made Superintending Surgeon, and
retired in 1815 : he wrote on cholera,
fever, the Materia Medica of Hindostan,
Materia Indica, and similar subjects :
died April 29, 1836,
AIREY, SIR JAMES TALBOT (1812-
1898)
Son of Lt-General Sir George Airey,
and brother of Lord Airey : born Sep.
6, 1812 : entered the Army in 1830 : in
1841 he accompanied General Elphinstone
{q.v.) to Kabul as his A. D. C. : in Dec.
he was one of the hostages given up to
Akbar Khan : they were released in Sep.
1842 : was present under McCaskill {q.v.)
at Istalif : in the Gwalior campaign in
1843 : at Punniar : served in the Guards
in the Crimea : C.B. : Colonel, 1859 :
Lt-General and K.C.B. in 1877 : retired
as General in 1881": died Jan. i, 1898.
AITCHISON, SIR CHARLES UMPHER-
STON (1832-1896)
I.C.S. : born May 20, 1832, son of
Hugh Aitchison, of Edinburgh : educated
at the High School and University there :
and at the University of Halle : passed
in the first competitive examination,
while Haileybury was being abolished : ar-
rived in India in 1856 : he narrowly escaped
the massacre of Emropeans at Hissar in
1857 : was Under Secretary in the Foreign
Department of the Government of India,
1859-65, and, after some executive work,
was Foreign Secretary, 1868-78. Sharing,
as he did, the views of Lord Lawrence on
questions of Central Asian and Afghan
policy, he was strongly opposed to the
measures which led to the second Afghan
War of 1878-80. He was Chief Com-
missioner of British Burma from March,
1878, to July, 1 880; Lieutenant-Governor
of the Panjab, 1882-87 ; Member of the
Supreme Council from April, 1887. to Nov.
1888 : also President of the important
Public Service Commission in 1887-88 :
K.C.S.I. in 1881, CLE. in 1882 : also
LL.D. of Edinburgh and honorary M.A.
of Oxford. He compiled the first edition
of the Treaties, Engagements and
Sunnuds, an authoritative work of
reference, always quoted under his name :
wrote also The Native States of India, and
Lord Lawrence in the Rulers of India
series : he died at Oxford Feb. 18, 1896.
AITKEN, EDWARD HAMILTON
(1851- ;
Son of the Rev. J ames Aitken, mission-
ary. Free Church of Scotland : passed
the B.A. and M.A. examinations of the
Bombay University at the head of the
list : Latin reader in the Dekkan College,
1880-6 : entered the Customs and Salt
Department : writes under the name of
E. H. A. : author of Tribes on my Frontier,
Behind the Bungalow, The Naturalist on
the Prowl, Five Windows of the Soul,
Common Birds of Bombay : Chief Collector
of Customs, Karachi.
AITKEN, ROBERT HOPE MONCRIEFF
( ? -1887)
Of the 13th Bengal N.I. : served in the
Panjab campaign, 1848-9 : in the mutiny,
at Lucknow, in the operations before
Cawnpiur, and in the Oudh campaign,
1858 : gained the V.C. for acts of gallantry
during the defence of the Lucknow
Residency : Inspr-General of Police in
Oudh : Colonel 1876 : died Sep. 18, 1887-
AITKEN, WILLIAM (1846-
Son of James Aitken, of Falkirk, N.B.,
educated at Edinburgh Academy and
Heidelberg : entered the Royal Artillery,
1867, Captain in 1878 : in Afghan war,
1878-80 : in the Mahsud Waziri expedi-
tion, 1 881 : Major, 1884 : served in the
Burma expedition, 1885-87 : Brevet
Lt-Colonel : in the Chitral Relief Force,
1895 : C.B. : Brevet Colonel, 1897 : served
with the Malakand Field Force, and in
the Mohmand and Buner expeditions,
1897-8: commanded the Mountain Artil-
lery, Rawul Pindi, Panjab, till 1899 :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
A.D.C. to his Majesty : and Colonel on
the Staff, commanding R.A., Scottish
District since 1899.
AIYAR, SIR SHESHADRI (1846-1901)
Son of a Brahman of Palghat in the
District of Malabar : educated at the
Provincial School at Calicut and the
Presidency College in Madras : entered
the Government service as translator in
the Collector's office at Calicut : trans-
ferred in 1868 to Mysore under Ranga
Charlu (q.v.). In 13 years he filled various
subordinate offices until the rendition of
the State to its ruler in 1881 : then he
became Personal Assistant to Runga
Charlu, whom he succeeded as Diwan in
1883. For 17 years he laboured assidu-
ously to promote the economic and
industrial development of the State. He
began with a debt of 30 lakhs and left
with a surplus of 176 lakhs. In railway,
irrigation, and mining works immense
progress was made during his adminis-
tration : his unpopularity was due to
his showing preference in his appointments
to " outsiders " over natives of the State :
a high - principled and accomplished
statesman : received a handsome bonus
of 4 lakhs on his retirement in 1900:
made C.S.I, in 1887, K.C.S.I. in 1893 :
Fellow of the Madras University : died
Sep. 13, 1901.
AIYAR, SIR TIRUVARUR MUTU-
SAWMY (1832-1895)
Born Jan. 28, 1832 : of a poor but
respectable family in the Tanjore Dis-
trict : his father died when he was young,
and his mother had not the means to
educate him : began life as assistant to a
village accountant : in 1846, Tahsildar
Mutusawmy Naik was struck with his
intelligence, and sent him to the Madras
High School. He was a favourite pupil
of E. B. Powell {q.v.) : after serving for a
time in the Tanjore District, was appointed
a Deputy Inspector of Schools in 1856 :
and, later. District Munsif of Tranque-
bar : in 1859, Deputy Collector of Tan-
jore : in 1865, Sub- Judge of S. Canara :
in 1868, Police Magistrate at Madras:
passed the B.L. degree at the University,
and became a Judge of the Small Cause
Coiurt : in 1878, CLE. and Judge of the
High Court, where he remained for 15
years ; acting as Chief Justice for 3 months
in 1893 : K.C.I.E. : was very learned in
Hindu Law and a soimd English lawyer,
somewhat timid in coming to a decision :
died Jan. 25, 1895.
AJUDHIA NATH PANDIT (1840-1892)
A Kashmiri Brahman : born April 8,
1840 : his father, Kedar Nath, was a
merchant at Agra and for some time
Diwan to the Nawab of Jaflfhar : edu-
cated at the Agra College : in 1862 joined
the bar. When the seat of Government
was moved from Agra to Allahabad ,he
migrated there : in 1869 Professor of Law
at Agra : very successful as a pleader,
and amassed a fortune : continued his
studies in Persian and Arabic : became
a member of the N.W.P. Legislative
Council ; Fellow of the Calcutta and
Allahabad Universities ; a prominent
member of the National Congress in 1888,
and afterwards became Joint General
Secretary : a man of strong individu-
ality : died Jan. 11, 1892.
AKBAR KHAN ( ? -1849)
Eldest son of Dost Mahammad (q.v.),
the Amir of Afghanistan : distinguished
himself against the Sikhs, and took an
active part in the insurrection in Kabul
in 1841 against Shah Shuja, the Amir and
the British forces : at the conference to
which the envoy. Sir W. H. Macnaghten,
was invited on Dec. 23, 1S41, outside
Kabul, he treacherously murdered Mac-
naghten : the British hostages, including
women and children, were given over to
him, when the British army retreated
from Kabul and was destroyed, in Jan.,
1842, by the Afghans and the climate : he
treated them chivalrously : he attacked
Sale's garrison near Jalalabad, but was
beaten off on April 7, 1842, by a force
under Havelock : he was again routed, in
Aug., 1842, at Tezin by the relieving
force under General Pollock : he died
1849, in Kabul, after the restoration of
Dost Muhammad.
ALCOCK, ALFRED WILLIAM
(1859- )
Educated at MUl HUl, Blackheath,
Westminster, and Aberdeen University :
Assistant Professor of Zoology, Aberdeen
University, 1883-85 : joined the Indian
Medical Service, 1885 : served in the
Panjab Frontier Force : Surgeon Natura-
lO
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
list to the Marine Survey of India on
board the Investigator, 1888-1892 : Super-
intendent of the Indian Museum and
Professor of Zoology in the Medical College,
Calcutta, since 1893 : CLE. : author of
A Naturalist in Indian Seas and numerous
zoological monographs : Major.
ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES ( ? - ? )
Entered the Bengal Artillery, 1820 : at
capture of Bhartpur, 1825-6 : commanded
the Artillery under Pollock in Afghanistan,
1842 : forced the Khyber Pass, at Tezin
and Kabul : in the Gwalior campaign,
at Maharajpur, 1843 : in the Satlaj cam-
paign, 1845-6, at Badiwal,Aliwal, Sobraon:
C.B. : K.C.B., 1871 General, -872 :
retired, 1887'
ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD
(1803-1885)
Born Oct. 16, 1803 : son of Edward
Alexander, of Powis : educated at Edin-
burgh, Glasgow and the R.M.C., Sand-
hurst : to Madras as a cadet in 1820 :
Adjutant of the bodyguard to Sir Thomas
Munro, and served in the Burmese war of
1824 : left the E. I. Co.'s army in 1825,
but saw much active service, with the
Persian army, in the Balkans, Portugal,
S. Africa, Canada, the Crimea, New
Zealand : employed on Government expedi-
tions in exploring and surveying in Central
Africa and New Brunswick, for which he
was knighted : took a leading part in the
removal of 'Cleopatra's Needle' to England,
1867-77 : made C.B. in 1873, retired as
Lt-General, and became General in 1881 :
died April 2, 1885 : wrote Travels from
India to England by way of Burma, Persia,
Turkey, etc., 1827, and other works : was
Knight Commander of the Lion and
Sun : F.R.S. Edinburgh : F.R.G.S. :
F.R.A.S. : F.S.S.A.
ALI IBRAHIM KHAN, NAWAB
( r -1793 ?)
Of Patna : " Daroga " of the Court at
Benares, that is. President of the tribunal
there, in the time of Warren Hastings'
Governorship : besides a number of com-
positions, he compiled the Gulzar-i
Ibrahim, described as an anthological
biography of Hindustani poets, written
1772-1784 : he had a poetical name,
Khatil : died 1793 or 1794.
ALISON, SIR ARCHIBALD, BARONET
(1826- )
General : son of Sir. A. A., the historian :
born Jan. 21, 1826 : educated at Glasgow
and Edinburgh Universities : entered
the Army in 1846 : served in the Crimea ;
in the Indian mutiny he was Military
Secretary to Sir Colin Campbell, then
C. in C. in India ; lost his arm at the
relief of Lucknow in Nov., 1857 : made
C.B. : served in the Ashanti expedition
in 1873-4 : made K.C.B. and later G.C.B. :
Commandant of the Staff College, 1877 :
Head of the Intelligence Department,
1878-8 : in the Egyptian campaign of
1882, commanded at Alexandria, and the
Highland Brigade at Tel-el- Kebir : C in
C. in Egypt, 1882-3 : commanded the
Aldershot Division from 1883 : Adjutant -
General, 1888 : retired from the Army,
1893 : member of the Council of India,
1 889-1 899 : wrote a number of articles in
Blackwood'' s Magazine.
ALIVERDI KHAN (1676P-1756)
Nawab Nazim of Bengal, Bihar and
Orissa : son of Mirza Muhammad, a
Turkoman employed at Delhi : entered
the service of Nawab Shujauddin, governor
of Orissa (son-in-law of Nawab Murshid
Kali J afar Khan) as a commander of
troops : in 1726, J afar Khan died, Shu-
jauddin succeeded him as Nawab Nazim,
and Aliverdi Khan became General of
the Imperial troops : in 1729 he was
appointed Governor of Bihar by Nawab
Shujauddin, and, later, became free from
any dependence on the Nizam of Bengal :
in 1739 Shujauddin died, and was suc-
ceeded by his son, Sarfaraz Khan, Aliverdi
continuing to be governor of Bihar : in
1740 Aliverdi quarrelled with the Nawab
Sarfaraz, defeated and killed him in battle
and seized the Nizamat : he was known
in Bengal as Muhabat Jang. From
1 74 1 the Mahrattas invaded Bengal, and
their leader, Bhashkar Pandit, was in-
veigled by Aliverdi to a conference, and
treacherously killed : the Mahratta raids
spread consternation throughout Bengal,
and, after fighting with them up to 1751,
Aliverdi made peace by ceding Orissa
to them and agreeing to an annual pay-
ment of 12 lakhs of rupees. Aliverdi
allowed the English to protect themselves
in 1742, by digging the Mahratta ditch
round the Company's territory to stop the
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
II
Mahratta raids. In 1753 he adopted his
grandson, Surajuddaula, and declared
him his successor. On April 9, 1756,
Aliverdi died at the age of 80, at Mur-
shidabad.
ALLARD, JEAN FRANCOIS (1785-1839)
General : born in France, March 8,
1785 : served in the French Cavalry from
1803 : in Italy : A.D.C. to Marshal
Brune : after Waterloo, went to Persia ;
thence through Kandahar and Kabul to
Lahore : entered Ranjit Singh's service
in March, 1822, and drilled Sikh cavalry
for him on the European model : engaged
in numerous campaigns : of high character
and much liked and respected by Euro-
peans : was General in the French Army,
and Political Agent of the French Govern-
ment at Lahore : died at Peshawar, Jan.
23. 1839, and buried at Lahore.
ALLARDYCE, ALEXANDER (1841-
1896)
Educated at Aberdeen University :
for years connected with Blackwood, and
his chief adviser in the management of
the magazine : went to India as a journal-
st on the staff of the Indian Statesman :
declined a civil appointment offered
him : went to Ceylon : was special
correspondent there in connexion with
H.R.H. the Prince of Wales' visit to the
East : on returning to England, wrote
for Reviews and Magazines : wrote novels
with success, such as The City of Sunshine,
EarVs Court, a biography of Admiral
Keith, and other similar works : died
April 22, 1896.
ALLEN, CHARLES (1808-1884)
I.C.S. : born July 29, 1808 : son of Rev.
David Bird Allen : educated at West-
minster and Haileybury : went to India
1827 : served chiefly in the N.W.P. :
Magte. CoUr. of Moradabad, 1837 : Hamir-
pur, 1841 : Settlement Officer in Bundel-
kund : Judge at Agra, 1843-9 ' and at
Fatehghar : acted as Foreign Secretary
to the Government of India, 1852 : Finan-
cial Secretary, 1854 : and Member of the
Legislative Council of India, 1854 : retired,
1857 : died, Nov. 5, 1884 : was J. P. and
Alderman and Mayor of Tenby, and High
Sheriff of Pembrokeshire, 1876 : wrote in
support of Lord Dalhousie The Yellow
Pamphlet in answer to Colonel G. B.
Malleson's Red Pamphlet at the time of the
mutiny.
ALLEN, SIR GEORGE WILLIAM
(1831-1900)
Son of James Allen : founder of the
Pioneer and Civil and Military Gazette,- the
first daily newspapers published elsewhere
than in the Presidency towns in India :
promoted private enterprise : CLE.,
1879 : K.C.I.E., 1897 : died Nov. 4.
1900.
ALMS, JAMES (1728-1791)
Naval officer : born July 15, 1728, of
humble origin, entered the Navy early :
served in the East Indies : narrowly
escaped when his ship sank in a storm in
April, 1749, near Fort St. David :
commanded an East Indiaman in the
Bombay-China trade : was present at the
capture of Gheria, the stronghold of the
pirate Angria in 1756. After service in
other stations, he, in 1780, commanded
the Monmouth, 60 guns, joining Sir Edward
Hughes in the Indian seas : was present
in the engagements of 1782 off Sadras,
Providien, Negapatam, Trincomalee, in
which his ship suffered severely and his
losses were heavy : his health gave way :
retired in 1784, and died June 8, 1791-
AMEER ALI, SYAD (1849- )
Born April 6, 1849 : son of Syad Saadat
Ali, of Unao, Oudh, of a family originally
from Persia : descendant of Muhammad
through the Imam Ali-ar-Raza, of Mashad:
educated at Hughli College : M.A. and
B.L., Calcutta : called to the bar at the
Inner Temple, 1873, practised in the
High Court, Calcutta: FeUow of the
Calcutta University, 1874 : Magistrate
and Chief Magistrate, Calcutta, 1878-81 :
Lecturer on Muhammadan Law, 1875-9 '-
Member of the Bengal Legislative Council,
1878-83 : and of the Governor General's
Legislative Council, 1883-5 : Tagore
Law Professor, 1884: CLE. : Puisne Judge
of the Calcutta High Court, 1890-1904 :
President of the Committee of the Hughli
Imambara, 1876-1904 : founder of the
Central National Muhammadan Associa-
tion, and its Secretary, 1876-90 : a
strong advocate of English education and
of the education of Indian ladies : very
influential among the Muhammadans in
Bengal : wrote A Critical Examination of
12
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
the Life and Teachings of Muhammad,
The Spirit of Islam, The Ethics of Islam,
A Short History of the Saracens, Personal
Law of the Muhammadans, Students'
Handbook of Muhammadan Law, Muham-
madan Law : was joint author of A
Commentary on the Indian Evidence Act,
and of A Commentary on the Bengal Tenancy
Act : has frequently written articles in
The Nineteenth Century, and is engaged
on a History of Muhammadan Civilization
in India.
AMHERST OF ARAKAN, WILLIAM
PITT, FIRST EARL (1773-1857)
Governor-General : born in Jan. 1773 :
sent on an embassy to China in 1816 :
arrived in Calcutta as Governor-General,
Aug. I, 1823 : it devolved on him to
allay the excitement caused by the action
of the Government towards the Press
and Mr. J. S. Buckingham {q.v.) In
Feb., 1824, the Burmese having occupied
countries near Bengal and attacked British
territory, Amherst declared war and
despatched an expedition, which cap-
tured Rangoon, Martaban and Prome :
•peace was made by the treaty of Yanda-
boo, 1826, by which Assam and Tenasserim
were ceded to the British. In Jan., 1826,
the capture of Bhartpur by Lord Comber-
mere took place, when the British Govern-
ment restored the youthful Raja Balwant
Singh, whom Government had recognized,
to the throne, which had been seized by a
cousin, Durjan Sal. Lord Amherst was
made an Earl. He was the first Governor-
General to spend, in 1827, the summer in
Simla : left India March 10, 1828 : died
March 13, 1857.
AMIR ALI KHAN, NAWAB BAHADUR
(1810-1879)
Born at Barh, March 10, 1810 : ap-
pointed, 1829, Assistant to the Ambassador
of Nasiruddin Hyder, King of Oudh : in
1838 Deputy Assistant Superintendent
in the Presidency Special Commissioner's
Court at Calcutta : in 1845, Government
Pleader in the Sadr Diwani A dalat : in
1857, Personal Assistant to the Com-
missioner of Patna : in 1864 Khan
Bahadur and Member of the Bengal
Legislative Council : entered the service
of the late ex- King of Oudh, and appointed
a Commissioner to settle the debts of the
late Nawab Nazim of Bengal : in 1875
made Nawab : in 1878 the Sultan of
Turkey made him a Companion of the
Order of the Osmanli : died Nov., 1879.
AMIR KHAN (1790?-after 1877)
A wealthy banker and money-lender of
Patna : was arrested and tried as a
member of a Wahabi conspirary, at Patna,
in 1 871, on various charges of attempting
to wage war against the Queen : con-
victed and sentenced to transportation
for life, with forfeiture of property, and
released on the proclamation of the Queen
as Empress of India, Jan. i, 1877.
AMIR KHAN ( ? -1834)
Born in Rohilkund, of Afghan parents :
at 20 went with followers to Malwa :
took service under Bhopal : next under
the Mahrattas : from 1799 to 1806 com-
manded the army of J aswant Rao Holkar :
next under the Raja of Jaipur : always
committing plunder and depredations :
attacked the Mahrattas, in Nagpur, but
returned to his own capital, Sironj, to
defend it against the British : he was
essentially a Pindari : when the British
entered Malwa in 18 17, negotiations passed
between them and Amir Khan, which
resulted in his abandoning the predatory
system, dismissing his army, and being
allowed to keep the lands he held under
grants from Holkar : he received territory
and a gift of money from the British :
and, by the Treaty of Nov. 15, 18 17, was
confirmed in his possessions. The Princi-
pality of Tonk was thus established, and
Amir Khan's descendants are still Nawabs
there : he died 1834.
AMOS, ANDREW (1791-1860)
Lawyer : born in India, 1791 : son of
James Amos, merchant : educated at
Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge :
Fellow, 1813 : called to the bar by the
Middle Temple : had a large practice :
Recorder of Oxford, Nottingham, and
Banbury : a member of the Criminal Law
Commission for some years : Professor
of English Law at University College,
London, 1829-37 : Legal Member (suc-
ceeding Macaulay) of the Supreme Coun-
cil of the Governor-General, 1838-42 :
had much to do with the abolition of
slavery in India, and the framing of the
Penal Code. On return to England he
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
15
became a County Court Judge, and
Downing Professor of Laws at Cam-
bridge : wrote on a number of legal and
literaryjsubjects : died April 18, i860.
AMPTHILL, OLIVER ARTHUR
VILLIERS RUSSELL, BARON
(1869- )
Born Feb. 19, 1869 : son of the first
Baron (better known as Lord Odo Rus-
sell) educated at Eton, and New College,
Oxford : rowed in the Oxford University
Eight, 1889-91 : President of the O.U.B.C.
1891 : President of the Oxford Union
Society, 1891 : won the Pair Oars at
Henley Regatta with Guy Nickalls, 1890-
91 : Private Secretary to Rt. Hon. J.
Chamberlain : Governor of Madras, from
Dec, 1900 : Viceroy and Governor-General
from April 30 to Dec, 1904.
AMYATT (
1763)
A Bengal Civilian : chief of the English
factory at Patna in 1759 : a member of
the Calcutta Council when Vansittart
{q.v.) was Governor in Bengal. Amyatt
had been superseded by dive's appoint-
ment of Vansittart, and therefore con-
stantly opposed all his measures : sent
on a mission to Mir Kasim, Nawab of
Bengal : it was unsuccessful, and war
was imminent, but Amyatt was given
leave to return to Calcutta : meanwhile,
however, the disaster took place at Patna :
Amyatt was attacked and murdered by
Mir Kasim' s troops before he had reached
his destination, 1763.
ANDERSON, DAVID ( ? - ? )
Employed by Warren Hastings on
important negotiations ; sent on an
embassy to Madhava Rao Sindia, at the
close of the first Mahratta war, to conclude
peace, 1782 : accompanied by his brother,
Lieut. James Anderson, as his assistant :
he remained with Sindia as Political
Resident until Warren Hastings left
India, 1785, when James succeeded as
Resident. The conciliatory attitude of
the Mahratta Government at a critical
period was due to the exertions of the
brothers Anderson. David was examined
as a witness at Hastings' trial, 1790, being
then President of the Committee of
Revenue.
ANDERSON, SIR GEORGE WILLIAM
(1791-1857)
LC.S. : entered the Bombay Civil
Service in 1806 : drew up the " Bombay
Code of 1827 ": was a Judge of the Sadf
Court, and, in 1835, was appointed to
the Indian Law Commission : in 1838
he became Member of Council, Bombay :
from April, 1841, to June, 1842, acted a§
Governor of Bombay, between Sir J.
Rivett-Carnac and Sir G. Arthur : retired
in 1844 : in 1849 was knighted and
appointed Governor of the Mauritius,
but after 16 months was transferred to
Ceylon as Governor, and made K.C.B. :
resigned in 1855 : died March 12, 1857.
ANDERSON, SIR HENRY LACON
(1807-1879)
I.C.S. : eldest son of Sir George William
Anderson, K.C.B. {q.v.) : educated at
Haileybury : went to Bombay in the
Civil Service, 1820 : Secretary to Govern-
ment, Bombay, in the Secret, Political
and Judical Departments, 1855 : Chief
Secretary, 1861 : member of the Legislar
tive Coimcil, Bombay : resigned, 1865 :
Secretary in the Judicial Department at
the India Office, 1866 : K.C.S.I., 1867 :
died April 7, 1879.
ANDERSON, JAMES (
■1809)
In the medical service of the E. I.
Co. : served in Madras : appointed
Assistant Sturgeon, 1765 : Surgeon, 1786 ;
Member of the Madras Medical Board,
1800 : a distinguished botanist : worked
at developing the cochiiieal dye, and intro-
ducing the cultivation of silk : wrote for
some years on sugar-cane, the coffee*
plant, cotton, and the apple : died Aug. 5,
1809.
ANDERSON, JOHN (1795-1845)
Of the E.I.Co.'s service : went out to,
Pulo Penang, or Prince of Wales' Island,
in 181 3, as a writer : after the usual
succession of minor appointments he.
became, in 1827, senior merchant. Secre-
tary to Government, and Malay translator :
was employed in negotiations with the
neighboiuring potentates of Sumatra, etc :
died Dec. 2, 1845 : wrote several works
about the Malayan Peninsula, the British
settlements, and the adjacent countries
and their commerce.
14
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
ANDERSON, REV. JOHN (1805-1855)
Missionary: born in 1805, son of a
Scotch farmer : educated at Edinburgh
University : ordained in 1836 a minister
of the Church of Scotland, and was sent
as missionary to Madras : founded the
Madras Christian College, which, after
1843, was continued in connexion with
the Scotch Free Church : the education
there afforded was greatly appreciated,
and with Mrs. Anderson's help the educa-
tion of native girls of all castes and creeds
was successfully undertaken : he died at
Madras in 1855.
ANDERSON, JOHN (1833-1900)
Son of Thomas Anderson : born Oct. 4,
1833, at Edinburgh : M.D. at Edinburgh
University, 1862, obtaining the gold
medal for zoology : President of the
Royal Physical Society, Edinburgh, which
he helped to found : Professor of Natural
History in the Free Church College, Edin-
burgh : in 1865 appointed Xurator, and,
later. Superintendent of the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, an office which he
held till he retired in 1886. He was a
member, as naturalist, of scientific
expeditions to Upper Burma and Yunnan
in 1867 : in the same direction, as far as
the Burmese frontier, in 1875-6 : and to
the Mergui Archipelago in 188 1-2 : wrote
full accounts of his travels, adding largely
to the science of marine and general
zoology, and anatomy : also on the
reptiles and fauna of Egypt : and con-
tributed to the proceedings of learned
societies : F.R.S. . in 1879 : LL.D. of
Edinburgh, 1885 : Fellow of the Linnaean
Society and of the Society of Antiquaries,
and Vice-President of the Zoological
Society of London : died Aug. 15, 1900.
ANDERSON, THOMAS (1832-1870)
Botanist : born Feb. 26, 1832, and took
his M.D. degree at Edinburgh University
in 1853 : joined the Medical Service,
Bengal, in 1854, at Calcutta : was at
Delhi during the mutiny : was, in i860.
Superintendent of the Botanic Garden at
Sibpur, opposite Calcutta, introduced
many improvements, and laboured speci-
ally for the cultivation of cinchona in
India, which afterwards was effected : in
1864 he organised the Forest Department
in Bengal : died Oct. 26, 1870, at Edin-
burgh : published an account of the flora
of 'Aden, and worked at the flora of India
generally.
ANDREW, JAMES (1774 7-1833)
A Scotchman, educated at Aberdeen :
had a school at Addiscombe, which the
E. I. Co. took over for the education of
their engineer and artillery officers : on
its purchase in 1809 he was appointed
Headmaster and Professor of Mathe-
matics : retired about 1823 and died
June 13, 1833.
ANDREW, SIR WILLIAM PATRICK
(1807-1887)
Born 1807 : son of Patrick Andrew :
educated at Edinburgh and Oxford : was
for a short time in India in his younger
days : published a work on Indian Rail-
ways, 1846 : devoted much attention to
the promotion of railway and telegraphic
communication between England and
India : specially advocating the scheme
for an Euphrates Valley Railway : sub-
mitted to the Home Government his
schemes for the defence of India : pub-
lished, during 40 years, a number of works,
letters and papers, and delivered lectures
on the subject of Indian railways, the
Euphrates Valley route, and the import-
ance of the Indus and its provinces : was
founder and Chairman of the Sind, Pan jab
and Delhi Railway : in 1856 he arranged
with Government for the establishment
of telegraphic communication with India :
lectured and wrote on the Central Asian
question, 1872-86 : wrote to the Times on
the A dvance of Russia : wrote India and
her Neighbours, 1878 : advocated the con-
struction of railway lines to the Bolan and
the Khyber : advocated the 5 '6" gauge
for Indian railways : Chairman in 1879 of
a meeting to promote the construction
of a railway from the Persian Gulf to
Constantinople and the Mediterranean :
was called " an apostle of railways," "the
railway statesman," " the pioneer of
railway enterprise " : continued to urge
the advantage of the Euphrates Valley
line as alternative to that of the Red Sea :
knighted, 1882 : CLE. : Fellow of many
scientific societies : died March 11, 1887.
ANQUETIL, THOMAS JOHN (1781-
1842)
Native of Jersey : entered the Army,
1803 : served in the Mahratta campaign.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
15
attached to the Light Brigade, commanded
the Pioneer Corps, the 57th N.I., and the
44th N.I. successively : Adjutant-General
of General Stevenson's force in the
Shekhawati campaign : D.A.G. : com-
manded the Oudh Contingent as Brigadier :
Inspecting Officer of all the Contingents :
as a Lt-Colonel and Brigadier commanded
Shah Shuja's army : in the retreat from
Kabul was killed at Jagdalak on Jan. 12,
1842.
ANQUETIL DU PERRON, ABRAHAM
HYACINTHE (1731-1806)
Brother of L. P. Hyacinthe, the French
historian : born at Paris in 1731 : being
bent on studying Oriental languages, he
went to India as a private soldier in I754.
and acquired considerable knowledge of
Sanskrit, translating a dictionary in that
language : on the taking of Pondicherry
by the English he returned to Europe
and conveyed his MSS. to Paris, where
he was appointed Oriental interpreter to
the King's Library : was Member of the
Academy of Inscriptions and Belles
Lettres, and the National Institute, and one
of the most celebrated of the literati of
Europe : he died Jan. 17, 1805.
ANSON, HON. AUGUSTUS HENRY
ARCHIBALD (1835-77)
Younger brother of the Earl of Lich-
field : born 1835 : entered the Army
1853, in the Rifle Brigade : in the Crimea :
joined the 84th regt. : in the mutiny, was
A.D.C. to Sir J. Hope Grant : wounded at
the siege of Delhi : at Bulandshahr
■deserved his V.C, and gained it as a Cap-
tain at the capture of the Sikandarbagh
on Sir Colin Campbell's relief of Lucknow,
Nov. 16, 1857 : died Nov. 17, 1877.
ANSON, HON. GEORGE (1797-1857)
General : second son of the first Vis-
'Count Anson : served at Waterloo in the
Guards : was M.P. from 1818 for many
years : in 1853, appointed to command a
Division in India : C. in C. Madras, 1854,
and C. in C. in India, 1856 : was at Simla
when the mutiny broke out in May, 1857,
and hastened down to the plains : while
on the march from Umbala to Delhi with
a force, he died of cholera at Karnal,
May 27, 1857.
ANSTEY, THOMAS CHISHOLM (1816-
1873)
Barrister and political writer : born in
London, 1816 : educated at Wellington
and University College, London : called
to the bar at the Middle Temple, 1839 :
became, in the Oxford movement, a Roman
Catholic, and Professor of Law at the
Roman Catholic College near Bath :
wrote on legal and political subjects : was
M.P. for Youghal 1847-52, when his
excessive speaking in Parliament was
much resented : appointed Attorney
General at Hongkong, 1854, but was sus-
pended by the Governor, Sir John Bowring,
in 1858 : after a short time at Calcutta,
he was very successful at the Bombay
bar, and in 1865 acted for a few months
as a Judge of the High Court : failing to
obtain work at the English bar, he returned
to Bombay and died there, Aug 17, 1873 :
his violent temper stood in his way through
life, leading him into constant quarrels
with his profession and society
ANSTRUTHER, SIR ALEXANDER
(1769-1819)
Judge : son of Sir R. Anstruther,
Bart : born Sep. 10, 1769 : called to the
bar at Lincoln's Inn, and published legal
reports : was Advocate-General, Madras,
1803 : Recorder of Bombay, 1812 :
knighted : died July 16, 1819.
ANSTRUTHER, SIR JOHN (1753-
1811)
Chief Justice : born March 27, 1753 :
son of Sir John Anstruther, Bart. : edu-
cated at Glasgow : called to the bar at
Lincoln's Inn, 1779 ' was M.P. for Cocker-
mouth, 1790-96 : supported C. J. Fox,
and was one of the managers of the
impeachment of Warren Hastings, having
to speak on certain of the charges : in
1797, appointed Chief Justice of Bengal,
made a Baronet, and retired to England,
1806 : Privy Councillor : re-entered Par-
liament : died in London, Jan. 26, 1811.
APPA SAHIB ( ? -1840)
Raja of Nagpur : when Regent, in 1816,
he put to death his cousin, Parsoram, or
Parsoji, Bhonsla, an idiot Raja of Nagpur,
and succeeded the late Raja's uncle,
Raghoji Bhonsla II (q-v.) as Raja : Baji
Rao appointed him nominal C. in C of the
i6
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Peshwa's army : Appa treacherously
attacked the British under Mr. Jenkins,
Resident of Nagpur, and was defeated
at Sitabaldi, Nov., 26-7, 1817 : taken
prisoner, he escaped from custody and
sought refuge, in i8i8, at Jodhpur, where
he is said to have died in 1840.
APPLEYARD, FREDERICK ERNEST
(1829- )
Son of F. N. Appleyard, a Cursitor .of
the High Court of Chancery : educated
at Elizabeth College, Guernsey : entered
the 80th regt., 1850 : served in the second
Burmese war : present at Martaban, the
storming of Rangoon and taking of
Prome : exchanged to the 7th R. Fusiliers :
in the Crimea : wounded at Alma, 1854,
and the Redan, 1855 : present at Inker-
man, in the trenches at Sebastopol :
commanded a Brigade in the Afghan cam-
paign, 1878-80 : Maj-General, and CB.
ARBUTHNOT, SIR ALEXANDER
JOHN (1822- )
I.C.S. : son of the Bishop of Killaloe :
born Oct. 11, 1822 : educated at Rugby
and Haileybury : entered the Madras
Civil Service, 1842 : Director of Public
Instruction, 1855 : Chief Secretary to
Government, Madras, 1862 : Additional
Member of the Legislative Council,
Madras, 1862 : Member of Council,
Madras, 1867-72 : Acting Governor of
Madras, Feb. to May, 1872 : K.CS.I. :
1873 : Member of the Supreme Council,
1875-80 : CLE. : President of the
Council, 1878 and 1879 : Vice-Chancellor
of Madras and Calcutta Universities :
Member of the Council of India, 1887-97 :
author of Selections from Minutes of Maj-
General Sir Thomas Munro, Life of Lord
Clive, and a number of articles in the
Dictionary of National Biography.
ARBUTHNOT, SIR CHARLES GEORGE
(1824-1899)
Son of the Bishop of Killaloe, and
brother of Sir A. J. Arbuthnot {q.v.) :
born May 19, 1824 : educated at Rugby
and the R.M.A., Woolwich : entered the
Royal Artillery 1843 : served in the
Crimea : became Lt-Colonel 1864 : went
to India in 1868 : C.B., 1871 : D.A.G.
of Artillery, 1873-7: Inspr-General of
Artillery in India, 1877-80 : in the
second Afghan War was employed as
Brig-General, first in the Kandahar
Field force and later in the Khyber :
K.C.B. in 1881 : D.A.G. of Artillery in
England, 1880-3 ' Inspr-General of Artil-
lery, 1883 : and President of the Ord-
nance Committee, 1885 : in 1886 was
made C. in C. Bombay, and transferred
to Madras in the same year : succeeded
Lord Roberts in the command in Burma
in 1887 : retired from Madras in 1891 :
General, 1890 : G.C.B., 1894 : died
April 14, 1899.
ARBUTHNOT, GEORGE (1772-1843)
Went, with his brother Robert, who
was Chief Secretary in Ceylon, to Colombo,,
in 1800 : thence to Madras and joined a
Mr. Lautour in business : on the latter's
death the firm was reconstituted, under
the name of Arbuthnot & Co., which it
still bears : retired from India in 1823,.
and settled in England.
ARBUTHNOT, SIR GEORGE GOUGH
(1848- )
Born Aug. 28, 1848 : educated at
Eton : partner in the firm of Arbuthnot
& Co., Madras : Member of the Legislative
Council, Madras : Chairman of the
Chamber of Commerce, Madras : Fellow
of the Madras University : Chairman of
the Famine Relief Fund : Knight Bache-
lor.
ARBUTHNOT, WILLIAM URQU-
HART (1 807-1874)
I.C.S. : fifth son of Sir WiUiam Arbuth-
not, Bart : born 1807 : educated at the
Edinburgh High School and Haileybury :
went to Madras, 1826 : became Agent to
the Governor at Vizagapatam : resigned
the service, 1846 : joined the firm of
Arbuthnot & Co. at Madras : retired
to England in 1838 : was one of the
original members, "chosen by the Crown,
of the new Council of India, from Sep. 21,
1858, under the Statute of 185,8 : more
than once he declined the appointment of
Finance Minister in India : died Dec 11,
1874
ARCOT, AZIM JAH, PRINCE OF
(1S00^1874>
Uncle of Muhammad Ghaus (q.v.), the
Nawab of the Camatic, whom he succeeded,
but only as the first Prince of Arcot, the
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
17
title granted to him in 1867, with a pension
and various concessions, a personal salute
of 15 guns, etc. : died Jan. 14, 1874.
ARCOT, GHULAM MUHAMMAD ALI,
KHAN BAHADUR, PRINCE OF
(1882- )
Born 1882 : succeeded his father,
Muhammad Munawwar Ali, 1903 : Pre-
mier Muhammadan nobleman of the
Carnatic and acknowledged head of the
Muhammadan community of the Madras
Presidency : was given the title of Khan
Bahadur in 1897.
ARCOT, SIR MUHAMMAD MUNAW-
WAR ALI KHAN BAHADUR,
PRINCE OF (1856-1903)
Son of Muazzaz-ud-daula, and nephew
of Intizam-ul-mulk, whom he succeeded
as Prince of Arcot, 1889 : leader of the
Muhammadan community in the Madras
Presidency, and held in high esteem by it
and the British authorities : Khan Baha-
dur, 1876 : K.C.I. E., 1897 : died at the
Delhi Imperial Assemblage, Jan. 4, 1903.
ARDAGH, SIR JOHN CHARLES
(1840- )
Maj -General, R.E. : educated at Trinity
College, Dublin : entered the Royal
Engineers in April, 1859 : passed the Staff
College : his services in Europe, on
frontier commissions, and in Africa on
military campaigns, have been distin-
guished : in India he was Private Secre-
tary to the Marquis of Lansdowne, Gover-
nor-General and Viceroy, from Dec, 1888,
to Jan., 1894, and also to the Earl of
Elgin, in the same appointment, Jan. to
April, 1894 : is C.B. (Civil 1878, Military
1884): CLE. (1892): K.C.I.E. (1894):
K.C.M.G. (1902): also Hon. LL.D. of
Trinity College, Dublin.
ARGYLL, GEORGE DOUGLAS CAMP-
BELL, EIGHTH DUKE OF
(1823-1900)
Statesman : K.G., K.T., P.C. : born
April 30, 1823 : his connection with India
began when he was Secretary of State for
India in Mr. Gladstone's administration,
1868-1874 : when in opposition, he wrote
and spoke strongly against (the forward
Afghan policy of the Conservative Govern-
ment. In 1865 he wrote India under
Dalhousie and Canning, and in 1899 The
Eastern Question : he always showed great
interest in, and knowledge of, Indian
questions : he died April 24, 1900.
ARMSTRONG, SIR GEORGE CARLYON
HUGHES, BARONET (1836- )
Educated privately : entered the Indian
Army, 1855 : served throughout the
Indian mutiny : severely wounded, 1857 :
retired as Captain on pension, and became
orderly officer of the R.M.C., Addiscombe,
until it was broken up : subsequently
became proprietor and editor of the
Globe newspaper, and received a Baronetcy
in 1892.
ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
Poet : born June 10, 1832 : educated at
Rochester, King's College, London, and
University College, Oxford, (Scholar) :
gained the Newdigate Verse Prize, 1853 :
Principal of the Government Dekkan
College, in Poona, 1856-1861 : Fellow
of the Bombay University : joined the
Daily Telegraph newspaper in London, and
became its editor : visited and admired
Japan, and married a Japanese lady in
1897 : made a C.S.I. : and K.C.I.E. in
1888 : held Orders from the rulers of Siam,
Japan, Turkey and Persia : distinguished
as a poet, scholar, teacher, journalist and
man of letters : wrote The Light of Asia,
Indian Idylls, Indian poetry, etc. : died
March 24, 1904.
ARNOLD, THOMAS WALKER
(1864- )
Born April 19, 1864 : educated at the
City of London School and Magdalen
College, Cambridge : Professor at the
M.A.O. College, Alighar : Professor of
Philosophy at the Government College,
Lahore : Dean of the Oriental Faculty,
Pan jab University : Assistant Librarian
at the India Office, 1904 : Professor of
Arabic at University College, London, since
1904 : published The Preaching of Islam,
1896 : Al Mutazilah, 1902.
ARNOLD, WILLIAM DELAFIELD
(1828-1859)
Son of Dr. Arnold, of Rugby : born
April 7, 1828 : educated at Rugby : stu-
dent of Christ Church, Oxford : went to
India in 1848, into the Native Infantry :
was an Assistant Commissioner in the
Panjab, and, in 1856, Director of Public
c
i8
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Instruction : did good service in organising
the Department : died at Gibraltar on
April 9, 1859, on his way to England :
wrote essays on social and Indian subjects,
and Oakfield, or Fellowship in the East :
his brother, Matthew Arnold, wrote A
Southern Night in memory of him, and
alluded to him in Stanzas from Carnac.
ARNOULD, SIR JOSEPH (1814-1886)
Judge : son of Joseph Arnould : born
Nov. 12, 1814 : educated at Charterhouse
and Wadham College, Oxford : Newdi-
gate Verse Prize, 1834 : Fellow of his
College : called to the bar by the Middle
Temple, contributed to journalism and
wrote legal works : in 1859 was made a
Judge of the Bombay Supreme (afterwards
the High) Court, and knighted : retired
in 1869 : died Feb. 16, 1886.
ARTHUR, SIR GEORGE, BARONET
(1784-1854)
Son of John Arthur of Plymouth :
entered the Army in 1804 : served in
Italy, 1806, Egypt, 1807, Sicily, 1808,
Walcheren, 1809 : D.A.A.G. : MiUtary
Secretary to the Governor of J ersey :
Major in a regiment in Jamaica, 1812 :
Lieutenant-Governor of British Honduras
and Colonel, 1814-22 : Lieutenant-Gover-
nor of Van Diemen's Land, 1824-37 :
received the Hanoverian Order : Lieuten-
ant-Governor of Upper Canada, 1837-41 :
made Baronet in 1841 : Governor of Bom-
bay from June 9, 1842 to Aug. 5, 1846,
during the difi&cult time of the latter
portion of the first Afghan War, and of
Lord Ellenborough's tenure of office as
Governor-General : appointed provisional
Governor-General : after retirement he
was made a Privy Councillor and D.C.L.,
Oxford : Lt-General, and Colonel of the
50th regt. : died Sep. 19, 1854.
ASHBURNER, LIONEL ROBERT (1827)
I.C.S.:born 1827: educated at Haileybury:
entered the Bombay Civil Service in 1848,
and retired in 1883 : in the mutiny, 1857,
raised and organized a body of horse and
foot to protect the E. frontier of Gujarat :
was Special Commissioner to try offences
against the State : tried and convicted
certain chiefs : C.S.I. : Member of Council
in Bombay, 1877-83 : acted as Governor
of Bombay from March 13 to April 28,
1880.
ASHBURNHAM, HON. THOMAS ( ? -
1872)
General : son of George, third Earl of
Ashburnham, K.G. : entered the Army,
1823 : Lt-Colonel, 1835 : commanded a
Brigade in the Satlaj campaign, 1845-6,
at Firozshahr and Sobraon : C.B. : A.D.C.
to the Queen : appointed to the command
of the forces in China, 1857 : transferred
to a military command in India : returned
to England, 1858 : Colonel of the 82nd
regt., 1859 : General, 1868 : died March 3,
1872.
ASMAN JAH, BAHADUR, NAWAB
SIR (1839-1898)
Great-grandson of the second Nizam of
Hyderabad : born 1839 : Minister of Jus-
tice in 1869, and acted as Prime Minister
and Regent during Sir Salar Jang's
absence in Europe : on the latter's death,
in 1883, he became a member of the Coun-
cil of Regency : represented the Nizam
at Queen Victoria's Jubilee, 1887 : was for
7 years Prime Minister of Hyderabad,
1887 : made K.C.I.E., 1887 : died 1898.
ASTELL, HENRY GODFREY (1816-
1903)
I.C.S. : son of William Astell, [q.v.).
Chairman of the Directors of the E.I.
Co. : educated at Eton and Haileybury :
in the mutiny was Judge of Azimghar,
N.W.P. : was supported by two companies
of sepoys and some cavalry of doubtful
loyalty, when he was attacked by about
2,000 rebels : after an engagement, in which
his cavalry deserted, he was forced to retire
to his entrenchments and Ghazipur : was
later besieged at J aunpur, until relieved by
General Lugard with a force from Luck-
now : died July 6, 1903.
ASTELL, WILLIAM (1774-1847)
Son of Godfrey Thornton, Bank of
England Director : changed his name to
Astell, 1807 : was Director of the E.I.
Co., 1807-46, and M.P. for Bridgewater
1807-32, afterwards for Bedfordshire :
Chairman of the Directors in 1810, 1824,
1830, 1838 : much opposed to Lord Ellen-
borough's administration of India : Colonel
of the Royal East India Volunteers : died
March 7, 1847.
ATKINSON, EDWIN FELIX THOMAS
( ? -1890)
I.C.S. : educated at Trinity College,
Dublin : went out to the N.W.P., 1862 :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Census officer in the N.W.P., 1881 : com-
piled the Gazetteer of the N.W.P. : Ac-
countant-General of the N.W.P., and of
Bengal : President of the Asiatic Society
of Bengal : took a keen interest in
intellectual piursuits : died Sep. 18, 1890.
ATKINSON, JAMES (1780-1852)
Born March 9, 1780 : studied medicine
at Edinburgh and London : joined the
Bengal Medical service, 1805 : Civil Sur-
geon at Backerganj, to 1813 : studied
Persian : Assay Master of the Mint,
1813-28 : officiating Deputy Professor of
Persian at Fort William College, 181 8,
Superintendent of the Government Gazette,
1 817, and of the Press from 1823 : com-
menced the Calcutta Annual Register,
1823 : in 1833, became Surgeon to the
55th N.I. : in 1838-41, went to Kabul
with the Army of the Indus, as Super-
intending Surgeon : returned to Bengal
in 1 841 : member of the Medical Board,
1845 : retired, 1847 : died Aug. 7. 1852 :
published a number of translations from
the Persian classics, many of them in
verse, including a portion, and an epitome,
of the Shah Nameh : edited the Persian
Hatim Tai : contributed publications to
the Oriental Translation Fund : e.g. On
the Loves of Laili and Majnun : wrote,
1842, an illustrated narrative of the expedi-
tion into Afghanistan : was also an artist
of considerable merit : brought out
lithographed Sketches in Afghanistan.
AUBER, PETER (1770-1866)
Entered the India House at 16 : rose to
be Assistant Secretary, and afterwards
Secretary to the E. I. Co., 1829-36 ; after
50 years' service, retired in 1836, on a
pension of £,2000 a year, thus drawing
£60,000 as pension. His name stands as
the author of two important works, viz.,
an Analysis of the Constitution of the E.I.
Co. with supplement, 1826-8 : and Rise
and Progress of British Power in India,
1837 : but his claim to have written the
firstnamed has been disputed : died 1866.
AUCHMUTY, SIR SAMUEL (1756-
1822)
General : born in New York, 1756, the
grandson of a Scotch settler in Boston :
saw service, first as a volunteer, from 1777
in the Army, in N. America : went to
India in 1783 in the 52nd regt. : became
Adjutant : promoted to Captain in the
75th, in 1788 : was in the campaigns of
1 790- 1 against Tippoo, and at the first
siege of Seringapatam under Lord Corn-
wallis in 1792 : D.Q.M.G. at Calcutta :
Military Secretary to Sir Robert Aber-
cromby {q.v.) when C. in C, i795-7 • in
his campaign against the Rohillas : re-
turned to England in i797 : commanded
a force from the Cape to Egypt to co-
operate with Sir D. Baird and Sir Ralph
Abercromby against the French : Adju-
tant-General in Egypt : K.C.B. in 1803 :
in 1806-7, Brig-General in S. America at
Monte Video and Buenos Ayres : Maj-
General in 1808 : went out to Madras as
C. in C, May, 1810 : in 181 1 took Java
and Batavia, and defeated the Dutch at
Cornells and Samarang : left Madras for
England in March, 1813 : Lt- General :
G.C.B., 1815 : C. in C, and Privy Coun-
cillor in Ireland, 1821 : died Aug. 11, 1822.
AUCKLAND, GEORGE EDEN, EARL
OF (1784-1849)
Governor General : second son of the
first Lord Auckland : born Aug. 25, 1784 :
educated at Christ Church, Oxford : called
to the bar, 1809 : President of the Board
of Trade and Master of the Mint, 1833 :
First Lord of the Admiralty, 1834-35 :
G.C.B. : appointed Governor-General of
India, April 4, 1836. In 1836-7 he sent
Burnes {q.v.) on a mission to Kabul : in
distrust of the Amir, Dost Muhammad,
who received in 1837 the Russian
officer, Vitkievitch, at Kabul, and with a
view to counteract Russian influence there,
Auckland, under pressure of the English
Government, decided to dethrone Dost
Muhammad {q.v.) and reinstate Shah
Shuja (q.v.) as Amir : his declaration of
war was issued on Oct. i, 1838 : the facts
of the first Afghan War are well known :
Dost Muhammad fled in Aug., 1839 : Shah
Shuja, though set up in 1839, and sup-
ported till 1 84 1, was unpopular as a ruler :
the British force was reduced : the sub-
sidies were diminished : the Afghans rose
in 1 841 : Sir A. Burnes was murdered on
Nov. 2, 1841, and the envoy. Sir W. Mac-
naghten on Dec. 23, : the British army was
destroyed in its retreat from Kabul to the
Khyber. Lord Auckland was made an
Earl in 1839, on the capture of Kabul : he
had left India on March 12, 1842, before
Pollock's avenging Army had advanced
20
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
beyond Jalalabad. Afghan affairs chiefly
engaged Auckland's attention. In 1840
the British Resident at Ava was expelled
by the King of Burma and not re-estab-
ished. Auckland was again First Lord
of the Admiralty in 1846 : died Jan. i,
1849.
AUFRECHT, THEODOR (1822- )
Born Jan. 7, 1822, at Leschnitz in
Silesia : educated at the College of Oppeln :
studied Sanskrit and Philology at Berlin,
and later the ancient languages of Northern
Europe : Privat-docent at Berlin Univer-
sity, 1850 : went to England, 1852, to
study Sanskrit : Professor of Sanskrit and
Philology at Edinburgh University, 1862 :
Professor of Philology at Bonn, 1875-89 :
now Professor of the Comparative Study
of Languages at Bonn : Levi calls him the
*' illustrious veteran of Indian studies " :
he is especially noted for his catalogues of
Sanskrit MSB. : among his works may
be mentioned : De accentu compositorum
Sanskriticorum, 1847 : Halayudha's Abhi-
dhanaratnamata, 1861 : Die Hymnen des
Rigweda, 1877 : Bluten aus Hindostan,
1873 : Das Aitareya Brahmana, 1879 :
his catalogues of Sanskrit MSS., at the
Bodleian Library (1859-64), and at Cam-
bridge (1869) : Catalogus catalogorum, a
register of Sanskrit works and authors,
1 89 1-3 : and Katalog der Sanskrit Hand-
schriften der Universitdts-Bibliothek zii
Leipzig, 1 90 1.
AUSTEN, CHARLES JOHN (1779-1852)
Son of Rev. George Austen, and brother
of Miss Austen : entered the Navy early :
served against the Dutch and French, and
on a number of stations : at the bom-
bardment of Acre, 1840, for which he was
made C.B. : Rear Admiral, 1846 : Naval
C. in C. of the E. India station, 1850 : in
the second Burmese war, died of cholera
at Prome, Sep. 29, 1852.
AUSTEN, SIR FRANCIS WILLIAM
(1774-1866)
Brother of Jane Austen, the novelist :
born April 23, i774 : educated at the
Royal Naval Academy : entered the Navy
in 1788 : was on the East India station,
in the Perseverance, from 1788 to 1801,
and again from 1807 to 1809 in the St.
Albans, 64 guns : his services were re-
warded by the E. I. Co : served also in the
North Sea, Baltic and West Indies '
Admiral of the Fleet, 1863 : K.C.B., 1837 :
G.C.B., i860 : died Aug. 10, 1865.
AUSTIN, CHARLES SUMNER (1837-
1903)
Educated at Merchant Taylors' school,
and St. John's College, Oxford : Senior
Fellow : edited the Madras Times and
afterwards the Athenceum and Daily
News of Madras : Correspondent of the
London Times during the siege of Paris
and the Commune, 1870 : also in the
Ashanti war, and at Simla, and in the S.
States of America : a brilliant and very
vivid writer : Dr. : died May 2, 1903.
AVITABILE, PAOLO DI BARTO-
LOMEO
(1791-after 1845)
General : a Neapolitan : born Oct. 25
1791 : served in the Neapolitan forces,
1807-9 : and in the Artillery under King
Joseph Buonaparte and Murat in the
Imperial Army : left Italy, and went, via
Constantinople, to Persia, 1820 : after 6
years there, joined Ranjit Singh in the
Pan jab : made Governor of Wazirabad,
and of Peshawar in 1834 : ruled by fear
and severity and with success : gave great
assistance to General Pollock and the
Army of Retribution, 1842 : left Peshawar,
1843, took refuge at Jalalabad and in India
and returned to Europe : received a
sword from the Court of Directors : a
General in the French Army : died in a
few years near Naples.
AWDRY, SIR JOHN WITHER (1795-
1878)
Born 1795 : educated at Winchester and
Christ Church, Oxford : Fellow of Oriel :
called to the bar from the Middle Temple
in 1822 : after being Puisne Judge of the
Bombay Supreme Court, from 1830, was
Chief Justice, 1839-42 : knighted 1830 :
D.C.L. of Oxford, 1844 : one of the Com-
missioners of Oxford University : died
June, 1878.
AYLMER, FENTON JOHN (1862- )
Born April 5, 1862 : son of Captain
F. J. Aylmer, 97th regt. : educated
privately and at R.M.A., Woolwich :
entered the Royal Engineers, 1880 :
served in India since 1883 : in the Burma
war, 1886-87 : the Hazara expedition
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
21
1891 : in the Hunza expedition, 189 1-2 :
Isazai expedition, 1892 : Chitral expedi-
tion, 1895 : at the storming of the Nilt
Fort in 189 1-2 : he obtained his V.C., and
Brevet Majority : Colonel R.E.
AYLMER, HON. ROSE WHITWORTH
(1779-1800)
Born Oct., 1779 : only daughter of
Henry, fourth Baron Aylmer, and his
wife Catherine, who was sister to Lord
Whitworth, Ambassador to Buonaparte
in 1803. Walter Savage Landor wrote
verses to her at Swansea about 1796-7,
and she lent him the book which suggested
the subject of his poem " Gebir." She
went to India in 1878 with her aunt {nee
Whitworth) wife of Sir Henry Russell {q.v.).
Puisne judge, afterwards Chief Justice of
Bengal, and became engaged to Sir Henry's
son, afterwards second Baronet, but died
of cholera on March 2, 1800, at her uncle's
house in Calcutta. Landor's elegy on
her death was published in 1806. She was
buried in the cemetery in South Park
Street, Calcutta, the inscription on her
tomb being taken from Young's Night
Thoughts, iii. 70.
AYRTON, ACTON SMEE (1816-1886)
Born 1816 : son of Frederick Ayrton,
barrister at Bombay : practised as a
solicitor at Bombay, 1836-50, when he
retvurned to England : Chairman of the
Board of Directors of the Great Indian
Peninsular Railway : called to the bar
from the Middle Temple, 1853 : M.P. for
the Tower Hamlets, 1857-74 : Parlia-
mentary Secretary to the Treasury in
Gladstone's Administration, 1868-9 :
Privy Councillor : Furst Commissioner of
Works, 1869-73 : Judge Advocate Gener-
al, 1873-4 : defeated in his candidatures
for the Tower Hamlets, 1874, and for the
Mile End Division, 1885 : died Nov. 30,
1886.
AYUB KHAN, (1849- )
Fourth son of Shir Ali, Amir of Afghanis-
tan, brother of Yakub Khan {q.v.) : was
long a fugitive in Persia, but was ap-
pointed Governor of Herat by Yakub in
1879 : he advanced thence upon Kandahar
in July, 1880, and atMaiwand, on the 27th,
defeated General Burrows and his force :
besieged Kandahar : on Sep. i. he
fought the battle of Kandahar against
Sir F. Roberts {q.v.), who had marched
thither from Kabul, and was routed, fleeing
towards Herat : in July, 1 881, he defeated
Amir Abdur Rahman's troops and cap-
tured Kandahar, but, being defeated
there by the Amir, fled to Persia, where he
was made a prisoner of state : he escaped
and tried to cross the Afghan frontier in
1887, but was repulsed, and surrendered
to the British Agent at Mashad : eventu-
ally he was made over to the Government
of India and interned in India, being kept
at Rawul Pindi.
BABA, SIR KHEM SINGH BEDA
(1830- )
Fourteenth in direct descent from Sikh
Guru, the great reformer : Member of
Legislative Council of the Pan jab for two
years : K.C.I.E.
BADCOCK, SIR ALEXANDER
ROBERT (1844- )
Born Jan. 11, 1844 : educated at
Elstree and Harrow : entered the Indian
Army, 1861 : served in the Bhutan Cam-
paign, 1864-5 : Hazara, 1868 : Perak,
1875-6 : Afghanistan, 1878-80, in the
Commissariat Department : at the Peiwar
Kotal, and in the engagements at Kabul :
Chief Commissariat of&cer of Sir F.
Roberts' force on the Kabul- Kandahar
march in Aug. 1880, and in the battle of
Kandahar : made C.B. : was Q.M.G. in
India, 1900 : C.S.I. : K.C.B. in 1902 :
Member of the Council of India in 1901.
BADEN POWELL, BADEN HENRY
(1841-1901)
I.C.S. : born 1841 : son of Professor
Baden Powell of Oxford : educated at St.
Paul's School : in the Civil Service in the
Panjab, 1861-89 • served in the Indian
Forest Department : was an authority
on Indian land tenures : for some years a
Judge of the Chief Court of the Panjab :
wrote Land Systems of British India, The
Indian Village Community : helped to
establish the Lahore University : M.A.
Oxford, 1894 : CLE. : died Jan. 2, 1901.
BADGER, REV. GEORGE PERCY
(1815-1888)
Born in April, 1815 : spent his youth at
Malta, and 1835-36 at Bairut to learn
Arabic : ordained in 1841 : for his know-
ledge of the East and of Arabic was sent
as a delegate to the Eastern Churches,
22
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
including the Nestorians, in Kurdistan,
1842-5 and 1850 : appointed a Chaplain
under the Bombay Government, 1845 :
his knowledge of Arabic was utilised at
Aden and under Outram in the Persian
expedition of 1856-7 : in i860 he helped
to settle the troubles in Oman : was
Secretary to Sir Bartle Frere's mission to
Zanzibar, 1872 : D.C.L. in 1873 : died
Feb. 21, 1888 : wrote The Nestorians and
their Rituals, A History of the Imaums and
Sayyids of Oman, 1871 : on Muhammad
and Muhammadanism : and an English-
Arabic Lexicon, besides other works :
F.Z.S. : F.S.A.
BAIGRIE, ROBERT ( ? -1877)
Colonel : son of John Baigrie : joined
the E. I. Co.'s Bombay Infantry, 1848 :
served in the Panjab campaign, 1848-9 :
at Mult an, Gujarat, the pursuit and sur-
render of the Sikhs, the occupation of
Peshawar : at the siege of Sebastopol,
1855 : in the Persian war, 1856-7 : at the
Khushab, Muhamra, Ahwaz : in Sir H.
Rose's force in the mutiny : Bombay
Staff Corps, 1861 : A.Q.M.G. at Mhow,
1865 : and in Abyssinia, 1867-8 : Brevet
Lt-Colonel : Q.M.G. of the Bombay
Army : C.B., 1873 : died at Poona, Sep.
25, 1877 : an accomplished artist.
BAILEY, REV. BENJAMIN (1791-
1871)
Missionary for 40 years in Travancore :
distinguished as a linguist and botanist,
and author of a Malayalam dic-
tionary: died, 1871.
BAILLIE, JOHN (1772-1833)
Lt-Colonel : younger son of George
Baillie, of Leys Castle, Inverness : entered
the service of the E.I. Co. in 1791 : took
part in the military operations of the
Mahratta war, 1803 : but his principal
services in India were political : as Politi-
cal Agent, 1803-7, he succeeded, under
great difficulties, in establishing British
authority in Bundelkimd, and in trans-
ferring to the Company a large and
valuable territory : for his services, he
was appointed Resident at Lucknow,
1 807-1 5 » he established the celebrated
" Guard " or " Gate," which still bears
his name at Lucknow : after leaving
India, he was appointed, 1823, a Director:
of the E.I. Co. : M.P. for Hendon in 1820 :
and in 1830 for the Burghs of Inverness,
in which town is his portrait by Raebum :
died in London, April 20, 1833. From
the commencement of his career, Baillie
was a devoted student of Oriental lan-
guages, and was the first Professor of
Arabic and Persian, when the College of
Fort William was instituted in 1801 :
published several important works, and
made a large and choice collection of
oriental works, at his house in Inverness,
which was presented by his heirs to the
University of Edinburgh. A Digest of
Mohummudan Law, which he left unfin-
ished, was completed and greatly enlarged
by his son, Neil B. E. BailUe, (1799-1883),
an Indian Jurist of some eminence : it is
still a standard work of reference.
BAILLIE, WILLIAM ( ? -1782)
Entered the E.I. Co.'s service in the
Madras N. I., 1759 : Lt-Colonel, i775 -
served against Hyder Ali, 1767-8 : held a
command at Pondicherry, i779» against
the French : and in the Guntur Sircars in
1780 : defeated, in 1780, a portion of
Hyder All's invading army under Tippoo
near Perambakam : was unable to join
Sir Hector Munro's army, but, on receipt
of small reinforcements, advanced from
Polilore to do so : was attacked by Hyder' s
force and overwhelmed, Sep. 10, 1780 :
severely wounded and captiured : with
the few survivors was kept prisoner at
Seringapatam, generally in chains : died
in captivity, Nov. 13, 1782.
BAIRD, SIR DAVID, BARONET (1767-
1829)
General : son of William Baird, of
Newbyth : bom Dec, i757 : entered the
Army in the 2nd foot, in 1772 : came to
England from Gibraltar in 1776 : went
to India in the 73rd in 1779-80 : was in
Colonel Baillie's force which was over-
whelmed by Hyder Ali at Perambakam,
Sep. 10, 1780 : was imprisoned by
Hyder Ali at Seringapatam for 3 J
years, and released at the Treaty of Man-
galore in 1784. His mother, knowing
his intractable temper, remarked, on
hearing of his imprisonment, that " she
pitied the man who was chained to our
Davie." He commanded a Brigade, and
served under Lord Cornwallis at the cap-
ture of Savandrug in 179 1, and at Seringa-
patam in 1792 : in 1793 he took Pondi-
cherry : commanded a Brigade at the
Cape of Good Hope in i797» and, returning
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
23
to India in 1798, as Maj-General, led the
storming party at the siege of Seringapa-
tam on May 4, 1799, after which he
considered himself slighted at Colonel
Arthur Wellesley (afterwards Duke of
Wellington, (q.v.) being placed in command
at Seringapatam : commanded the Dina-
pur Brigade, 1800 : led an expedition to
Egypt down the Nile in 1801, to co-operate
with the British army, and was at the
capture of Alexandria : led back the
Egyptian Indian army, 1802 : in 1802 he
commanded a Division of the Madras
Army, but, when again placed under
General A. Wellesley for the Mahratta
war, resigned and returned to. England,
being captured on the voyage by the
French : was knighted and became Lt-
General : in 1805-6 was sent to retake the
Cape of Good Hope from the Dutch : served
at Copenhagen, and in Spain, in 1808,
losing an arm at Corunna : was made
K.B., 1809, and a Baronet; and General
in 1814 : G.C.B., 1815 : C. in C. in Ire-
land, in 1820 : Governor of Fort George,
1829 : died in Perthshure, Aug. 18, 1829.
BAKER, EDWARD NORMAN
(1857- )
I.C.S. : educated at Christ's College,
Finchley : went out to Bengal in the Civil
Service, 1878 : Under Secretary to the
Governor of Bengal, and to the Govern-
ment of India, Finance Department,
1885 : Deputy Secretary, 1892-5 : Secre-
tary, 1902-5 : Financial Secretary to the
Government of Bengal and Member of
Bengal Legislative Council, 1898-1902 :
Financial Member of the Supreme Council,
1905 : C.S.I. , 1900.
BAKER, SIR THOMAS DURAND (1837-
1893
Son of Rev. John Durand Baker, Vicar
of Bishop's Pawton, Devon : born March
23. 1837 : educated at Cheltenham :
entered the i8th Royal Irish regt., 1854 :
served in the Crimea, 1854-6 : in the
Indian mutiny was with the Central India
Field Force : passed the Staff College,
1862 : in the New Zealand war, 1863-67 :
was Assistant Adjutant and Q.M.G. in
Ashanti Expedition, 1873-4, and Chief of
the Staff : C.B. : A.D.C. to the Queen :
attached to the Russian Army during the
Russo-Turkish war, 1877 : Military Secre-
tary to Lord Lytton, Viceroy of India,
1878 : in 1879, commanded a Brigade
under Lord Roberts, through the Kuram
to Kabul, commanded at Charasia Oct. 6,
1879, and was engaged in many of the
fights near Kabul : was in Lord Roberts'
Kabul- Kandahar march, Aug., 1880, and
the battle of Kandahar : K.C.B. 1881 : in
the Boer War 1881 as Brig-General :
in 1884 was Adjutant-General in India :
in the Burmese expedition, 1886-7 ' com-
manded a Division in Bengal, 1887-90 :
Q.M.G. of the Army, 1890 : Lt-General,
1891 : died at Pau, Feb. 9 1893.
BAKER, SIR WILLIAM ERSKINE
(1808-1881)
Son of Capt. Joseph Baker, R.N. : born
Nov. 29, 1808 : educated at Ludlow and
Addiscombe : joined the Bengal Engineers
1826 : to India, 1828 : employed in canal
work : led an attacking column in the
battle of Sobraon, in the Sikh war of 1845-
6 : rendered excellent service in the
P.W.D., as Superintending Engineer of the
Delhi canals, and of the Sind canals and
forests. Director of the Ganges canal, and
Consulting Engineer for Railways : Secre-
tary to the Government of India in the
P.W.D., 1854-5 •• Colonel, 1857 = in 1858
was made Military Secretary at the India
Office : Member of the Council of India,
1861-1875 : K.C.B., 1870 : General,
1877 : died at Barnwell, Somersetshire,
Dec. 16, 1881.
BALFOUR, EDWARD GREEN (1813-
1889)
Doctor and author : son of Capt. George
Balfour, and nephew of Joseph Hume,
M.P. : bom Sep. 6, 1813 : educated at
Montrose, and Edinburgh University : in
1839 went to India in the Medical Depart-
ment, serving in both the Bombay and
Madras Armies : became full Surgeon in
1852 : wrote medical papers on subjects
relating to the health of the troops, and
besides his profession did much useful
work : studied Oriental languages, and
founded the Muhammadan public library
at Madras : established, in 1850, a Govern-
ment Central Museum, and was Super-
intendent for 9 years : published an
Encyclopasdia of India, which went
through several editions : and commenced
the Mysore Museum, 1866 : was Political
Agent with the Nawab of the Carnatic
for years : as Deputy Inspr-General of
Hospitals, 1862-1870, he served in the
stations under the Madras command, and
24
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
as Surgeon-General, Madras, 1871-76,
paid much attention to female medical
education, for which the Madras Medical
College was thrown open : Fellow of the
Madras University : retired in 1876, and
died Dec. 8, 1889.
BALFOUR, FRANCIS (before 1769-
after 1807)
M.D. at Edinburgh : entered the E.I.
Co.'s medical service in Bengal, 1769 : and
retired, 1807, to Edinburgh : was an inti-
mate friend of Warren Hastings, dedicated
a book to him, and corresponded with
him from Benares : he wrote The Forms
of Herkern, a Persian Letter-writer and con-
tributed papers on Oriental subjects to
the Asiatic Society of Bengal, besides writ-
ing medical works.
BALFOUR, SIR GEORGE (1809-1894)
Born 1809 : son of Capt. George Bal-
four : brother of E. G. Balfour {q.v.) :
educated at Eddiscombe : joined the
Madras Artillery, 1825, the Royal Artil-
lery, 1826 : served in the Malacca cam-
paign, 1832-33 : in China with the Madras
force, 1840-2 : and was Colonel at Shanghai
from 1843 for some years : on the Madras
Military Board 1849-57, and Inspr-
General of Ordnance : C.B., 1854: on the
Military Finance Commission of 1859-60,
and Head of the Military Finance Depart-
ment, 1860-62, doing valuable work in
these appointments : in England, em-
ployed on the Recruiting Commission,
1866 and 1868-70 : as Assistant to the
Controller in Chief at the War Office, 1868-
71 : K.C.B., 1871 : M.P. Kincardineshire,
1872-1892 : became a General in 1877 :
died, March 12, 1894: his wife was a
daughter of Joseph Hume, M.P.
BALL, GEORGE (1761-1811)
Colonel : served in Lord Lake's cam-
paign, and described as a very meritorious
and distinguished officer : died when
Adjutant-General of the Bengal Army,
Dec. 8, 1811 : buried at Calcutta.
BALL, VALENTINE ( ? -1895)
Doctor : in the Geological Survey of
India for 17 years : Treasurer of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1881 : contri-
buted papers on the Geology of the Nicobar
Islands and of the vicinity of Port Blair :
Professor of Geology at Dublin : F.R.S. :
Director of the National Museum, Dublin,
1883 : died June 15, 1895 : wrote valuable
works on geology and jungle life in India :
edited, in 1889, /. B. Tavernier's Travels
in India, 1676 : C.B.
BALLANTYNE, JAMES ROBERT
(1813-1864)
Born Dec. 13, 1813 : educated at Kelso,
Edinburgh New Academy and College :
studied Oriental languages : taught them
at the Naval and Military Academy,
Edinburgh, 1839 : in India was Principal
of the College at Benares, 1845-61 : be-
came Librarian of the India Office : while
in India studied the highest Sanskrit ethi-
cal and philosophical literature : published
Sanskrit works and lectures on systems of
Indian philosophy, also papers on Hindu
philosophy and logic : wrote a Hindustani
grammar and selections : and a Mahratti
grammar : LL.D. : died Feb. 16, 1864.
BALLARD, JOHN ARCHIBALD (1830-
1880)
Born June 20, 1830 : son of a Calcutta
merchant : educated at Addiscombe :
joined the Bombay Engineers in 1850 : on
his way to England in 1854, he went to
Constantinople, and joined the Turkish
Army, as Lt-Colonel, at the siege of Silis-
tria by the Russians, and in the attack on
the Russians at Giurgevo : in the Crimean
campaign, including the siege of Sebasto-
pol, the operations at Eupatoria and the
occupation of Kertch : he also commanded
a Turkish Brigade in Omar Pasha's cam-
paign in Mingrelia : was conspicuous for
his cool bravery in action : C.B., 1856 :
served as A.Q.M.G. in the Persian war of
1856-7, and in the same capacity in the
Indian mutiny in the Rajputana Field
Force : was Mint-master at Bombay, 1861,
and Chairman of the Bombay Port Trust :
retured at end of 1878 as Lt-General :
wrote articles for Blackwood's Magazine,
on Indian subjects : LL.D. of Edinburgh :
he died near the battlefield of Thermopylae
April 2, 1880.
BALRAMPUR, MAHARAJA, SIR
DRIGBIJAI SINGH, of (1818-1882)
Son of Raja Arjun Singh : descendant
of a long line of chieftains of the J an war
clan of Rajputs : succeeded his brother
Raja Jai Narain Singh, in 1836 : spent
his early years fighting with his neighbours,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
25
the Pathans of Utraula and the Chauhan
Rajas of Tulsipur, also with the Oudh
revenue officials : driven out of Balrampur
by Raja Darshan Singh, who pursued him
into Nipal territory : restored to his Raj :
distinguished himself in the mutiny as one
of the five loyal talukdars : received the
fugitives from Sikraura and Gonda, 19
persons, and several children : sheltered
and escorted them to Gorakhpur : re-
mained faithful, and was proscribed by the
rebels : joined the advancing British
forces and remained in the field till the
restoration of order : rewarded with the
title of Maharaja Bahadur and vast landed
estates confiscated from rebels, with a re-
duced land revenue assessed in perpetuity :
in 1866, K.C.S.I. : salute of 9 guns, in
1877 :' Member of the Governor-General's
Legislative Council : a great patron of
education, instituting schools on his es-
tates before their general introduction
elsewhere : founded one of the first
hospitals in Oudh outside Lucknow, and
a medical school : a noted sportsman : a
fall from an elephant hastened his death,
which occurred on May 27, 1882.
BANAJI, FRAMJI COWASJI (1767-
1851)
Born in Bombay April 3, 1767 : son of
Cowasji Byramji (1744-1834) merchant,
and of a family which settled in Bombay
from near Surat,i690, and traded with Eng-
land, China and Burma. He was a scientific
agriculturist, and improved agriculture in
W. India : took a leading part in establish-
ing the Agri-Horticultural Society of
Bombay, 1830 : was a Vice-President :
the Bombay Government gave him, 1829,
some villages in Salsette, where he settled
cultivators, and successfully managed
the Pawai estate : instituted many
charities for the native community : some
for the Parsis : made wells and tombs : a
large Tower of Silence, 1832 : a Fire
Temple, 1845 : a school for Parsi children,
for instruction in the Avesta : was a
leading member of the Parsi panchayat,
1 8 17-5 1, and an original Trustee of their
communal funds from 1823 : was a
prominent member of the Native Educa-
tion Society from 1827, of the Elphinstone
College committee from 1835 : Director
of the Board of Education from 1841 :
was nominated, 1834, one of the first
12 native J.P.s : a Government Director
of the Savings' Bank : helped to establish
the old Bombay Bank, 1840 : Director
of the G.I. P. Railway, 1844 : suffered
pecuniary losses in his business, which
curtailed his means, but not his zeal, for
philanthropic charity : died Feb. 12,
1851 : after a public meeting of all classes,
the Framji Institute was erected in his
memory, where public meetings are
generally held, and an extensive Library
is located.
BANDULA, MENGYEE MAHA ( ? -
1825)
Burmese Statesman and General : in
Oct., 1819, he led a successful expedition
against the chief of Manipiu: : in 182 1 he
attacked Assam : in 1823, the Burmese
invaded British possessions near Chitta-
gong, occupying the island of Shapuri on
Sep. 24, 1823 : in March, 1824, Bandula
marched to Arakan, attacked an English
force at Ramu, near Chittagong, and
defeated it: Lord Amherst declared war
against the Burmese. On May 11, 1824,
the British.Army took Rangoon, but were
unable to advance. Bandula was re-
called from Arakan and ordered to proceed
against the English forces. As C. in C,
he approached Rangoon and stockaded
his 60,000 men : but was attacked and
defeated, Dec, 1824. He retired to
Donabew, a strongly defended position,
which the British Army under General
Campbell reached on April i, 1825. The
siege of the place by the English had just
begun when Bandula was killed by a shell
from the British* Artillery,and the Burmese
army fled.
BANERJEA, DURGAGATI, RAI BAHA-
DUR (1838-1903)
Born Jan. 19, 1838 : member of the
Subordinate, and Provincial Executive
Service, Bengal : Deputy Magistrate,
1856 : Personal Assistant to the Com-
missioner of Patna for 15 years : Member
of the Salaries Commission, 1885 : Member
of the Bengal Legislative Council, 1895 :
and of the Calcutta Corporation : Deputy
Collector of Calcutta, Superintendent of
Excise Revenue and Collector of Stamp
Revenue, 1889-1901 : retired, iqoi :
CLE., 1895 : died March 26, 1903.
BANERJEA, REV. KRISHNA MOHAN
(1813-1885)
Born 1813 : son of Jiban Krishna
Banerjea, a member of a high caste
26
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Brahman family in Calcutta : educated
at the Hindu College : in 1829, became a
teacher in the Hare School, Calcutta :
came under the influence of Derozio and
Dr. Duff, and was converted to Christian-
ity in 1833 : became a teacher in the
C.M.S. School in Calcutta, and in 1837 was
ordained a clergyman in the Church of
England : from 1852 to 1868, was a Pro-
fessor in Bishop's College, Calcutta :
Fellow, 1858, of the Calcutta University :
Doctor of Law, 1876: Examining Chaplain
to the Bishop of Calcutta : Examiner in
Sanskirt, Hindi, Tamil, and Uriya:
M.R.A.S.B., also of the British Indian As-
sociation, Calcutta Corporation, and Board
of Examiners : was made a CLE. : was in
his later years regarded by Government as a
Head and Leader of the Indian Com-
munity : wrote many books and pam-
phlets, chief among which are Dialogues
on. Hindu Philosophy and Aryan Witness :
he knew eleven languages well : his name
will pass to posterity as a great scholar and
linguist : died May 11, 1885.
BANERJI, SIR GURU DAS (1844- )
Born near Calcutta, Jan. 26, 1844 : edu-
cated at the Hare School, Presidency
College and Calcutta University : B.A.
(1863), M.A. (1864) in Mathematics, gold
medal: B.L. (1865): Law Lecturer at
the Berhampur College : began to practise
in the High Court in 1872 : Doctor of
Law in 1876 : Tagore Law Professor, 1878 :
lectured on " Hindu Law of Marriage and
Stridhan " : Fellow of the Calcutta Univer-
sity, 1879 : member of the Bengal Legisla-
tive Council, 1887 : acted as Judge of
the High Court, 1888, confirmed in Jan.
1889 : Vice-chancellor of the Calcutta
University, 1890-3 : member, 1902, of
the Indian Universities' Commission :
retired in Jan., 1904 : knighted the same
year : wrote A Few Thoughts on Education.
BANERJI, HEM CHANDRA (1838-
1902)
Educated in his village and at the
Hindu College, Calcutta : Scholar : en-
tered Government service in the Military
Auditor General's office : B.A. : munsif
at Howrah and Serampur : practised as a
High Coiurt Vakil from 1862, and became
Senior Government Pleader : as a Bengali
poet he had perhaps no rival in modern
Bengal : died 1902.
BANERJI, KALI CHURN ( ? - )
Educated at the Calcutta University :
M.A. : B.L. : a leading pleader in the Cal-
cutta High Court : member of the Bengal
Legislative Council : Registrar of the Cal-
cutta University : President Y.M.C.A., Cal-
cutta : a Brahman convert to Christianity :
has taken a prominent part in all social,
religious and educational movements of
the day.
BANERJI, SURENDRANATH
(1848- )
Second son of Diu-ga Charan Banerji,
medical practitioner, Calcutta : born
Nov., 1848 : educated at the Doveton
College, Calcutta : B.A,, 1868 : passed in
England the competitive examination for
the Indian Civil Service, 1869 : went out
to Bengal, 1871 : Assistant Magistrate at
Sylhet : ceased to be a member of the
Civil Service in March, 1874 : became a
Professor of English Literature in the
Metropolitan Institution, 1876 : joined
the Free Church Institution and Duff
College, 1881 : founded the Ripon College,
1882 : proprietor of the weekly Bengalee
in 1878 : imprisoned for one month in the
civil side of the Presidency Jail, 1883, for
contempt of court : established the Indian
Association, 1876 : represented the Cal-
cutta Corporation in the Bengal Legisla-
tive Council, 1893 : President of the nth
meeting of the Indian National Congress
at Poona, 1895, of the i8th at Ahmadabad,
1902 : elected a Fellow of the Calcutta
University by the Graduates, 1904.
BANKS, JOHN SHERBROOKE (1811-
1857)
Major : joined the Indian Army in 1829 :
was employed on civil duties for a time,
but in 1842 served in Pollock's Kabul
force : was in the Military Secretariat :
accompanied Lord Dalhousie to Burma,
and was on his personal Staff : joined
the Oudh Commission and became Com-
missioner of Lucknow : was in the Resi-
dency during the siege, and succeeded Sir
Henry Lawrence as Chief Commissioner
from the latter's death until his own on
July 21, 1857.
BARBOUR, SIR DAVID MILLER
(1841- )
I.C.S. : born 1841 : educated at
Queen's College, Belfast : went to
India, 1863 : served in Lower Bengal,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
27
until he became Under Secretary, Finan-
cial Department of the Government of
India, 1872 : Accountant General, Bengal :
Secretary to Government of Bengal,
Revenue Department, 1882 : member of
the Bengal Legislative Council, 1882 :
Secretary to the Government of India,
Financial Department, 1882 : C.S.I. ,
1887 : Member of the Royal Commission
in England on gold and silver, 1886 :
Financial Member of the Supreme Council
of the Governor General, 1 888-1 893 :
K.C.S.I., 1889 : Member of the Indian
Currency Commission, 1898 : K.C.M.G.,
1899 : Member and Chairman of several
important Royal Commissions and Com-
mittees on the currency and finance of
other countries, and on questions involving
great financial considerations : wrote The
Theory of Bimetallism.
BARCLAY, GEORGE WALTER WOOD-
f^ ,^ ^ FALL (1847- )
Son of Charles Barclay, Surgeon-General
Madras Army : born Aug. 25, 1847:
educated at St. Andrews, in Germany,
and at Edinburgh University : M.A.,
1867 : in the Indian Government Tele-
graph Department, 1868-71 : editor of
the CalcuttSi Englishman, 1872-77 : Fellow
of the Calcutta University : left India,
1877: F.R.S.E., 1883: J. P.: sometime
acting Editor of the Calcutta Review, and
of Vanity Fair : has held various local
appointments at Edinburgh.
BARKER, SIR GEORGE ROBERT
(1817-1861)
Educated at the R.M.A., Woolwich :
entered the Royal Artillery in 1834 : served
in the Crimea : became a Colonel : in the
Indian mutiny served under Sir Colin
Campbell, commanding as Brigadier the
siege Artillery at the capture of Lucknow,
March, 1858 : commanded a Brigade in
subsequent operations : captured Birwa :
K.C.B. : died at Simla, July 27, 1861.
BARKER, SIR ROBERT, BARONET
(I729P-1789)
Served in the Camatic and Bengal from
1754 : as a Captain accompanied Clive to
Calcutta in 1757, commanding the Artil-
lery at Chandernagore and Plassy :
returned to Madras, 1758 : served in
1792 in Colonel Draper's expedition from
Madras to the Phillippine Islands : knighted
in 1763 : raised the 24th N.I. 1876 : Brig-
General, 1770, and provincial C. in C,
Bengal, in 1773 : in July, 1772, a treaty was
signed in his presence between the Nawab
Wazir of Oudh and the Rohillas against the
Mahrattas : after a quarrel with Warren
Hastings he left India : became M.P. for
Wallingford : Baronet, 1781 : died Sep.
i4» 1789.
BARLOW, SIR GEORGE HILARO,
BARONET (1762-1847)
Governor : son of William Barlow, of
Bath : joined the Bengal Civil Service
in 1778 : when employed, 1788-96,
in the Revenue Secretariat, he had to
carry out the Permanent Settlement of
1793 in Bengal : was Chief Secretary in
1796 : became Member of the Supreme
Council from Oct., 1801, and Vice-President
in Council until, on Lord Cornwallis'
death on Oct. 5, 1805, he, as provisional
Governor-General, acted in that capacity
until Lord Minto's arrival on July 31,
1807 : Baronet, 1803 : and K.C.B. :
though he had supported Wellesley's
policy of extending British power, he
continued Cornwallis' policy of neutrality
and conciliation towards the Native
States, making concessions to Sindia and
Holkar, and annulling protective treaties
with Chiefs in Rajputana. In 1807 he
went to Madras as Governor from Dec.
24 : there he quarelled with the principal
officers of both services : the military
combined in a general mutiny, which
Barlow suppressed vigorously : he was
recalled and made over charge at Madras
on May 21, 1813 : G.C.B., 1815 : died in
England, Dec. 18, 1846.
BARNARD, SIR HENRY WILLIAM
(1799-1857)
Son of the Rev. William Barnard :
born in 1799 : was educated at Westminster
and Sandhurst : joined the Guards in
1814 : was at the occupation of Paris :
served in Jamaica and Canada : in the
Crimea : Maj -General : commanded, first
a Brigade, and later a Division, and was
Chief of the Staff to General Simpson :
K.C.B., 1856 : in 1857, went to India as
General of the Sirhind Division. Upon
General Anson's death at Karnal, Barnard
succeeded to the command, and, moving
towards r Delhi, defeated the rebels at
Badli-ka-sarai on June 8 : died of cholera
on the ridge at Delhi, July 5, 1857.
28
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
BARNES, SIR EDWARD (1776-1838)
Commander-in-Chief : entered the Army
in 1792 : Colonel, 1810 : served in the
Peninsula, from 1812, commanding a
Brigade, and was in several battles : Adju-
tant - General at Waterloo : severely
^vounded : K.C.B. : went to Ceylon,
1819 : Governor there from 1824 to 1831 :
put down the last outbreaks of the Kandy
chiefs there : Lt-General, 1825 : General,
1831, and C. in C. in India, 1831-33 :
Colonel, 31st foot : and G.C.B. : became
M.P. for Sudbury in 1837 : died March 19,
1838.
BARNES, SIR HUGH SHAKSPEAR
(1853- )
I.C.S. : son of James Ralph Barnes,
I.C.S. : born 1853 : educated at Malvern :
joined the Civil Service, at Allahabad,
1874 : Private Secretary to the Financial
Member of Council, 1876 : Political
Officer, Kandahar, 1880 : Political Agent,
Quetta, 1883 : Under Secretary, Foreign
Department, 1889 : Deputy Secretary,
1890 : Revenue Commissioner, Quetta,
1891 : Resident in Kashmir, 1894 : A.G.G.
and Chief Commissioner, Beluchistan,
1896 : Foreign Secretary to the Govern-
ment of India, 1900-3 : President of
Central Committee for the Delhi Darbar,
1902-3 : Lieutenant-Governor of Burma,
1903-5 : Member of the Council of India,
1905 : K.C.S.I., 1903 : K.C.V.O., 1903.
BARODA, MALHAR RAO, MAHARAJA
GAEKWAR OF ( ? -1882)
Succeeded his brother, Khandi RaO,
in Nov., 1870, as ruler of Baroda : com-
plaints of his misrule having reached
Government an inquiry was held in 1873,
and time to reform was allowed him :
before the time elapsed an attempt was
made in 1874 to poison the Resident,
Colonel R. Phayre {q.v.) : in 1875, the
Gaekwar was tried by a mixed Commission :
the three British officers found him guilty :
the three native members declared the
charge not proven : he was then deposed
for gross misgovernment, and deported
to Madras, where he died in 1882.
BARODA, SIR SAYAJI RAO III
MAHARAJA GAEKWAR SHAM-
SHIR BAHADUR OF (1863- )
Maharaja: born March 10, 1863:
descended from the founders of the Baroda
dynasty : adopted on May 27, 1875, by
Jamnabai, widow of the Gaekwar Khandi
Rao : educated at the Maharaja's School
at Baroda : was installed, 1875 : during
his minority, there was a Council of
Regency under a British officer and Raja
Sir Tanjore Madhava Rao K.C.S.I. {q.v.) :
on Dec. 28, i88i,hewas given the admin-
istration of the State : made G.CS.I. in
1887 : an enlightened ruler, and holds
advanced views on social questions : he
has several times visited Europe.
BARR, SIR DAVID WILLIAM KEITH
(1846- )
Born Nov. 29, 1846 : entered the
Army, 1864 : served in the Abyssinian
expedition : boundary settlement officer
in the Malwa Bhil covmtry : Assistant to
the A.G.G. for Central India, 1870 :
Political agent at Jodhpur, 1878-9 : in
Baghelkund and Rewa : Resident at
Gwalior, 1887 : in Kashmir, 1892 : A.G.G.
for Central India, 1895 : Resident at
Hyderabad, Feb. 24, 1900-March, 1905 :
C.S.I. : K.C.S.I, 1903 : Member of the
Council of India, 1905.
BARRAS, PAUL FRANCOIS JEAN
NICOLAS, COMTE DE (1755-1829)
Chasseur of the French regiment of
Pondicherry : taken prisoner at the
capture of Pondicherry in 1778 by Sir
Hector Munro : at the request of the
French Governor, B arras' regiment was
permitted to retain its colomrs : he
became a prisoner on parole in Madras
and Poonamali: returning to France,
he rose to prominence as a Director dvuring
the Revolution : he was under orders to
return to India, with other commissaires,
but they never started : he became
Commandant-General of the armies of
Paris.
BARROW, SIR EDMUND GEORGE
(1852- )
Maj -General : born Jan. 28, 1852 : son
of Maj -General Joseph Lyon Barrow,
C.B., R.A. : joined the Army, Dec. 1781 :
D.A.Q.M.G. : with the Indian Contingent
in Egypt, 1882, and in the Intelligence
Branch, Bengal, 1885-7 : Assistant Secre-
tary to the Government of India, Military
Department, 1887-91 : Deputy Secretary,
1 897-1900 : Secretary, 1901-3 : D.A.G.
Bengal, 1900 : served in the Afghan
War, 1879, Egyptian expedition, 1882,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
ig
Tirah campaign, 1897-8 : Chief Staff
Officer, China expedition, 1900 : Com-
manding First Division, Northern Army-
Corps, 1904.
BARROW, LOUSADA ( ? -1877)
Joined the Madras cavalry in 1836, and
saw constant service, being engaged in
the S. Mahratta country in 1844-5, and
imder Havelock in many actions in the
mutiny : in the Alambagh under Outram :
present at the siege and capture of Luck-
now : Brevets of Major and Lt-Colonel :
C.B. in 1858 : Commissioner of Lucknow,
1864 : Maj-General, 1870 : Chief Com-
missioner of Oudh, Jan.-April, 1871 :
died Oct. i, 1877. - i j
BARTH, MARIE ETIENNE AUGUSTE
(1834- )
Born March 22, 1834, at Strasburg:
son of Etienne Barth, of the Rhone an
Rhin Canal Company : educated at the
College Royal (now Lycee Imperial) at
Strasburg : Professor of Rhetoric and
Philosophy at the College at Bouxwiller,
1857-61 : then retired from the public
service to devote himself to Indian study :
lived first at Strasburg, then at Geneva,
(1871-76), and lastly removed to Paris:
member of many learned societies : Societe
Asiatique, 1857: Academy of Inscriptions,
1893 : Royal Asiatic Society, 1894, etc.: Col-
laborator in the Journal Asiatique, Revue
Critique, etc. His chief works are: Les
Religions de VInde, 1880 (also translated
into English) Inscriptions Sanskrites du
Camhodge, 1885 : VInde ; Buddhisme, Jain-
isme, Hindouisme, 1894, etc. : has pub-
lished a yearly bulletin of the religions of
India in the Revue de VHistoire des Re-
ligions, 1885, etc.
BARTHELEMY SAINT) HILAIRE,
JULES (1805-1895)
Born Aug. 19, 1805, in Paris : studied
Sanskrit under Eugene Burnouf : early
entered public life : attached to the
Ministry of Finance, 1825-38 : an editor
of the Globe, 1825-30 : as a journalist,
signed the protest against the July
ordinances of Charles X. : became famous
as a politician and ardent Republican,
and lived through several revolutions :
held office several times, as colleague of
Victor Cousin in the Ministry of Public
Instruction : in 1848, as Secretary of the
provisional Government : from 1871,
took an active part in public affairs, as
member of the National Assembly :
Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1880, etc. :
yet he was greatest as a scholar, and
student of Philosophy : was Professor of
Greek and Latin Philosophy at the College
de France, 1838-52, Member of the
Institute, 1839 : in this year, began his
study of Sanskrit Philosophy : adminis-
trator of the College de France, 1849 :
accompanied Lesseps on his journey to
Egypt, 1855, to explore the Isthmus of
Suez. After the death of Eugene Burnouf,
Barthelemy took his place as a writer on
Indian matters in the Journal des Savants :
died Nov. 24, 1895 : best known as a
Greek scholar : the great achievement of
his life was his translation of Aristotle :
also did valuable work as an Indianist i
among his publications are Des VedaSy
1854: Du Bouddhisme, 1855 : Le Bouddha
et sa religion, 1866 : VInde Anglaise, 1887,.
etc.
BARTOLOMEO, FRA PAOLINO DE
SAN, or JOHN PHILIP WER-
DIN, (1748-1806)
Studied at Prague : joined the Car-
melites at Rome and learned Oriental
languages : went to the Malabar coast
in 1774 : stayed there 14 years, and was
appointed Vicar-general and Apostolic
visitor : returned to Rome in 1790, to
superintend the printing of religious works,
for the use of Indian missionaries : studied
Sanskrit, published a Sanskrit grammar
in Tamil in 1790, and wrote largely of his.
Indian travels and experiences : he died
in 1806.
BARWELL, RICHARD (1741-1804)
Son of William Barwell (who was.
Governor of Bengal in 1748) : born in Cal-
cutta, Oct. 8, 1741, and joined as a
" writer " in Bengal under the E.I. Co.
in 1758 : made a Member of the Supreme
Council under the Regulating Act of 1773,
which made Warren Hastings Governor-
General, and steadily supported him in
Council against Francis, Clavering, and
Monson : fought a duel with Clavering in
April, 1775 : resigned his seat in Council .
on Oct. I, 1 78 1, retiring with a large
fortune, reported to have been irregularly
acquired : he appears to have had two -
houses in Calcutta, one at the present
30
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
" Writers' Buildings," tlie other " Kidder-
pur House " in Alipur : M.P. for St.
Ives and Winchester, and died Sep. 2,
1804. The story is told of him, as illustra-
tive of the luxurious living of those days,
that he said " bring more curricles." The
Echoes from Old Calcutta by Dr. Busteed
contains a picture of Barwell and some
account of his life and character.
BASEVI, JAMES PALLADIS ( ? -
1871)
Son of the architect, George Basevi :
was educated at Rugby, Cheltenham and
Addiscombe : went to India in the E.I.
Co.'s Engineers, 185 1 : joined the P.W.D.
in Bengal : was transferred in 1856 to the
Great Trigonometrical Survey, and did
valuable work, especially in the principal
triangulation : he also did good service in
reconnaissances in the Mahsud-Waziri
expedition, i860, and in the wild tracts of
Jaipur and Bustar on the east coast,
1862 : Captain, R.E. : in 1864, he was
selected specially to conduct some highly
scientific investigations proposed by the
Royal Society, for the determination of
gravity at certain stations of the great
meridional arc of triangles extending
from Cape Comorin to the Himalayas, by
pendulum observations, which lasted
some years, and necessitated exposure at
high altitudes. He crossed Kashmir and
Ladak and travelled through the Chanch-
enmo valley to the Chinese frontier to
make observations at above 16,000 feet :
he burst a blood-vessel, and died July 17,
1871, "a martyr to his love of science,"
an officer " of sterling worth and excellent
abilities."
BATEMAN-CHAMPAIN, SIR JOHN
UNDERWOOD (1835-1887)
Son of Colonel Agnew Champain : born
July 22, 1835 : educated at Cheltenham,
the Edinburgh Military Academy, and
Addiscombe : went to India in the Bengal
Engineers, 1854 : in the mutiny was in
the action of Badli-ka-sarai on June 8,
1857, and at the siege and capture of
Delhi : was in several other engagements :
at the capture of Lucknow in March,
1858, by Sir Colin Campbell : at the tak-
ing of Jagdishpur : in 1862 he went to
Persia in connection with the Government
telegraph system: in 1865, became Assis-
tant to the Director of the Indo-European
Telegraph Department, and in 1870 be-
came himself the Director : took the
additional name of Bateman : to complete
and maintain the through telegraphic
communication, he had to travel con-
stantly to Persia, the Persian Gulf, Turkey,
Russia and India : in 1869 he narrowly
escaped drowning in the wreck of the
P. and O. S.S. Carnatic : he was made
K.C.M.G. Dec. 31, 1885 : was on the
Councils of the Royal Geographical So-
ciety and of the Society of Telegraph
Engineers: died Feb. i, 1887.
BATH, THOMAS HENRY THYNNE
FIFTH MARQUIS OF (1862- )
Born July 16, 1862 : son of the 4th
Marquis : educated at Eton and Balliol
College, Oxford : Private Secretary to the
Earl of Iddesleigh, First Lord of the
Treasury, 1886-7 : Assistant Private
Secretary to the Chancellor of the Exche-
quer, Lord Goschen : M.P. for Frome,
1886-92, and 1895-6 : succeeded his
father in the peerage, 1896 : Lord Lieu-
tenant of Somerset : Under Secretary
of State for India, 1905.
BAYLEY, CHARLES STUART
(1854- )
I.C.S. : son of Capt. Daniel Bayley,
Bengal Cavalry : and grandson of W. B
Bayley {q.v.) : educated at Harrow and
Heidelberg : entered the Indian Civil
Service, 1877 : Political Agent in Bikanir :
General Superintendent for suppressing
of Thagi and Dakaiti : Agent to the
Governor-General, Central India : C.S.I.
Resident at Hyderabad, 1905.
BAYLEY, SIR EDWARD OLIVE (1821-
1884)
I.C.S. : son of E. Clive Bayley : born
Oct., 1821 : educated at Haileybury :
went to India in 1842 : served in the
N.W.P., and the Panjab : Under Secre-
tary in the Foreign Department in 1849 :
called to the bar at the Middle Temple in
1857 : in the mutiny, was Under Secretary
to Sir J. P. Grant when temporary Lieuten-
ant-Governor of the " Central " Provinces :
Magte. of Allahabad : was for a short time
Foreign Secretary in 1861 : Home Secre-
tary to the Government of India, 1862-
72, and Member of the Supreme Council,
1873-78 : K. C.S.I, in 1877 : and CLE. :
Vice-Chancellor of the Calcutta University,
1869-74, five times President of the
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
31
Asiatic Society of Bengal, and Vice-
President of the Royal Asiatic Society for
3 years : died April 30, 1884 : made con-
siderable contributions to Indian history,
numismatics, antiquities, and archaeology
by his papers for the Asiatic Societies and
other writings.
BAYLEY. SIR STEUART COLVIN
(18:{6- )
I.C.S. : born Aug. 26, 1836 : the young-
est son of W. Butterworth B. (q.v.):
educated at Eton and Haileybury : arrived
in India, March, 1856 : held minor ap-
pointments in Bengal : was Commissioner
of Patna during the Bihar famine of
1874 : C.S.I., 1875 : Secretary to the
Government of Bengal, 1877 : Additional
Secretary to the Government of India,
1877 : Personal Assistant to the Viceroy
(Lord Lytton) for famine affairs, 1877 :
K.C.S.I., 1878 : Home Secretary, 1878 :
Chief Commissioner of Assam, 1878-80 :
Resident at Hyderabad, 1881-2 : C.I.E.,
1881 : Member of the Supreme Council,
1882-7 : Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal
from July to Dec, 1879, and from 1887-90 ;
on leaving India he became Secretary in
the Political Department at the India
Office, 1890-95 : Member of the Coimcil
of India, 1895.
BAYLEY, WILLIAM BUTTERWORTH
(1782-1860)
I.C.S. : son of Thomas Butterworth
Bayley : educated at Eton and Cam-
bridge : went to India in 1799 : served in
1803 in the " Governor-General's Office,"
in the brilliant circle under Lord Welles-
ley : Registrar of the Sadr Court, 1807 :
Judge of Burdwan and other places : in
1 8 14 Secretary in the Judicial and Revenue
Department, and in 1819 Chief Secretary
to the Government : temporary Member
of{the Supreme Council from July to Dec,
1822, and substantively from 1825 to 1830 :
then he retired : he officiated as Governor-
General from March to July, 1828, between
Lord Amherst and Lord W. Bentinck :
President of the Board of Trade, 1830 :
Vice-President and Depy. Governor of
Bengal : in 1833 he became a Director of
the E. I. Co., and Chairman of the Court
in 1840 : retired 1858 : he died May 29,
i860. Kaye writes of his high official
reputation, adding that " his unfailing
kindness of heart and suavity of manner
endeared him to all who had the privilege
of coming within the reach of their genial
influences."
BAYLY, ALFRED WILLIAM LAMBART
(1866- )
Educated at Wellington : joined io8th
regt., 1874 : Bombay Staff Corps, 1879 :
Staff College, 1893 : D.A.A. and Q.M.G :
Burma expedition, 1886-87 : Afghan war,
1880-81 : Soudan, 1885 : Burma, 1886-87:
South Africa, 1 899-1900 : Colonel, C.B.
D.S.O.
BEADON, SIR CECIL (1816-1880)
I.C.S. : son of Richard Beadon, grandson
of Dr. Beadon, Bishop of Bath and Wells :
born in 1816 : educated at Eton and
Haileybury : went out to Bengal in 1836 :
Under Secretary to the Bengal Government
in 1843 : Secretary to the Board of Revenue,
1847 : Member of the Commission on the
Indian postal system : Secretary to the
Government of Bengal, 1852 : Home
Secretary to the Government of India,
1854 : Foreign Secretary, 1859 : Member
of the Supreme Council 1860-2, and
Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, April, 1862,
to April, 1867. During this period the
mission, which met with insults, was sent
to Bhutan in 1864 : and the Orissa famine
of 1866-7 occiured : for the latter, Beadon
was much blamed and, on an official
inquiry, his famine administration was
severely censured : always sanguine, he
had failed to estimate adequately the signs
of distress and the local conditions : and
he suffered from ill-health : his general
administration showed marked ability :
K.C.S.I. in May, 1866 : died July 18, 1880.
BEALE, THOMAS WILLIAM ( ? -
1876)
A clerk in the ofifice of the Board of
Revenue, N.W.P. : a learned scholar, who
assisted Sir H. M. Elliot in his work on the
Muhammadans in India : he wrote the
Miftah-ul-Tawarikh, and an Oriental
Biographical Dictionary : died at a great
age, at Agra, 1875.
BEAMES, JOHN (1837-1902)
I.C.S : born June 21, 1837 : son of
Rev. Thomas Beames : educated at
Merchant Taylors' School and at Hailey-
bury, 1856-7 : went to India, 1858 :
served in the Panjab, 1859-61 : afterwards.
32
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
in Lower Bengal, Commissioner of various
Divisions and Member of the Board of
Revenue : retired, 1893 : an Oriental
scholar: wrote in the J.A.S.B: and in
the Indian Antiquary : also Outlines of
Indian Philology, 1867 : edited Sir H.
Elliot's Supplemental Glossary of Indian
Terms, 1869 : his chief work was A Com-
parative Grammar of the Aryan Languages,
iSyz-g : and a Bengali Grammar, 1891 :
wrote in the Imperial, and Asiatic Quar-
terly Reviews : died May 42, 1902.
BEATSON, GEORGE STEWARD ( ? -
1874)
M.D. Glasgow, 1836 : entered the Army
Medical Department, 1838 ; served in
Ceylon, 1839-51 : in the Burmese war of
1852 : the Crimea, Ionian Islands, Madras :
vSurgeon-General in India and P.M.O. of
European troops, 1863-8, and again,
1 871-4 : was in charge of Netley Hospital
1868-71 : Honorary Physician to the
Queen : C.B. 1869 : died at Simla, June
7, 1874.
BEATSON, STUART BROWNLOW
(1854- )
Born July II, 1854 : son of Capt. W. S.
Beatson, of the H.E.I.C.S : educated at
Wellington : joined the Indian Army,
1873 : served on N.W. Frontier, 1878,
in Afghanistan, 1878-80 : Egypt, 1882 :
N.W. Frontier, 1897-98 : South Africa,
1901 : Inspr-General of Imperial Service
Troops : Colonel and C.B.
BEATSON, WILLIAM FERGUSON
(1804-1872)
General : son of Captain Robert Beat-
son, R.E : entered the Bengal Army in
1820 : served, while on furlough, with the
British Legion in Spain, 1835-6 : at the
capture of Jigni in Bundelkund, 1840 :
Chirgong, 1841 : in the Sind compaign,
1844 : served under Sir C. Napier, 1845,
in the Bugti hills : commanded the Nizam's
cavalry : took Rymow from the Rohillas
in 1848 : organised the Bashi-bazouks in
the Crimean campaign, 1854-5 : in the
mutiny, raised two regiments of cavalry,
named, " Beatson's Horse " : commanded
the Allahabad Division, 1866, and the
Umbala Division, 1869 : died Feb. 4, 1872.
BECHER, SIR ARTHUR MITFORD
(1816-1887)
General : son of Colonel G. Becher :
educated at Addiscombe : was in the
Afghan war, 1839 : at Ghazni : in the
Satlaj campaign, 1845-6 : at Mudki,
Firozshahr, Sobraon : Brevet - Major :
A.D.C. to the Governor-General : in the
Panjab campaign, 1848-9 : at the siege
and capture of Multan, and at Gujarat :
Q.M.G. in India, 1852-63 : severely
wounded at the siege of Delhi, 1857 :
C.B., 1858 : Bengal Staff Corps : com-
manded the Sirhind Division, 1865-9 •
Maj-General, 1861 : died Oct, 5. 1887.
BECHER, JOHN REID (1819-1884)
General : son of Colonel John Becher,
of the Bengal Cavalry : bom 18 19 :
educated at Bruce Castle, Tunbridge Wells,
and Addiscombe : went to India in the
Bengal Engineers in 1839 : from Firozpur
with Wild's Brigade, to relieve Ali Masjid
in Jan. 1842, and on with General Pollock's
advance to Kabul : in Satlaj campaign,
at Sobraon, Feb. 10, 1846, severely
wounded : engaged in Rajputana boundary
settlements, 1847, and on land inquiries
in the Panjab : Deputy Secretary to the
Panjab Board of Administration : Deputy
Commissioner of Hazara, 1853-9 '• C.B :
in Sydney Cotton's expedition of 1858
against the Sitana fanatics : Commissioner
of the Derajat, 1862 : and of Peshawar,
1864 : retired in 1866 : died July 9, 1884 :
one of the distinguished group of officers
employed in the Panjab under the Law-
rences in the early days after its annexation
in 1849 : " of all prominent Panjab
officials there was certainly none more
loved and respected than Becher."
BECHER, RICHARD ( ? -1782)
Related to Anne Becher, mother of
W. M. Thackeray the novelist : went out
to Calcutta as a writer in the E. I, Co.'s
service, 1743 : in 1756 was Fourth in the
Bengal Council and Chief of Dacca : when
Calcutta was taken by Suraj-ud-daula,
Becher with his family escaped from the
city, with others : returning, 1757, when
Calcutta was retaken by the English.
In 1 76 1 Becher was dismissed from the
Company's service for having signed Clive's
independent letter of remonstrance to the
Directors two years before. Six years
later, 1767, when Clive was Governor of
Bengal, Becher was re-appointed to the
Bengal Council, and in 1769 was made
Resident at Murshidabad, with local
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
33
control of the revenue administration of
Bengal. He deserves to be remembered
for his heroic efforts, in the face of mis-
representation and slander, to alleviate
the horrors of the great famine of 1770 in
Bengal : noted for his honesty, during
his 13 years of service under the Company :
took no private gifts or bribes. In 1774,
he retired to England with a modest for-
tune, which he soon after risked and lost
in trying to help a friend : returned to
India : was given a subordinate post as
head of the Calcutta Mint, 1781 ; died
Nov. 17, 1782, at Calcutta.
BECK, THEODORE (1859-1899)
Of a Quaker family : educated at a
Quaker school, at London University,
Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge :
President of the Union Debating Society :
appointed Principal of the M.A.O. College,
Alighar, when he was only 24 : he re-
organized the College, establishing order
out of chaos, reformed the discipline,
introduced improvements, adjusted the
finances, was devoted to his work and in
warm sympathy with the Muhammadans :
working with Sir Syad Ahmad (q.v.) until
his death, in 1898, and afterwards with
the trustees of the institution : died at
Simla, Sep. 2, 1899.
BECKWITH, SIR THOMAS SYDNEY
(1772-1831)
Son of Maj -General J. Beckwith :
foined the 71st regt. in India in 1791, then
under Col. D. Baird {q.v.) : was at the
siege of Seringapatam by Lord Cornwallis
in 1792 and the taking of Pondicherry by
Baird in 1793 : served also in Ceylon, at
Copenhagen, at Hanover, in Denmark, the
Peninsula, Canada : Maj-General and
K.C.B., 1814 : Lt-General, 1830 : was
appointed C. in C. at Bombay in 1829: died
of fever at Mahableshwar, Jan. 19, 1831.
BEDDOME, RICHARD HENRY
(1830- )
Born May 11, 1830 : son of R. B.
Beddome : educated at Charterhouse :
joined the Madras Army : was Quarter-
master and Interpreter of his regiment,
42nd Infantry, 1856 : Assistant Conser-
vator of Forests, Madras, 1857 : Head of
the Madras Forest Department, i860 to
1882, when he retired as Colonel : Fellow
of the Madras University, 1880 : author
of The Flora Sylvatica of the Madras Presi-
dency, (400 trees). The Ferns of Southern
India, (345 plates). Hand-book to the Ferns
of India, besides pamphlets on new reptiles
and land shells discovered by him in
India.
BEIDERLINDEN, RIGHT REV. BER-
NARD, D.D. (1842- )
German : born at Miinster, Aug. 18,
1842 : entered the Society of Jesus, Aug.
23, 1865 : arrived in India, Nov. 6, 1879 :
occupied various posts in colleges, etc.,
became Superior of the Jesuit Mission,
Oct. 4, 1882 : nominated first Catholic
Bishop of Poona, Suffragan of Bombay,
Dec. 22, 1886, consecrated, Feb. 27, 1887,
at Allahabad : still in occupation of the
See.
BELL, REV. DR. ANDREW, D.D.
(1753-1832)
" The eminent founder of the Madras
system of education " : son of a barber
at St. Andrew's : born March 27, 1753 '•
educated at St. Andrew's School and
University : ordained, 1784 : M.D. : tutor
in Virginia, 1774-9 '• went to India, 1787 :
in 2 years he had obtained and held simul-
taneously eight Army chaplaincies : in
1789 he was Chaplain of St. Mary's,
Madras, and Superintendent of the Madras
Male Orphan Asylum, and there introduced
a system of mutual instruction by the
boys, who were thus alternately learners
and teachers, one half of the class teaching
the other half : accompanied]Genl. Braith-
waite to capture of Pondicherry, 1793 :
with a pension from the E.I.Co.,he returned
to England in 1797, and laboured hard
to spread his system at home and abroad :
it was adopted in places : Rector of
Swanage, 1801, Master of Sherbinrn
Hospital, 1809 : as Superintendent, in
18 1 1, of the National Society for promoting
the education of the poor in the principles
of the Established Church, he could
advance his Madras system, but it could
not be an entire system of education : he
was made LL.D : also a Prebendary of
Westminister : gave ^120,000 to found a
College at St. Andrew's : died Jan. 27,
1832, and was buried in Westminster
Abbey : a tablet erected to his memory.
BELL, THOMAS EVANS (1825-1887)
Major : born Nov. 11,1825 : son of William
Bell : educated at Wandsworth : went
34
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
to Madras in the E. I. Go's military service,
1841 : joined the 2nd Madras Europeans :
appointed Assistant Commissioner at
Nagpur, 1855, lost his appointment, i860,
for insubordination to the Chief Commis-
sioner in advocating the claims of the
dispossessed ruling family : all the measures
recommended by Major Bell were, however,
approved and carried out by Lord Can-
ning, and he was appointed Deputy Com-
missioner of Police at Madras, 1861 :
retired 1863: devoted the remainder of
his life to advocating measures for the
benefit of India and its people : wrote The
Task of To-day, 1852 : The English in
India, 1859 : The Empire in India, 1864 :
Remarks on the Mysore Blue Book, 1866 :
The Mysore Reversion, 1865 : Retrospects
and Prospects of Indian Policy, 1868 :
The Oxus and the Indus, 1869 : 1874: The
Great Parliamentary Bore, 1869 : Our
Great Vassal Empire, 1870, The Bengal
Reversion, 1872 : Last Counsels of an
Unknown Counsellor, 1877 : Memoirs of
General John Briggs, 1886 : died Sep.
12, 1887.
BELLE W, HENRY WALTER (1834-
1892)
Son of Capt. H. W. Bellew, of the
Bengal Army : born Aug. 30, 1834 :
educated at St. George's Hospital, London
M.D. : in the Crimean war : went to
Tndia in the Bengal Medical service, 1856 :
with Sir H. B. Lumsden's {q.v.) mission to
Kandahar in 1857-8 : in the Umbeyla
campaign : Civil Surgeon of Peshawar :
interpreter at the Umbala darbar of 1869
with the Amir Shir Ali : was on Sir R.
Pollock's mission to Seistan, 1871, and
Sir T. D. Forsyth's mission to Kashgar
and Yarkand, 1873-4 : C.S.L in 1873 :
Chief Political officer at Kabul in the second
Afghan war : retired as Surgeon-
General, 1886 : died July 26, 1892 : he
had a faculty for learning Oriental lan-
guages, and wrote about them as well as
about medical subjects and the countries
which he had visited and their inhabitants.
BELLEW, REV. JOHN CHIPPENDALL
MONTESQUIEU (1823-1874)
Son of Capt. R. Higgins : born Aug.
3, 1823 : educated at Lancaster, and St.
Mary's Hall, Oxford : took his mother's
family name in 1844 : ordained in 1848 :
went to Calcutta in 1851 and became
Chaplain of St. John's Church for 4 years :
edited there the Bengal Hurkaru : re-
turning to England in 1855, he became
a popular preacher in London, but in 1868
was a convert to Roman Catholicism, and
supported himself by public readings and
literary work : he had great success as a
master of elocution and from his handsome
appearance : he died June 19, 1874.
BELLI, JOHN ( ? - ? )
Born in England, of a noble Italian
family, probably of Viterbo, his mother
being a lady of Spanish origin named
Bivar : entered the E. I. Co's. service and
became Private Secretary to Warren
Hastings, about 1770-5 = he married a
sister of Sir Charles Cockerell; his daugh-
ters married Dr. Howley, Archbishop of
Canterbury; E. Horsley Palmer, M.P.
and Sir C. E. Carrington (q.v.)
BENARES, BALWANT SINGH, RAJA
OF (1717-?1770)
Son of Mansa Ram : and father of Chait
Singh (q.v.) : all of the Dhuinhar caste :
succeeded his father, 1740 : died
Aug. 19 1770, being succeeded by Chait
Singh : Balwant was the real founder and
consoUdator of the Benares Raj.
BENARES, CHAIT SINGH, RAJA OF
( ? -1810)
Son of Balwant Singh, the Raja of
Benares, who died in 1770, when Chait
Singh became Raja : in 1775 was declared
independent of Oudh (of which he had
been a vassal) and made tributary to the
English Govermnent on a fixed annual
payment : in 1778, Warren Hastings
demanded from him, besides the annual
tribute, five lakhs of rupees, which were
recovered from him with the help of
troops. Similar demands were made from
him in 1779 and 1780 : in the latter year,
a contingent of men was demanded,
according to his tenure as Raja, for the
public service : he evaded, and did not
furnish a single man : a fine of 50 lakhs was
imposed,; and Warren Hastings personally
went to Benares, to levy the fine on Chait
Singh, who received him submissively.
Chait Singh was made, Aug. 16, 1781, a
prisoner in his own palace at feenares, but
his people rose, attacked and killed the
guards. In the confusion, Chait Singh
escaped. Hastings withdrew to Chunar :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
35
Major Popham advanced in force, and
defeated Chait Singh's forces at Benares,
Latifpur and Bijaighar : the tribute was
doubled, when a nephew of Chait Singh
was made Raja. Chait Singh, with a few
followers, took refuge in Gwalior and lived
there until his death on March 29, 1810.
BENARES, SIR ISRI PRASAD NARA-
YAN SINGH, MAHARAJA BAHA-
DUR of (1822-1889)
Born 1822: nephew and adopted son
of Raja Udit Singh of Benares, whom
he succeeded in 1835 : belonged to
the Bhuinhar family, from which came
Balwant Singh and Chait Singh : he
rendered conspicuous service during the
mutiny and largely assisted in maintaining
order in the city and neighbouring country :
made Maharaja Bahadur in 1859 : G. C.S.I,
in 1877 : received the title of " His
Highness " in 1889 as a personal distinc-
tion : and a salute of 15 guns : had no son,
and was succeeded in his immense estates
by his nephew, the present Maharaja :
was a great patron of literature, several
poets resided at his court and wrote works
under the Maharaja's name : died June
13, 1889.
BENARES, MAHARAJA SIR PRABHU
NARAIN SINGH. BARADUR OF
(1855- )
Born Nov. 26, 1855 : succeeded as
nephew and adopted son of Maharaja Isri
Prasad {q.v.), on June 13, 1889 : received
the title of His Highness as a personal dis-
tinctionin Sep. 1889 : G.C.I.E., Jan. 1898 :
has a salute of 13 guns.
BENDALL, CECIL (1856-
Born July i, 1856 : ediicated at City
of London School, Trinity and Caius
Colleges, Cambridge : first class. Classical
Tripos, and first class Indian Languages
Tripos: Fellow, Caius College, 1879-85:
at the British Museum, in the Department
of Oriental MSS. and printed books,
1882-98 : Curator of Oriental Literature
in the Cambridge University Library,i892 :
Professor of Sanskrit at University College,
London, 1885-1903, and at Cambridge
since 1903 (previously Sanskrit lecturer
there) : travelled in India and Nipal, 1884-5
and 1898-9 : on the Council of the R. A .S.,
1901 : published A Journey of Literary
and AfchcBological Research in Nipal and
Northern India, 1886 : and Catalogues of
Buddhist Sanskrit MSS at Cambridge, and
of .Sanskrit Pali books, and MSS, in the
British Museum, besides other works on
Sanskrit.
BENFEY, THEODOR (1809-1881)
Born Jan. 28, 1809 : studied from 1824
at Gottingen : Doctor of Philosophy, 1828 :
also studied at Munich : taught at Frank-
fort, 1830-4 : made Privat Docent, 1834 :
ordinary Professor of the philosophical
faculty, 1862 : laboured at classical
philology, Sanskrit language and litera-
ture, and the science of language : left his
mark on Oriental research : in the front
rank as a Vedic scholar and Sanskrit
grammarian : studied the early fable
literature of India and other countries :
edited the Sama Veda, 1848 : wrote a
Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1866, and
a Grammar of the Vedic language : Fellow
of the Society of Letters, Gottingen :
F.R.A.S. of Great Britain, and of other
learned societies : wrote Vedica und
Linguistica, 1880 : Vedica und Verwandtes,
1880 : died June 30, 1881.
BENFIELD, PAUL ( ? -1810)
In the E. I. Co.'s Civil Service : went to
India in 1764 : in Madras he made money
by trade, lending, and contracts, and had
large money dealings with the Nawab of
the Carnatic : one of these being un-
favourably regarded by the Coiurt of
Directors in 1777, he resigned the service
and retired to England, 1779 : but, having
demanded an inquiry and explained, he
was reinstated and returned to Madras,
finally retiring in 1793 : lost his fortune in
speculations and died in want, 18 10 : M.P.
for Cricklade in 1780.
BENGALI, SORABJI SHAPURJI (1831
-1893)
Born Feb. 15, 1831 : son of a Calcutta
merchant : educated at the Education
Society's school (now Elphinstone High
School) in Bombay : employed in the
Bombay branch of the Bank of Ceylon and
subsequently in the Commercial Bank of
India : went, in 1853, to the Mercantile
Bank and, in 1858, became Assistant to
Muncherji Framji Cama : was well read
in Gujarati and English and brought out
several Gujarati periodicals. In 1868, he
visited Europe. He assisted Naoroji
36
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Furdunji {q.v.) in advocating social and
political reforms : they were joint Honor-
ary Secretaries to the Parsi Law Associa-
tion from 1855, which obtained certain
legislative measures for the Parsis : in
1 871 he was consulted by the Governor
of Bombay on the new Municipal Act,
became a Member of the Bombay Cor-
poration, and, in 1876, a Member of the
Bombay Legislative Council ; was a
Fellow of the Bombay University : owing
to his exertions, the Indian Factory Act of
1881 became law : in 1881 he was made
CLE. and Sheriff of Bombay : in 1885,
was a member of the Abkari Commission :
died April 4, 1893.
BENTINCK, LORD WILLIAM CAVEN-
DISH (1774-18:{9)
Governor-General : son of the 3rd Duke
of Portland, born Sep. 14, 1774 : entered
the Army 1791, saw service in the Nether-
lands, in Italy, with the Austrian forces :
Governor of Madras, from Aug., 1803, to
Sep., 1 807, whenjon account of the mutiny of
sepoys against their officers at Vellore, for
which he was held responsible, the Court of
Directors recalled him: changes affecting the
sepoys had been introduced by the C. in C,
with the support of the Governor. He
was employed in Portugal and commanded
a Brigade at Corunna : as Lt-General he
was C. in C. in Sicily, 181 1, served in Spain,
and led an expedition against Genoa, 1814.
After 13 years without employment, he
was'Governorof Bengal from July, 1828, was
C. in C. from May, 1833, and the first
Governor-General of India from Nov., 1834,
to March, 1835 : it devolved on him to
insist on economies to restore financial
equilibrium, to reform the land revenue
settlement in the N.W.P., to establish a
Board of Revenue in the N.W.P. and
reorganize the judicial courts, to devote
funds to education through the medium
of English, and to increase the employment
of educated natives in higher offices. He
also by Regulation abolished the practice
of suttee, and suppressed the Thags.
He took over the administration of
Mysore. He met Ranjit Singh, ruler of
the Panjab, on the Satlaj. In general he
reformed the administration in a liberal
spirit, and established the principle that,
in the Government of India,the interests
of the people should have the first claim.
His memory is still cherished by the natives.
The eloquent inscription on his statue in
Calcutta was written by Macaulay iq.v.)
(Legal Member of Council from Nov.,
1834.) Bentinckwas greatly regretted on
his retirement. He became M.P. for
Glasgow in 1837 : refused a peerage, and
died June 17, 1839.
BENTLEY, JOHN ( ?
Member of the Asiatic Society of Bengal :
wrote Historical View of Hindu As-
tronomy, 1823 : his earlier treatise, on
the Antiquity of the Suryasiddhanta, 1799,
threw doubts on the antiquity of Indian
astronomy, and called forth a severe
critique in the Edinburgh Review, to which
Bentley replied in the Asiatic Researches :
one of the greatest mathematicians of his
time in India : he also wrote, on the
Principal Eras and Dates of the Ancient
Hindus.
BENWELL, JOSEPH AUSTIN ( ?- ?)
Artist : resided for some time, prior to
1856, in India : conspicuous for original
and pleasing delineations of native life,
landscape and buildings in India, evi-
dently drawn on the spot : chiefly known
as a draughtsman on wood of Eastern
subjects, principally Indian and Chinese :
exhibited at the Royal Academy up to
1883 : illustrated Capt. M. Rafter's Our
Indian Army, and Capper's Three Presi-
dencies of India : nearly all his drawings
on wood are in the periodicals and journals
of the 'sixties, such as the Illustrated
London News, and, to about 1876, the
publications of the ReHgious Tract Society:
he illustrated also The Indian Nabob of
100 years ago, by G. E. Sargent in The
Leisure Hour for 1858, a story of con-
siderable merit of the British conquest
and settlement of Bengal : he painted a
series of dissolving views of Indian life,
exhibited in London before 1862 : his
signature on drawings is usually J.B.
but occasionally J.A.B.
BERAR, RAGHOJI BHONSLA II, RAJA
OF ( ? -1816)
Raja of Nagpur, or Berar : succeeded
his father, Madhoji Bhonsla, as Raja in
1788, took part in the victory of the
Mahrattas over Nizam Ali of Hyderabad
at Kurdla in March, 1795. After the
treaty of Bassein (Dec. 1802), he joined
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
37
in the Mahratta war against the British,
and was beaten at Assaye on Sep. 23, 1803,
and again at Argaum on Nov. 28, 1803 :
he had then to cede Cuttack and Berar to
the English, so that only Nagpur remained
to him : his demand for their restoration
was refused : he died in 1816.
BERAR, RAGHOJI BHONSLA III,
RAJA OF (1808P-1853)
Raja of Nagpur : grandson of Raghoji
Bhonsla II (q.v.), adopted by his widow
and made Raja as a child of 9, after the
flight of Appa Sahib {q.v.). When he died
in 1853, leaving no heir or relation with
any claim, Nagpur was incorporated into
British territory.
BERESFORD, GEORGE READ
EDWARD (1815-1857)
Born Aug. 3, 1815 : son of Thomas
Beresford : went to India, 1834-5 : ap-
pointed first manager of the Cawnpur
Bank, about 1843 : transferred, 1849, to
be the head manager of the Delhi Bank :
massacred with his wife and five daughters,
on May 11, 1857, at the Bank-house at
Delhi, by the mutineers from Meerut :
Beresford had declined the offer of escaping
with his family, refusing to abandon his
charge of the Bank : he and his family
defended themselves on the roof of an out-
house, but were overpowered : a tablet
was placed to their memory in the Church
at Delhi : he was a learned Oriental
scholar, keen archaeologist and photo-
grapher : author of The Handbook of
Delhi.
BERESFORD, LORD WILLIAM LES-
LIE DE LA POER (1847-1900)
Third son of the fourth Marquis of
Waterford : born July 20, 1847 : edu-
cated at Eton : entered the 9th Lancers
in 1867 : A.D.C. to Viceroys of India,
1875 to 1881, and Military Secretary to the
Viceroys from 1881 to 1894. He saw
service in the Jowaki expedition, 1877-8 ;
in the Zulu war, 1879, where he gained
the Victoria Cross ; in the Afghan war,
1880, and was in Burma, 1886 : Lt-
Colonel in 1890 : K.C.I. E., 1894. On
Dec. 30, 1893, he was entertained at a fare-
well dinner at the Town Hall, Calcutta, by
180 friends : it was then said of him that
he " had raised the office [of Military Sec-
retary] to a science, and himself from an
official into an institution, and acquired
a reputation absolutely unique " : retired
from India in 1894 : died in England,
Dec. 28, 1900. He was invaluable as
A.D.C. and Military Secretary to successive
Viceroys : popular and active : a keen
sportsman and successful rider of steeple-
chases : and polo-player : and for years
kept a stud of racehorses with which he
won the Viceroy's Cup six times and the
other principal races at race-meetings in
India. In England, also, he had a racing
stable, and was one of the first to have
American horses and jockeys.
BERNADOTTE, JOHN BAPTISTE
JULIUS (1764-1844)
King of Sweden and Norway, as Charles
XIV : born of humble parents at Pau in
Bearne, 1764 : he enlisted in the French
army in 1780, and was, when a serjeant,
taken prisoner at the siege of Cuddalore in
1783 : became General in 1793, served in
Napoleon's campaigns : and became, as
Charles XIV, King of Sweden and Norway
in 1818 : died March 8, 1844.
BERNARD, SIR CHARLES EDWARD
(1837-1901)
I.C.S. : son of Dr. J. F. Bernard, of
Clifton, and nephew of the first Lord
Lawrence : born in 1837 : educated at
Rugby, Addiscombe and Haileybury : be-
gan his service in the Pan jab in 1858 : in
the Central Provinces till 1871 : from
1871 to 1875 was Secretary to the Bengal
Government, member of the Bengal
Legislative Council, famine Secretary dur-
ing the Bihar famine of 1874 "• C.S.I. , 1875 :
Secretary to Sir R. Temple on his famine
mission to Madras and Bombay in 1877 :
Home Secretary to the Government of
India, 1878-80 : Chief Commissioner of
Burma, 1880-1888 : K.C.S.I., 1886 : on
retirement from India was appointed
Secretary in the Revenue and Statistics
Department, India Office : retired in
1901. He died at Chamouni Sep. 19.
1901. In 1893 he edited the autobio-
graphical Memoirs of Sir George Campbell.
iq.v.) Bernard was remarkable for his
personal activity and indefatigable energy.
No one has worked harder throughout an
arduous career. An officer of the highest
principles in public and private life, he
gained universal esteem and affection,
even from those who differed from his
38
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
BERNOULLI, JEAN (1744-1807)
Born at Basle, Nov. 4, 1744 : son of the
elder Jean Bernoulli : belonged to a
family celebrated as mathematicians :
J ean the younger was a great astronomer :
from 1763 was in this capacity a mem-
ber of the Academy of Sciences at
Berlin : became Director of the Mathe-
matical Class at the Academy : wrote
also on geographical subjects : notably
his Description historigue et geographique
de VInde, 1786, consisting of his French
translation of Pere Joseph Tieffenthaler's
Geographic de Vindoustan (originally in
Latin), Recherches historiques et chrono-
logiques sur VInde, by Anquetil du Perron,
with the addition of maps by James
Rennell : died at Berlin, July 13, 1807.
BESANT, ANNIE (1847-
Born Oct. i, 1847 : daughter of William
Page Wood : educated privately in Eng-
land, Germany and France : married
Rev. Frank Besant, 1867, but legally
separated from him, 1872 : joined the
National Secular Society, 1874 '• worked
with Charles Bradlaugh M.P. in Labour
and Socialist movements : co-editor of
the National Reformer, member of the
Fabian Society, and Social Democratic
Federation : was a member of the London
School Board, 1887-90 : joined the
Theosophical Society, 1880 : and became
a devoted pupil of Madame Blavatsky :
founded the Central Hindu College at
Benares, 1898 : author of many books and
pamphlets, including Karma, Four Great
Religions, Dharma, Esoteric Christianity,
The Religious Problem in India, etc : joint-
editor of the Theosophical Review.
BEST. SAMUEL (1808 ?-l85l)
Captain, Madras Engineers : entered
the service in 1826 : Secretary to the
Board of Revenue in the P.W.D., 1842 :
planned the Singapore fortifications, and
was made Superintendent of roads in
Madras, 1845 : under him road-making
was very well managed under fixed rules :
he executed many important works in the
Madras Presidency : such as the Southern
Trunk Road and the Goolcheroo Pass :
and made valuable contributions to the
Madras Literary Transactions and the
Madras Engineering papers : died of
jungle fever at Chitore on his return from
the hills, Oct. 5, 1851.
BETHUNE, SIR HENRY LINDESAY»
BARONET .(1787-1851)
Son of Major M. E. Lindesay : joined
the Madras Artillery in 1810 : was six feet
eight in height : was in Sir John Mal-
colm's mission to Persia in 18 10, stayed
there some years to drill the Persian Army,,
fighting with it against the Russians :
returned to England in 1821 and left the
E.I. Co.'s service : assumed the name of
Bethune : again out to Persia in 1834,
helped to quell a rebellion, was made a
Baronet at the Shah's request : in 1836-9
was again in Persia, and died at Tabriz
in 1851.
BETHUNE, JOHN ELLIOT DRINK-
WATER (1801-1851)
Son of Lt-Colonel J. Drinkwater
Bethune : educated at Trinity College,
Cambridge : called to the bar, 1827 : was
Counsel to the Home Office for many
years : became Legal Member of the Su-
preme Council of the Government of
India in April, 1848. Besides his ordinary'-
work in charge of legislation and as Mem-
ber of Council, Bethune was President of
the Council of Education : he established
the Bethune School, which still exists, for
the Education of native girls ; died at
Calcutta Aug. 12, 1851.
BHANDARKAR, RAMKRISHNA GOw
PAL (1837- )
Orientalist and social reformer : bora
July 6, 1837 : educated at Ratnagiri and
Elphinstone College, Bombay : M.A.,
1866 : Dakhshina Fellow there 1859, and
later in the Dekkan College, Poona, till
1864 : in the Bombay Education Depart-
ment, 1864-93 : Head-master of Hydera-
bad (Sind) and Ratnagiri High Schools^
1864-9 : acting Professor of Sanskrit and
Oriental Languages in Elphinstone College^
Assistant Professor many years, till 1881 :
Professor of Sanskrit at Dekkan College^
Poona, 1882-93 : Fellow of Bombay
University from 1866 ; Syndic, 1873-81 ;
Vice-Chancellor, 1893-5 : Hon. LL.D.,
1904 : Member of the Governor-General's
Legislative Council, 1903-4, when the
Universities Act was passed : Member of
Bombay Legislative Council, 1904-5 t
Fellow of Calcutta University, 1887 :.
Member of learned Societies, e.g. R.A.S.
London, 1874 ; R.A.S. Bombay, 1865 ;
German Oriental Society, 1887 ; Americaa
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
39
Oriental Society, 1887 ; Asiatic Society
of Italy, 1887 ; of Imperial Academy of
Science, St. Petersburg, 1888 : Foreign
member of the French Institute, 1895 :
also of the International Congress of
Orientalists, London, 1874 ; and of
Vienna, 1886, which he attended :
CLE., 1887 : retired from service, 1893 :
Hon. Phil. Dr. Gottingen University :
has contributed largely to the Journals
and Transactions of learned Societies,
especially in Bombay, on philological and
antiquarian subjects : also to the Indian
Antiquary : first lecturer on the Wilson
Lectureship, Bombay University : re-
ported on his searches for Sanskrit MSS.
in the Bombay Presidency : edited the
text of the Sanskrit Malati-Madhava :
and has written Sanskrit educational
works : is a leader of the enlightened
religious movement of the Prathna Samaj
in W. India : as a social reformer has
practically supported the re-marriage of
widows, and in politics is a moderate
progressive.
BHASKARANANDA, SWAMI (1833-
1899)
Motiram (his early name) was born in
the village of Maithilalpur in Cawnpur,
about 6 miles from the residence of Nana
Sahib (q.v.) rat 8, he learnt the elements
of Sanskrit, and completed his study on
Panini (grammar) at 17 : renounced the
world, went on pilgrimage, and wandered
in search of knowledge : studied Vedanta
philosophy at Ujain, became a Sanyasi
(devotee) at 27, assuming the name of
Bhaskarananda, (the sun-enchanted). For
mental discipline, he kept silence for
several months, and often roamed about
the banks of the Ganges with head un-
covered in the sun for hours together :
lived for several years at Hardwar absorbed
in the study of Bhagavat Gita and the
Upanishads : migrated to Benares and
lived a life of great austerity, devotion,
contemplation and study, till he died in
July, 1899 : was a bright -looking ascetic,
always cheerful and of intense spiritual
energy : European savants and Princes,
going to Benares, used to visit him : three
marble statues have been raised in his
honour.
BHATAWADEKAR, SIR BHATCHAN-
DRA KRISHNA (1852- )
Educated at Elphinstone High School
and Grant Medical College, Bombay:
Chief Medical Officer in the Baroda State,
1875-85 : President of the Bombay
Municipal Corporation : author of several
treatises : made a Knight Bachelor, Feb.
7, 1900.
BHAU DAJI, OR RAMKRISHNA
VITAL (1821-187-J)
A Sarasvat Gond Brahman, and son of
a small farmer of Mandra, in Goa : edu-
cated in the Native Education Society's
School in Bombay, and became a
teacher in the Elphinstone School : joined,
1845, the Grant Medical College as a stu-
dent, and graduated in 1850 : as a practi-
tioner, achieved great popularity and
success : made original researches in the
use of Indian drugs, with a special view to
discovering a cure for leprosy in its earlier
stages, and contributed some valuable
papers to the A nfiquary : was a member
of the chief educational and learned
Societies in Bombay : a Fellow of the
University, a Justice of the Peace, the
first native Sheriff of Bombay in 1869 and
1 871 : was also Dr. : died of paralysis in
1874-
BHIDE, GOPALRAO HARI (1843-
1896)
A native of Mahapada in the Presidency
of Bombay : son of a learned Brahman
of the old type, who, too poor to maintain
his family, migrated to Kalyan : educated
at Poona : entered the railway service as a
signaller, employed in the Berars and
afterwards at Nagpur : became a clerk in
the Magistrate's office and read law : in
1869 became a Pleader and obtained a
lucrative practice : devoted himself to
social reforms, particularly female educa-
tion, the re -marriage of widows, and
improvement of modes of agriculture :
through his advice the first proprietary
cotton mill was established at Nagpiu: :
died Jan. 4, 1896.
BHOPAL, NAWAB SHAH JEHAN,
BEGAM OF (1838-1901)
Born July 3, 1838 : proclaimed ruler of
Bhopal, Jan. 10, 1847, her mother,
Sikandar Begam (q.v.) being Regent :
abdicated May i, i860, in favour of her
mother, on whose death, Oct. 30, 1868, she
succeeded to the government of the
State : she married, first Bakshi Bahi
Muhammad Khan, (who died 1867), and
had one daughter, the present Nawab
40
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Sultan Jehan Begam : and second in 1871,
her Prime Minister, Nawab Maulvi Mu-
hammad Sadik Hussein, of a noble Bokhara
family : she was made G.C.S.I, in 1872,
and administered her State with ability,
benevolence, and loyalty to the Govern-
ment of India : Member of the Order of
the Crown of India : died June 16, 1901.
BHOPAL, NAWAB SIKANDAR
BEGAM OF (1816-1868)
Daughter of Nuzzur Mahomed Khan,
the Nawab of Bhopal and the Kudsia
Begam : born in 1816 : married, April
18, 1835, her cousin the Nawab Jehangir
Muhammad Khan : after his death, on
Dec. 9, 1844, she was appointed Regent,
in Feb. 1847, and behaved with great
loyalty to the British Government in the
mutiny. In 1859 she was proclaimed
Ruler, her daughter. Shah Jehan, resigning
her rights during the mother's life. Sikan-
dar Begam ruled with great vigour,
ability and loyalty to the British Govern-
ment : she received rewards after the
mutiny, was made K.C.S.I. in 1861 :
G.C.S.I. in 1866 : made the pilgrimage to
Mecca in 1863 : died Oct. 30, 1868.
BHOWNAGRI, SIR MANCHERJI
MERWANJI (1861- )
Son of a distinguished Parsi merchant :
educated at the Elphinstone College and
Bombay University : began life as a
journalist : State agent in Bombay for
the Bhaunagar Raja, 1873 : M.P. for
Bethnal Green since 1895 : author of
History of the Constitution of the East India
Company, a Gujarati translation of //".Af.'s
Life in the Highlands. K.C.I.E.
BICKERTON, SIR RICHARD,
BARONET (1727-1792)
Entered the Navy, 1739 : served in the
W. Indies, the Mediterranean, the Channel,
again the W. Indies and Channel :
knighted, 1773 = Baronet, May, 1778 :
in the battle of Ushant, July, 1778 : to
the E. Indies as Commodore, 1782-4 : at
the action off Cuddalore, June, 1783 :
C. in C. at the Leeward Islands : Vice-
Admiral, 1790 : Port Admiral at Ply-
mouth till his death, Feb. 25, 1792 : M.P.
for Rochester.
BICKNELL, HERMAN (1830-1876)
Son of E. Bicknell : born April 2, 1830 :
educated at Paris, Hanover, University
College, St. Bartholomew's : took his
medical degree in 1855 : gazetted Assis-
tant Surgeon : first to Hongkong, then to
Mianmir near Lahore in 1856 : was Staff
Assistant Surgeon : served through the
mutiny and travelled widely, exploring in
Tibet and the Himalayas : in 1861, re-
signed his commission. In 1862, as an
English Muhammadan gentleman he
resided in Cairo, and, undisguised, per-
formed a pilgrimage to Mecca : he travelled
also in Persia, to perfect his translation
of Hafiz : visited the Kum mosque in
Persia, 1869 : eminent as a linguist and
traveller : died March 14, 1875.
BIDDULPH, JOHN (1840
Colonel : born July 25, 1840 : son of
Robert Biddulph, of Ledbury : educated
at Westminster : entered the Bengal
Cavalry and arrived in India, 1858 :
served in the mutiny : joined the Indian
Staff Corps : A.D.C. to Lord Northbrook
when Viceroy, 1872-6 : member of the
mission to Yarkand, 1873-4 : employed
on a secret mission to countries beyond
Gilgit, 1877 : acting A.G.G. Beluchistan,
May-Nov., 1882 : Political Agent, Bhopa-
war, 1882 : Haraoti and Tonk, 1886 :
Resident and Commissioner, Ajmir, 1890 :
Officiating Agent, Beluchistan, 1891 :
acting Resident at Gwalior, 1892 : Resi-
dent at Baroda, 1893 : reverted to mili-
tary duty, 1895 : author of Tribes of
the Hindu Kush, 1880 : The Nineteenth
and their Times, 1899 : Stringer Lawrence,
1901.
BIDDULPH, SIR MICHAEL ANTHONY
SHRAPNEL (1823-1904)
Son of the Rev. Thomas Shrapnel
Biddulph, of Amroth Castle, Pembroke-
shire : born in 1823 : educated at Wool-
wich : entered the Royal Artillery in
1843 : Captain, 1850 : Brevet-Major,
1854 : Maj-General, 1877 : General,
1886 : he served throughout the Crimean
campaign : in India he was Deputy
Adjutant General of Artillery, 1868-73,
and commanded the Rohilkund District
in 1876 : in the Afghan war of 1878-80,
he commanded the Quetta Field Force,
and a Division of the Kandahar Field
Force : was present at the occupation
of Kandahar, and the engagement at
Khushk-i-Nakhand, and, later, com-
manded the Thal-Chotiali Field Force :
C.B., 1873 : K.C.B. in 1879 : President
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
41
of the Ordnance Committee, 1886-9 =
retired in 1900 : G.C.B. : from 1879 till
his death he held appointments about
the Court, and was Gentleman Usher of
the Black Rod from 1896 : died July 23,
1904.
BIDIE, GEORGE (1830- )
Educated at Aberdeen Grammar School
and University : entered the Madras
Medical Service, 1856 : served in the
mutiny : Professor of Botany, Madras
Medical College : Superintendent of Luna-
tic Asylum, 1866-70 : Secretary of head
ofi&ce of Medical Department, 1870-3 :
in charge of the Government Central
Museum, 1872-85 : Siurgeon - General
of Madras, 1886-90 : discovered a pre-
ventive for insect pest in coffee planta-
tions : author of several works, including
Handbook of Practical Pharmacy, Nilgiri
Parasitical Plants, etc. : C.I.E., 1883.
BIGANDET, RIGHT REV. PAUL
AMBROSE (1813-1894)
Born 1 813 at Besancon : educated
there, and studied for two years at the
Seminary of Foreign Missions, Paris :
in 1837, sent by the Roman Church as
missionary to Malacca : removed to
Burma, and in 1856 was consecrated
Bishop of Ramatha and Administrator
of Pegu and Ava (soon after the annexation
of Lower Burma) : from 1870 was Vicar-
Apostolic of Southern Burma : his resi-
dence for 50 years in that country was
marked by many labours, not only that
of organizing the Roman Catholic mission
there, but also by his work in the promo-
tion of native education, and the service
he rendered to Buddhistic literature :
he died at Rangoon, March 16, 1894 : a
noted Pali scholar, and the great authority
on Burmese Buddhism : his most impor-
tant work, the Life of Gautama, first
published in 1858, went through three
editions : it is based entirely on native
Burmese MSS., and is one of the standard
works of the 19th century : wrote also a
Memoir on the Phoongis, or Religious
Buddhists, 1865.
BIGNOLD, THOMAS FRANCIS ( ? -
1888)
I.C.S. : educated at Canis College,
Cambridge : Scholar : entered the Bengal
Civil Service by competition : went to
India, 1859 : served in Lower Bengal :
District Judge at several places : wrote
Leviora : being the rhymes of a successful
competitor, 1888 : died in Melbourne while
his book was still in the Press in Calcutta.
BILGRAMI, SAYYID ALI (1851- )
Son of Sayyid Zainuddin Husain Khan
Bahadm:, of the Bengal Provincial Ser-
vice, a member of the well-known [family
of Sayyids of Bilgram who emigrated to
India from Wasit in Mesopotamia : born
Nov. 10, 185 1 : educated at Canning
College, Lucknow ; Patna College, Banki-
pur, and Thomason Civil Engineering
College, Rurki : M.A., and B.L. : in
1876, visited Europe and England in the
suite of Sir Salar Jang I. (q.v.) : joined
the Royal School of Mines, passed the
Examination for the Associateship in two
years, and obtained the Murchison Medal
in Geology. On return to India, in 1879,
he entered the service of the Nizam of
Hyderabad : became Secretary in the
Departments of Public Works, Railways
and Mines for nearly ten years : retired
in 1901 to settle in England : was Exam-
iner in Sanskrit to the University of
Madras from 1890-2 : received the title
of Shams-al-ulama for Arabic learning in
1891 : Gold Medallist, Calcutta University :
in 1902 was appointed Lecturer in Mahratti
to the University of Cambridge : has
published Civilization of the Arabs, trans-
lated from the French of Dr. Gustav Le
Bon : Manual of Medical Jurisprudence,
Monograph on the Book of Kalila and
Damna, Notes on the Educational Value
of Persian as compared with Sanskrit, A
Guide to the Cave Temples of Ellora, The
Geology and Economic Minerals of Hydera-
bad, etc : appointed, 1902, by the India
Ofi&ce, to catalogue the collections of
Arabic and Persian MSS., known as the
Delhi MSS., a work of some magnitude.
BIRCH, SIR RICHARD JAMES HOL-
WELL (1803-1876)
Son of the R. C. Birch of the Indian Civil
Service, who was a grandson of J. Z.
Hoi well {q.v.) : born in 1803 : entered
the Indian Army, 1821 : held several
Staff appointments : was Judge-Advocate
General in Bengal, 1841 : in the Sikh
wars of 1845-6, and 1848-9 : had a
Brigade after Chilianwala : distinguished
himself at Gujarat : C.B., 1849 : under
Sir Colin Campbell on the frontier in
1850 : Secretary to the Govt, of India in
42
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
the Military Dept., from 1852 for several
years, including the mutiny : K.C.B. in
i860 : retired 1861 : Lt-General : died
Feb. 25, 1875.
BIRD, SIR GEORGE CORRIE
(1838- )
Born, 1838 : entered the Indian Army,
1856 : Maj-General, 1895 : General,
1899 : served in the mutiny : in Afghan
war, 1878-80 : at Ahmad Kheyl : Brevet
Lt-Colonel : in Burma, 1892-3 : in the
N.W. Frontier campaign, 1897-8 : com-
manded the Oudh district, 1895-6 : the
Panjab Frontier Force, 1897-8 : C.B.,
1890 : K.C.I.E., 1899.
BIRD, JAMES ( ? - ? )
Belonged to the Bombay Medical
Establishment : member of the Medical
Board : Secretary to the Bombay Asiatic
Society, 1844-7 : wrote on various sub-
jects, historical and arch^ological, con-
nected with India : author of an Analysis
of the Mirat-i-Ahmadi, A History of the
Province of Gujarat, translated from the
Persian.
BIRD, LOUIS SAUNDERS (1792-1874)
Lt-General : entered the E. I. Co.'s
Bengal Army in 1808 : at the capture of
the Mauritius, 1810 : under Ochterlony
in the Nipal war, 1816 : in Oudh in 1816-
7 : in the Pindari war, 18 17-9 : in
Bundelkund, 1821 : in Hariana, 1824-5 :
against the Kols, 1832-3 : in the Satlaj
campaign of 1845-6 : in the battles of
Mudki, Firozshahr, Badiwal, Aliwal :
Brevet Lt-Colonel : commanded a Brigade
in the suppression of the Sonthal insur-
rection in 1855-6: died April 14, 1874.
BIRD, MARY (1789-1834)
Born, May 29, 1789, daughter of Robert
Bird, of Taplow : went to India, 1823, to
her brother R.M. Bird {q.v.) at Gorakhpur :
helped the Mission there, and learnt
Hindustani : removed to Calcutta, 1830,
and carried on mission and education
work there, in the native zenanas, and by
opening Bible classes, Sunday and Girls'
Schools : published works translated into
Hindustani : died of cholera on her
birthday. May 29, 1834.
BIRD, ROBERT MERTTINS (1788-
1853)
I.C.S. : arrived in India Nov. 1808 :
at first held subordinate judicial appoint-
ments, but in 1829 became Commissioner
of Revenue in the Gorakhpur Division of
the N.W.P. : in 1832 was made Member of
the new Board of Revenue, N.W. P., and
from 1833-41 was in charge of the settle-
ment of the land revenue of that Province :
the work was most thoroughly done and
established Bird's reputation for all time
as a revenue officer : his report was elabor-
ate, embracing other topics besides the
assessment of the revenue : retired in
1842, and gave much attention to the
Church Missionary Society : died Aug.
22, 1853.
BIRD, WILLIAM WILBERFORCE
( ? -1857)
I.C.S. : arrived in India, 1803 : Judge
and Magistrate of Benares, 1814 : Com-
missioner there, 1826 : Member of the
Board of Revenue, 1829 : Provisional
Member of Council, 1837, and Extra
Member of the Board of Customs, Salt and
Opium, 1837 : Member of the Supreme
Council, 1838 : President of the Council
of Education, 1842 : President of the
Council, 1842, and Deputy-Governor of
Bengal, 1840, and 1842 ; as Senior Member
of Council officiated as Governor-General,
June 15 to July 23, 1844 : retired, 1844 :
died June i, 1857.
BIRDWOOD, CHRISTOPHER (1807-
1882)
General; born March 12, 1807 : son
and grandson of E. I. Go's agents at
Plymouth : entered the E. I. Co.'s Military
service as Ensign 1825 : Capt. 1837 : Maj-
General, 1868 : Lt-General, 1876 : Adju-
tant and Interpreter of the 3rd Bombay
N.I. at Bombay, and Fort-Adjutant at
Asirghar : commissariat officer at Mhow,
1839, other stations, and Aden, 1847 :
Assistant Commissary General at Bombay
and Executive Commissariat officer there
during the Persian war, 1856-7 : rendered
also invaluable service during the mutiny,
organizing the bullock train between
Bombay, Wassind and Mhow, on which
Sir H. Rose's operations depended : con-
sulted constantly by Lord Elphinstone,
Governor of Bombay, and highly esteemed
by the native community, who called him
Birdwood Maharaja : he always accom-
panied the Commissioner of Police, C.
Forjett, [q.v.) in interviews with their
leaders : was Commissary-General, Bom-
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
43
bay Army : recommended for the C.B.
by Lord Elphinstone, who constantly
testified to his merits as a first-class com-
missariat ofiicer : he became General
in 1877 and retired after 52 years' service,
45 actually spent in India : died July 4,
1882.
BIRDWOOD, SIR GEORGE CHRIS-
TOPHER MOLESWORTH (1831- )
Born at Belgaum, Dec. 8, 1832, son
of General Christopher Birdwood, of
the Indian Army (q.v.) : educated at
Plymouth Grammar School, Dollar
Academy and Edinburgh University
(M.D.): entered Bombay Medical Service
1854 : served in Persian war, 1856-7, and
on return to Bombay took a prominent
part in the life of the city, influencing, by
his great popularity with the leaders of
native thought, the endowments which
were made to the newly established
University : the construction of some of
the public buildings : and the carrying out
of improvements which have earned for
the town and island the title of " Bombay
the Beautiful." He was for a time Pro-
fessor of Anatomy and Physiology, and
of Materia Medica and Botany at Grant
Medical College : also Curator of the
Government Central Museum : Hony.
Secy. Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society and of the Agri-Horticultural
Society : Registrar of the University :
one of the founders of the Victoria and
Albert Museum and the designer of the
Victoria gardens at Byculla : Sheriff of
Bombay, 1846 : returning to England on
account of ill-health, he joined the staff
of the India Office, and was Special
Assistant there in the Revenue and
Statistical Department from 1878 to 1899,
when he retired after two extensions of
service beyond the ordinary age limit.
He held a leading position in all the
principal International Exhibitions from
1857 to 1 901 : founded Primrose Day :
author of Economic Vegetable Products
of the Bombay Presidency, 1888 ; The
Industrial Arts of India, 1888 ; Report on
the Old Records of the India Office, 1891 :
First Letter Book of the East India Company,
1895 : of papers on The Genus Boswellia
(Frankincense Trees) : on Incense, and
other articles in Encyc. Brit : and of erudite
prefaces and introductions to various well-
known works, such as Count d' Alviella's
Migrations des Symboles, besides many
official reports on economic products, etc. :
a prolific contributor to leading journals
and reviews, including the limes, the
Athenceum, the Quarterly Review, and the
Journal of the Society of Arts, the latter
containing a great number of his speeches
and essays in connexion with the work of
the Society. C.S.I., 1877 ; K.C.I.E., 1877 :
LL.D. (Cambridge) 1886 : Knight of
Grace of St. John of Jerusalem.
BIRDWOOD, HERBERT MILLS
(1837- )
I.C.S : born May 29, 1837 : son of
General Christopher Birdwood : educated
at Exeter, Edinburgh University, and
Peterhouse, Cambridge : wrangler in
1858 : Fellow : went to Bombay in the
Civil Service, 1859 : Under Secretary to
the Bombay Government, Judicial and
Political Departments, 1863 : Registrar
of the High Court, Bombay : District
Judge ; Judicial Commissioner in Sind,
1881 : Judge of the Bombay High Court,
officiating, and permanently from 1885 :
Member of Council, Bombay, 1892-7 :
C.S.I., 1893 : edited legal works.
BIRRELL, JAVRIL (1800-1878)
General : born Sep. 15, 1800 : entered
the E. I. Go's service in 1816 : in the first
Burmese war, 1825-6 : in the Afghan war
of 1839-40 : at Ghazni, and in the Waziri
valley : in the Satlaj campaign of 1845-6,
at Firozshahr and Sobraon : General,
1876 : died Oct. 27, 1878.
BISSET, SIR WILLIAM SINCLAIR
SMITH (1843- )
Colonel : born Nov. 13, 1843 : son of Rev.
James Bisset,D.D. : educated at Woolwich :
joined the Royal Engineers : to India,
1866 : entered the Railway Branch, held
a number of subordinate appointments
connected with railway construction and
management : served in the Afghan war,
1878-80 : Manager of the Rajputana-
Malwa Railway, 1875-84 : Agent of the
Bombay, Baroda and Central India
Railway, 1884-93 : C.I.E., 1888 : Secre-
tary to the Government of India, P.W.D.,
1893-7, and Director-General of Railways :
K.C.I.E., 1897 : Government Director
of Indian Railway Companies at the India
Office, 1897-01 : retired from the India
Office, 1901 : Chairman of the S. Mahratta
Railway Co.
44
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
BISUDHWANANDA, SWAMI (1820-
1899)
Bansidhar (his original name) was a son
of a Kanauj Brahman of Cawnpur, born
near Hyderabad, (in the Dekkan) :
learnt some Persian and Urdu under a
Maulvi : entered the Nizam's service, was
an excellent horseman, and a great
favourite, but, failing to obtain justice
in a quarrel over a horse, he set fire to all
his earthly possessions, besmeared his
body with the ashes, and left Hyderabad,
visited places of pilgrimage and sacred
shrines, observed the strictest discipline
of a monk, took to studying Sanskrit,
and in a few years became an accomplished
grammarian (Panini School) : spent three
years at Hardwar in study and meditation :
removed to Benares, and took up his abode
at a ghat; read all the Darsans (Hindu
philosophy) ; became a Sanyasi (devotee) ;
assumed a new name, Bisudhwananda,
("unalloyed peace"), and occupied the
seat of Gaurswami at Ahlia Bai's Brah-
mapuri, till his death in April, 1899 : of
high stature, strong will, great piety, and
profound learning, he commanded great
respect among all classes : princes and
people sought his advice : he was a great
admirer of British rule in India.
BITTLESTON, SIR ADAM (1817-1892)
Educated at Merchant Taylors' school :
called to the bar from the Inner Temple,
1841 : Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court,
Madras, 1858-62 : knighted : and of the
High Court, Madras, 1862-70, when he
retired : died Jan. 18, 1892.
BLACKBURNE, SIR WILLIAM (1764-
1839)
Political : joined the Madras Army in
1782 : served against the Poligars in 1784,
and in the defeat of Tippoo, 1892 : was
Interpreter of Mahratti at Tanjore in 1787
under the Resident, and was himself
Resident, 1801-23 • remodelled the admin-
istration there and in Pudukota : was
sent on missions to Travancore : Maj-
General : knighted 1838 : died Oct. 16,
1839.
BLACKER, VALENTINE (1778-1823)
Soldier, historian : born Oct. 19, 1778 :
entered the Madras Army, 1798 : in the My-
sore campaign : at Malavilli : in the Niz-
am's country : was Q.M.G. 1810 : was under
Sir Thomas Hislop at Mahidpurin 1817 and
in the Dekkan : Lt-Colonel and Surveyor-
General of India : C.B. in 1818 : died at
Calcutta, 1823 : wrote a military memoir
of the Mahratta war of 1817-19.
BLACKLOCK, AMBROSE (1816-1873)
Doctor : son of a medical officer of the
Navy ; born in 1816 : educated at Edin-
burgh : joined the medical service in
Madras in 1840 : Professor of Surgery, and
Surgeon, General Hospital, Madras, 1851 :
in 1858 Professor of Medicine, and Physi-
cian there : in 1870 Deputy Inspector-
General : died at Chitore Feb. 11, 1873
BLACKWOOD, GEORGE FREDERICK
(1838-1880)
M ajor : son of M ajor William Blackwood
of the Bengal Army : born 1838 : educated
at the Edinburgh Academy, and Addis-
combe : joined the Bengal Artillery :
Lieut., 1857 : in the mutiny served with
the Rohilkund movable column : com-
manded the Artillery in the Lushai
expedition of 187 1-2 under General
Bourchier {q.v.) : at Tipai Mukh and other
actions : Brevet Major : commanded the
Artillery under General Burrows at
Maiwand on July 27, 1880 : fell in battle :
his little band of men was the last which
made any stand against Ayub Khan's
forces.
BLACKWOOD, SIR HENRY, BARONET
(1770-1832)
Son of Sir John Blackwood, 5ar/. : born
Dec. 28, 1770 : entered the Navy, 1781 :
was employed on various stations in
several ships : continually engaged : was
at Trafalgar, 1805, and at the blockade
of Toulon, 1810 : Baronet, 1814 : K.C.B.
1819 : was C. in C. on the East Indian
station, 1819-22 : Vice-Admiral, 1821,
and commanded at the Nore, 1827-30 :
died Dec. 17, 1832.
BLAIR, JAMES (1828-1905)
Born Jan. 27, 1828 : son of Captain
E. M. Blair of the Bengal Cavalry : entered
the Army in 1844 : in the mutiny of
1857-9 : fought at Nimbhara and Ziran :
was at the sieges of Neemuch and Kotah,
and in the pursuit of Tantia Topi : gained
the V.C. for gallant and daring conduct on
two occasions.on Aug. 12, 1857 at Neemuch
and Oct. 23, 1857, at Jeerum : Political
Resident and Brig-General at Aden,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
45
¥
1882-5 : Lt-General, 1889 : C.B., 1889 :
General, 1894 : died Jan. 1905.
BLAIR, SIR ROBERT ( ? - ? )
Joined the' E. I. Go's ist European
Infantry in Bengal, 1773 : with General
Goddard's force from Bengal to Bombay,
1778-81: A.D.C. to Col. W. Blair command-
manding in the Doab, 1786-8 : took the
fortress of Sasni, 1802 : in the Mahratta
war, under Lake, at Alighar, Delhi, Agra,
1803 : commanded at Cuttack, 1808 :
Maj -General, 1810 : commanded Fort
William and neighbouring districts, 1812 :
retired, 1817 : K.C.B., 1815 : Lt-General,
i8i7-
BLAKISTON, JOHN (1788-1867)
Son of Sir Mathew Blakiston, Bart. :
bom 1788 : educated at Winchester :
joined the Madras Engineers and the 27th
regt. : as Major, present at Assaye, Bour-
bon, the Mauritius, and in the Peninsula
campaign : the sole survivor of the
regiment massacred in the mutiny of
Vellore, 1806 : and returned with (Sir
R.R.) Gillespie, who came to the rescue :
wrote Twelve Years Military Adventures,
1829 : and Twenty Years in Retirement,
1836 : died 1867.
BLAND, NATHANIEL (1803-1865)
Born Feb. 3, 1803 : son of Nathaniel
Bland (formerly called Crumpe) who took
his mother's name : educated at Eton,
1818, and Christ Church, Oxford, 1821-5 :
was a distinguished Persian scholar : sent
contributions to the R.A.S.J., 1843-53 '
on Persian chess : on the Pote collection
of Oriental MSS. in the Eton College
Library, etc : took to gambling, had to
sell his estate, and took his own life, Aug.
10, 1865.
BLANEY, THOMAS (1823-1903)
Doctor : born in Ireland ; went to
India, 1836, as apprentice in the subor-
dinate medical service of the E. I. Co. at
Bombay : studied at the Grant Medical
College : in Government service until
i860 : took up private practice at Bom-
bay : made a large fortune, which he
spent chiefly in charity: became J. P.,
Town Councillor : Member of the Munici-
pal Corporation : was connected with
civil administration for 30 years : twice
President of the Municipal body : carried
schemes for abundant water-supply from
V ihar and Tansa lakes : twice Sheriff of
Bombay : for many years Chairman of joint
Government and Municipal Committee for
education : Coroner of Bombay, 1876-93 :
CLE. : a fine statue of him erected in
Bombay by his fellow citizens : died there
April I, 1903 : Member of the Royal
Asiatic Society, Bombay, and a frequent
contributor to the columns of the Bombay
Gazette.
BLANFORD, HENRY FRANCIS (1834-
1893)
Son of W. Blanford : born June 3, 1834 :
educated at Brighton, Brussels, and the
Royal School of Mines : entered the
Geological Survey of India in 1855 : trans-
ferred to the Education Department in
Bengal, 1862 ; Professor at the Presidency
College, 1872 : became Meteorological
Reporter ,first to the Government of Bengal
and later to the Government of India :
Hony. Secretary of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal, 1863-8 : F.G.S. 1862 : F.R.S. 1880 :
retired in 1880 : died Jan. 23, 1893. The
excellence of his work in geology and
meteorology, as displayed in his official
duties, and his contributions to scientific
publications, is acknowledged.
BLANFORD, WILLIAM THOMAS
(1832-1905)
Born Oct. 7, 1832 : son of William,
Blanford : educated at the Royal School'
of Mines (Scholar,) and Mining Academy,.
Freiburg : in the Geological Survey of
India, 1855-82 : Geologist of the Abyssin-
ian Expedition up to Magdala, 1868 :
on the Persian Boundary Commission,.
1872 : President of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal, 1878-9 : of the Geological Society,.
1888-90 : received its Wollaston medal,
1883: Treasurer of the Society : Vice-Presi-
dent of the Royal Society, 1892-3, 1901-3 :
published works on the Geology and
Zoology of Abyssinia and Persia ; a
manual of Geology on India, 1879 :
President of the Geological section of the
British Association meeting in Canada, 1884:
edited The Fauna of British India : was
author of the Mammalia, 1888-91, and of
the Birds, 1895, 1898 : CLE., 1904 :
LL.D. Montreal, and F.R.S. , 1874: on its.
Council and Vice-President : died June-
23. 1905-
46
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
BLAVATSKY, HELENA PETROVNA
(1831-1891)
Born at Ekaterinoslav : daughter of
Colonel Peter Hahn, of a noble family of
Mechlenburg, settled in Russia : married
at 17 a husband of 60, but they soon
separated : she travelled widely, in
Europe, America and Asia, round the
Cape to Bombay : after an unsuccessful
attempt to enter Tibet, vid Nipal, she
entered it in' disguise in 1855, vid Kashmir,
was lost in the desert and brought back to
the frontier : after numerous adventures
and further travels in India, she was in
the United States in 1873 and for 6 years
in N. York, becoming a naturalized
American : she studied spiritualism,
and in 1875 founded, with Colonel Olcott,
the Theosophical Society : wrote
books and pamphlets in support of her
theories : settled in London, 1887 :
"brought out a magazine, Lucifer, the
Light-bringer : wrote The Secret Doctrine,
.the Synthesis of Science, Religion and
Philosophy, 1888, and The Key of Philo-
sophy, 1889 : died in London, May 8, 1891.
BLISS, SIR HENRY WILLIAM
(1840- )
I.C.S. : son of Rev. James Bliss : born
1840 : educated at Merton, Oxford, B.A.
joined the Madras Civil Service, 1863 :
after holding subordinate appointments,
was Commissioner of Salt Revenue and
Abkari Revenue, 1878 : on special duty
on these subjects : Fellow of the Madras
University, 1882 : Member of the Finance
Committee, 1886 : Member of the Board
•of Revenue, 1887 : first Member, 1889 :
CLE., 1889 : Member of the Governor-
General's Legislative Council, 1890-2 :
Member of Council, Madras, 1893-8 :
K.C.I.E., 1897 : retired, 1898 : Member of
the London County Council for the Hol-
born Division, 1901.
BLOCHMANN, HENRY FERDINAND
(1838-1878)
Linguistic scholar : born at Dresden
Jan. 8, 1838, the son of a printer : educated
there, at Leipzig, and Paris : entered
the English Army in 1858 to get out to
India, left the Army, and joined the
P. and O. Co.'s service as interpreter :
in i860 was made Assistant Professor of
Urdu and Persian at the Calcutta Madrasa :
graduated at the Calcutta University,
1 861 : after 3 years at the Doveton
College, removed to the Madrasa, 1865,
and became its President until his death :
he was philological Secretary to the
Asiatic Society of Bengal, and contributed
many learned papers : translated
Abul-Fazl's Ain-i-Akbari, the first volume,
and wrote The Prosody of the Persians :
he had a profound knowledge of Persian
and Arabic: died July 13, 1878.
BLOSSET, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1776
-1823)
Son of the Rev. Dr. Henry Peckwell, an
eminent preacher : he took his mother's
name of Blosset : educated at Oxford :
was Recorder of Cambridge : was appointed
Chief Justice of Bengal in 1821 : died
Feb. I, 1823. There are a monument and
hatchment to his memory at St. John's
Church, Calcutta.
BLUNT, CHARLES HARRIS (1824-
1900)
Maj-General : entered the Army, 1842 :
was in the Bengal Horse Artillery : was
in the Satlaj campaign, 1846, at Sobraon :
also in the Panjab campaign : in the
mutiny, raised " Blunt's Horse," was at
the siege of Delhi, battle of Najafghar,
action at Agra, (Lord Clyde's) relief of
Lucknow, where he was the hero of a very
dashing performance with the guns at the
Sikandarbagh, at the action of Shamsabad,
the capture of the fort and town of Kalpi :
Brevets of Major and Colonel : C.B : Lord
Roberts refers to his splendid courage in
leading his guns in the advance on Luck-
now : his troops suffered severely at Delhi
and Agra, " seldom, if ever, has a battery
and its commander had a grander record
to show " : died. Aug 15, 1900.
BLUNT, SIR CHARLES WILLIAM,
BARONET (1731-1802)
Of Cleery, Hants : born 1731 : son of
Sir Henry Blunt, second Baronet, whom
he succeeded in 1759 : lived in Great
Ormonde St. till about 1767 : at Odiham,
Hants, till about 1775 : at Blunt House,
Croydon, to about 1780 : went out as a
writer in the E. I. Co.'s service to India,
20 years before his death : obtained a
lucrative appointment in the bullock
contract, besides a share in the Post-
office : formed honourable and advantage-
ous connexions : died Sep, 27, 1802, at
Pulta, near Calcutta, leaving £100,000,
three-fourths of it. to his eldest son.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
47
C. R. Blunt, fourth Baronet (born 1778 :
M.P. for Lewes, 1832) : his portrait by-
Barclay is in the possession of his grandson,
the present Baronet : letters from him
are among the Hastings papers in the
British Museum : one of his daughters
married vSir C. Imhoff, stepson of Warren
Hastings : he built a mausoleum for the
sepulture of his race-horses, which was
still to be seen in India about 1845 : many
pictures of his horses are preserved.
BLYTH, EDWARD (1810-1873)
Born Dec. 23, 1810 : was a druggist at
Tooting, but Natural History was the
absorbing study of his life : in 184 1 he was
appointed Curator of the Museum of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal : retired in 1862 :
wrote a great number of reports and papers
on Zoology, especially on birds and
mammals, in the Society's journals and
in newspapers : he was said to have been
the founder of the science of Zoology in
India : his work was highly estimated
by Darwin and Gould : died Dec. 27, 1873-
BODEN, JOSEPH ( ? -1811)
Entered the E. I. Co.'s Bombay Native
Army in 1781 : Lt-Colonel 1806 : held
appointments on the Staff in Bombay :
was Member of the Military Board : re-
tired in 1807 and died Nov. 21, 181 1.
Though not a Sanskrit scholar, and not a
writer, he left a large sum of money to
found, after his daughter's death, a pro-
fessorship of Sanskrit at Oxford. H. H.
Wilson (q.v.) was the first professor
appointed, in 1832.
BOGLE, SIR ARCHIBALD (1805-1870)
Entered the E. I. Co.'s military service,
1823 : was D.A.G. at Dinapur, 1827 :
commanded the Arakan battalion and
police corps, 1828 : Commissioner in
Arakan, 1837 : afterwards in Tenasserim
and Martaban : knighted, 1853 : Maj-
General, 1862 : died June 12, 1870.
BOGLE, GEORGE (1746-1781)
Son of George Bogle : born Nov. 26,
1746 : educated at Haddington, Glasgow,
Edinburgh University, Enfield : entered
the E. I. Co.'s service in 1769 : was
appointed by Warren Hastings on May
13, 1774, to lead an embassy to the Teshu
Lama of Tibet, for the purpose of opening
up trade and friendly relations with that
country : he proceeded by Tassisudon in
Bhutan, through Phari, to Desherigpay
(north of the Tsanpu River), saw the Teshu
Lama, accompanied him to Teshu Lumbo,
and returned thence to India, 1775 : in
1779 he was appointed Collector of Rang-
pur and established a fair, to encovurage
trade with Bhutan and Tibet. A second
embassy of Bogle to Tibet was contem-
plated, but was postponed, the Teshu
Lama going to Pekin : Bogle proposed
meeting him at Pekin, but died at Calcutta
on April 3, 1781 : the journal of his
embassy has been published.
BOHTLINGK, OTTO VON (1815-1904)
Born May 30, 1815, at St. Petersburg :
studied there and at Dorpat, Berlin,
Bonn : returned to St. Petersburg, 1842.
At first, his scholarship was directed to
the study of Arabic and Persian, but he
became celebrated as a worker in Sanskrit.
In 1840, he published Grammaire Sanskrile
(Panini's), 1843: Dissertation sur Vaccent
Sanskrit : edition and German translation
of Sakuntala de Kalidasa : Chrestomathie
Sanskrite, 1877. The great work of his
life was his Sanskrit Dictionary, 7 vols,
brought out with the collaboration of
Professors Roth and Weber, 1852-75 :
died at Leipzig in 1904.
BOLES, THOMAS (
Lt. -Colonel : was a volunteer in the
36th regt., 1783 : acting Ensign, 1784-5 :
a conductor of Stores : attached to Artil-
lery, 1786-7 : Ensign in the Madras
Army, 1788 : A.A.G., Madras Army for 5
years : D.A.G., 1807 : when Lt. -General
H. Macdowall, C. in C, Madras, signed an
order, Jan. 28, 1809, censuring his Q.M.G.,
Capt. Munro, Boles, as Depy. A.G., was
ordered by Col. Capper, the Adjt-General,
to circulate the order to the Army. For
circulating, under his signature, this cen-
sure of Capt. Munro, Boles was suspended
from the service of the E. I. Co., by the
Government of Madras (Sir G. Barlow),
Jan. 31, 1809 : and declined to apologize
for his conduct. The Madras Government
prevented his going home, sent him to
Bengal in June, 1809, whence he went to
England. The Court of Directors, to
whom he appealed in 18 10, recorded in
Feb. 1811, their opinion that Boles would
not have been justified in refusing to obey
General Macdowall's order. Boles' sus-
48
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
pension was continued to Oct. 1811, when
he was restored to the service.
BOLTON, CHARLES WALTER
(1850- )
I.C.S. : son of Dr. J. Bolton : educated
at University College School, the Royal
College, Mauritius, and King's College,
London : went out to Lower Bengal,
1872 : Under Secretary to the Bengal
Government, 1879 : Secretary to the
Board of Revenue, 1897 : Chief Secretary
to the Bengal Government, 1896 : Member
of the Board, 1900 : Additional Member
of the Governor-General's Legislative
Council, 1900-1902 : C.S.I., 1897.
BOLTS, WILLIAM (1740P-1808)
Born about 1740 : was a merchant of
Dutch extraction : being in Calcutta in
1759, he was taken into the E. I. Co.'s
service : engaged in private trade, like
other civil servants : was Second in Council
at Benares, 1764 : being censured by the
Court of Directors for his private trading
under the Company's authority and re-
called, he resigned in 1766, quarrelled with
, the Bengal authorities, was arrested in
1768, and deported to England as an
interloper. In his Considerations on Indian
Affairs, 1772, he attacked the Bengal
Government : Verelst replied, and Bolts
published another work in 1 775 . He made
a large fortune in India, but could not
take it away : he spent what he had in
England in defending the lawsuits brought
against him by the E. I. Co. for some years.
He entered the Austrian service, became
a Colonel, and founded stations in India
for an Austrian Company : these came
to nothing : he died in Paris in 1808.
BONARJEE, REV. SHIB CHUNDER
(1830-1897)
A Brahman, of good family : educated
at the Duff College, and baptized by the
Rev. Dr. Duff in 1847 : held various
missionary charges : celebrated both
for his eloquent preaching and his philan-
thropy : was the author of a Life of
Christ in Bengali, and a large number of
tracts : universally regarded as one of
the leading ministers of the Bengali Church.
BONNERJEE, WOMESH CHUNDER
(1844- )
Second son of Grees Chunder Bonnerjee,
attorney of the High Court, Calcutta :
born Dec. 29, 1844 : educated at the
Oriental Seminary and Hindu School :
in 1864, in receipt of a scholarship from
Mr. R. J. Jijibhai of Bombay, went to
England to study law : called to the bar
from the Middle Temple : joined the
Calcutta High Court Bar, 1868 : acted as
the Standing Counsel to Government in
1882, 1884, 1886-7 : presided over the
First Indian National Congress at Bombay,
1885 : Fellow of the Calcutta University :
President of the Faculty of Law, 1880 :
represented the Calcutta University in
the Bengal Legislative Council, 1893 :
retired from the Calcutta Bar, 1901, to
practise before the Judicial Committee of
the Privy Council in England.
BOPP, FRANCIS (1791-1867)
Born at Mentz, Sep. 14, 1791 = educated
at Aschaffenburg, under Windischmann,
the celebrated Oriental scholar : went to
Paris, 1812, for 5 years : chiefly studied
Sanskrit : settled in Gottingen : became
in 1821 Extraordinary, and in 1825
Ordinary Professor of Oriental Literatiure
and General Philology at Berlin Univer-
sity, till his death : a prominent Member
of the Royal Society at Berlin : wrote his
Analytical Comparison of the Sanskrit,
Greek, Latin and Teutonic Languages in
the Annals of Oriental Literature, 1820 :
greatly encouraged and facilitated the
study of Sanskrit : his Sanskrit Grammar
passed through several editions, 1827-63 :
an original foreign member of the R.A.S.
from June 7, 1823 : his Comparative
Grammar was translated into English,
1845-50 : he died Oct. 23, 1867.
BORTON, SIR ARTHUR (1814-1893)
Son of the Rev. J. D. Borton : born
Jan. 20, 1814 : educated at Eton : entered
the Army, 1832, rose to be General, 1877 :
went to India in 1835, served in the
Afghanistan campaign of 1842 under
General Pollock : was at Tezin, in the
Kohistan, and at Istalif on Sep. 29 : in
the battles of the Satlaj campaign of
1845-6 : in the Crimea : C.B. : in Canada :
commanded the Mysore Division of the
Madras Army, 1870-5 : K.C.B. : Governor
and C. in C. of Malta in 1877 : G.C.M.G.,
1880 : G.C.B., 1884 : died Sep. 7, 1893.
BOSCAWEN, HON. EDWARD (1711-
1761)
Son of first Viscount Falmouth : born
Aug. 19, 1711 : joined the Navy, 1726:
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
49
served on a number of stations, the
Mediterranean, the West Indies, the Home
station, the Channel, at the Nore, at
Cape Finisterre, 1747 : and in that year
was appointed C. in C. of the sea and land
forces in the E. Indies : passed the
Mauritius without taking it from the
French : reached Fort St. David, July,
1748: failed, after a repulse at Ariancopang,
which he captured later, in taking Pondi-
cherry by both sea and land : lost ships
in stormy weather : at the peace of Aix-la-
Chapelle, took possession of Madras on
its restoration by the French, Aug. 21,
1749 : and returned to England : held
more commands in N. America : a Lord
of the Admiralty : at the siege of Louis-
berg against the French in Europe : was
made P.C. : died Jan 10, 1761.
BOULGER, DEMETRIUS CHARLES
(1853- )
Born July 14, 1853 : educated at Ken-
sington Grammar School and privately :
has contributed to all the leading journals
on questions relating to India, China,
Egypt and Turkey since 1876 : founded,
in conjunction with Sir Lepel Griffin, the
Asiatic Quarterly Review in 1885, and
edited it for some years : author of Life
of Yakub Beg of Kashgar, England and
Russia in Central Asia, Central Asian
Portraits, Armies of the Native States of
India, Central Asian Questions, Lord
William Bentinck, Story of India, India
in the Nineteenth Century, History of
China, of which several editions have been
published. Life of Gordon, Life of Sir
Stamford Raffles, etc.
BOURCHIER, SIR GEORGE (1821-
1898)
Son of Rev. Edward Bourchier : edu-
cated at Addiscombe : entered the Bengal
Artillery, 1838 : in the Gwalior campaign,
1843-4 : at Punniar : in the mutiny
commanded a battery at Trimmu Ghat :
at the siege and capture of Delhi : at
Bulandshahr, Alighar, Agra, Sir Colin
Campbell's relief of Lucknow, at Cawnpur :
Brevet Colonel and C.B. : commanded
the R.A. in Bhutan, 1864-6 : commanded
the E. frontier district, 1871, and the
Cachar column in the Lushai expedition,
1871-2: K.C.B., 1852:] Maj-General:
died March 15, 1898.
BOURDILLON, SIR JAMES AUSTIN
(1848- )
I.C.S. : born at Madras, March, 1848 :
son of J. D. Bourdillon {q.v.) : educated
at Marlborough : Captain of the Cricket
XI : went out to India, 1870 : Superinten-
dent of the Census of Bengal, 1880-3 •
acting Secretary to the Bengal Government,
Financial Department, 1893-5 : Com-
missioner of Patna, in the famine, 1897 :
C.S.I. , 1898 : Chief Secretary to the
Government of Bengal, 1900 : Member of
the Famine Commission in India, 1901 :
Member of the Board of Revenue, 1902 :
for some years Member of the Bengal
Legislative Council : acted as Lieutenant-
Governor of Bengal, Nov. 1902-Nov.
1903 : Resident in Mysore, 1903 :
K.C.S.I., Jan. 1904 : V.D., 1896, for long
service as a volunteer in the Calcutta
Light Horse and Bihar Light Horse.
BOURDILLON, JAMES DEWAR (1811-
1883)
I.C.S : son of the Rev. T. Bourdillon: edu-
cated at Ramsgate and Haileybury : joined
the Civil Service at Madras in 1828 : was
Secretary to the Board of Revenue and
Secretary to Government in the Revenue
and P.W.D. : advocated irrigation and
the improvement of communications :
was an authority on land revenue and
the despatch of public business : retired
in 1861 : died May 21, 1883.
BOURGUIEN, LOUIS (
Louis Bernard : a Frenchman : went
to India with Admiral Suffrein : from
Pondicherry went to Calcutta and enlisted
in the E.I. Co.'s service : was a cook and
pyrotechnist : employed by Begam Sam-
ru : in 1794 by De Boigne : under Perron
in 1800, in Sindia's service : fought against
George Thomas {q.v.) : and was defeated
by him at Georgeghar : later, made
Thomas surrender at Hansi : captured
Rohtak, 1803 : after the defeat of Colonel
Pedron by Lake at Alighar, Bourguien
revolted against Perron : the latter sur-
rendered to the British, and Boiurguien,
as General, held command of Sindia's
troops for a fortnight, until he himself
was defeated by Lake at the battle of
Delhi, Sep. 11, 1803 : three days after-
wards he surrendered to Lake : was sent
to Calcutta : returned to France, with
great wealth, and was heard of no more.
E
50
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
BOWRING, LEWIN BENTHAM
(1824- )
I.CjS. : born July 15, 1824 : third son of
Sir George Bowring : educated at Exeter,
Leipzig and Haileybury, 1841-3 : went
out to India, 1843 : Deputy Commissioner
in the Panjab, 1849-54 : Private Secretary
to Lord Canning, when Viceroy, April,
1858 to 1862 : Chief Commissioner ot
Mysore and Coorg, 1862-70 : retired,
1870 : C.S.L, 1867 : author of Eastern
Experiences, Hyder Ali and Tippoo Sultan,
and contributions to the Asiatic Society
of Bengal.
BOWSER, SIR THOMAS (1748-1833)
Born 1748, at Kirkby Thore, West-
morland : educated at Appleby Grammar
School : entered the E.L Co.'s Army at
24 : at the taking of Tanjore in 1773 *• for
3 years engaged in the capture of forts in
the N. Sircars : at the siege of Pondi-
cherry, 1778 : in the Guntur Sircar cam-
paign, 1779 : as a Lieutenant, in Sir
Hector Munro's army in 1780, sent to help
Col. Baillie and, with him, taken prisoner
by Hyder Ali in the Perambakam disaster,
Sept. 1780 : confined at Seringapatam 3
years and 8 months : loaded with irons
for 3 years and 4 months : liberated,
1784 : to England for 3 years : published
in 1788 his Memoirs of The Late War in
Asia : served under Medows in 1792, at
the storming of Dindigul : given by
Cornwallis the command of a sepoy
battalion : served under General Braith-
waite at the siege of Pondicherry, 1798 :
employed against the Raja of Ramnad :
effected the reduction of Ceylon, 1796 :
took fort Calpentein and Colombo : sent
to reduce the French force under Perron
at Hyderabad : at Seringapatam, May 4,
1790 : stormed the fortress of Gooty :
commanded from Hyderabad a mixed
force, joining Colonel A. Wellesley, against
Doondia Waugh : to England, 1803 :
again to India in 1820 : commanded the
Mysore Division : was temporarily C. in
C. of Madras Army, 1824-6, on the death
of Sir Alexander Campbell : retired.
May, 1826 : was a Lt-General and K.C.B. :
died June, 1833.
BOYD, HUGH (1746-1794)
Son of Alexander Macaulay : took his
mother's name, Boyd : born in Oct.
1746 : educated at Dublin, and graduated
at Trinity College, 1765 : studied law, and
contributed to journals and literature : in
1 78 1 became Secretary to Lord Macart-
ney, Governor of Madras : sent on a mis-
sion to Ceylon, captured by the French and
kept a prisoner at Bourbon for some
months : became Master Attendant at
Madras, and conducted the Madras
Courier : wrote the Indian Observer
papers, and the Hircarrah : it was said
that he was the author of the Letters
of Junius, a supposition which he never
positively contradicted : his works were
collected and published : died Oct. 15,
1764.
BRACKENBURY, SIR HENRY
(1S37- )
Born Sept. i, 1837 : educated at Eton
and R.M.C., Woolwich : joined the Royal
Artillery, 1856: in the Indian mutiny:
served in Central India, 1857-8 : Ashanti
war, 1873-4 : Zulu war, 1879-80 : Private
Secretary to Lord Lytton, the Viceroy of
India, 1880 : Military Attache at Paris,
1 88 1-2 : commanded River Column,
Egypt, 1884-5"': promoted Maj-General
for distinguished service in the field :
Director of Military Intelligence, 1886-
91 : Military Member of the Supreme
Council of India, 189 1-6 : Director-
General of Ordnance at the War Office,
1899 : K.C.B., 1894 : K.C.S.I., 1896 :
G.C.B., 1900 : General R.A., 1901 :
P.C.
BRADDON, SIR EDWARD NICHOLAS
COVENTRY (1829-1904)
Son of Henry Braddon, and brother of
Miss Braddon the novelist: went out to
India in 1847 to join the mercantile house
of Bagshaw and Co., in Calcutta, but pre-
ferred work in the Mofussil : while he was
employed on the E.I. Railway, the Sonthal
rebellion of 1855 broke out, in which he
rendered such excellent service that he
was appointed an Assistant Commissioner
in the Sonthal Parganas : during the
mutiny he served in the Volunteer force
under Sir George Yule, Commissioner of
Bhagalpur, and, after the mutiny, on
that officer's invitation, joined the Oudh
Commission, where he remained until
Oudh was amalgamated with the N.W.P.
in 1877 : resigned the Service and went
to Tasmania, where he rose to be Premier
and Agent-General for Tasmania in Lon-
don : K.C.M.G., 1891 : published Life in
India, and Thirty Years of Shikar, in
1895 : died F'eb. 3, 1904-
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
51
BRADFORD, SIR EDWARD RIDLEY
COLBORNE, BARONET (1836- )
Born July 27, 1836 : son of Rev. W. M.
K. Bradford : educated at Marlborough :
entered the Madras Army, 1854 : Colonel
in 1884 : served in the Persian campaign,
1856-7 : in the Indian mutiny, in the
N.W. Provinces, 1858-9 : commanded
a regt. of the Central India Horse, i860 :
entered the Political Department : General
Superintendent for suppressing Thagi and
Dakaiti, 1874 : attended H.R.H. the
Prince of Wales on his tour in India,
1875-6 : Agent to the Governor-General
for Rajputana : Secretary in the Political
and Secret Department, India Office,
1887 : accompanied H.R.H, Prince Ed-
ward, '(Duke of Clarence, on his tour in
India, 1889-90 : A.D.C. to the Queen,
1889-93 : Chief Commissioner of Police in
the Metropolis, 1890- 1903 : K.C.S.I.,
1885 : G.C.B. : G.C.V.O., 1902 : Extra
Equerry to the King, 1902 : Baronet, 1902.
BRADFORD, SIR THOMAS (1777-1853)
Son of Thomas Bradford : born Dec. i,
1777 : entered the Army, 1793 : served
in Ireland, Scotland, S. America, the
Peninsula : commanded the Portuguese
Division at Vittoria in 1813 as Maj-
General : K.C.B., 1814 : held commands
in France and Scotland : was C. in C. in
Bombay, 1825-9 '• G.C.B. , 1838 : General,
1841 : died Nov. 28, 1853.
BRADSHAW, JOHN (1845-1894)
Born June 4, 1845 : son of Rev. William
Hanna Bradshaw, A.M., Rector of Kil-
sheery : educated at Enniskillen Royal
School, at Portora, and Trinity College,
Dublin : Senior Moderator in History,
Literature, and Law, T.C.D. : appointed
Head-master of Bishop Corrie's Grammar
School, Madras, 1868 : and of the Pro-
vincial School, Mangalore, 1870 : Inspector
of Schools, 1872 : Fellow, Madras Univer-
sity, 1S75 : he was essentially an education-
alist : his knowledge and experience were
exceptional : his life work was an endeav-
our to place native education on a sound
basis : edited many works for Middle and
High Schools : besides An English
Anthology, 1885, Milton and Gray for the
Aldine Poets, Chesterfield's Letters, etc. :
and the Life of Sir Thomas Munro, for
the Rulers of India series : died at Madras,
Jan. 5, 1894.
BRANDIS, SIR DIETRICH (1824- )
Born 1824 : educated at the Universi-
ties of Copenhagen, Gottingen and Bonn :
lecturer on Botany at Bonn, 1849 : joined
the Indian Forest Department in 1856 :
Inspr-General of Forests, 1864 : CLE.,
1878 : retired, 1883 : Member of the
Board of Visitors of Cooper's Hill College,
1886 : K.C.I.E., 1887 : author of the
Forest Flora of N.W. and Central India
1874 : Director of the practical course of
forestry on the Continent in connexion
with Cooper's Hill College, 1887-96.
BRANFOOT, ARTHUR MUDGE
(1848- )
Born Feb. 29, 1848 : son of Jonathan
Haigh Branfoot, M.D. : educated at
Epsom College, and Guy's Hospital :
entered the I.M.S., 1872 : held various
civil appointments connected with the
Madras Medical College, 1872-9 : Pro-
fessor of Midwifery there, and Superin-
tendent Madras Government Maternity
Hospital, 1879-98 : CLE., 1898 : P.M.O.,
Rangoon and Bangalore, 189 8- 1903 :
retired, 1903 : President, Medical Board,
India Office, 1904 : contributed to medical
journals and societies.
BRASYER, JEREMIAH (1812-1897)
Colonel : brought up as a gardener in
Kent : enlisted in the Bengal Artillery,
1833 : Sergt-Major, 26th regt., Bengal
N.I. Sept., 1839 : served in the Afghan
war, 1842 : at the forcing of the Khyber :
at Mamu Kheyl, Jagdalak, Haft Kotal,
Tezin, with the Artillery : in the Sikh
campaigns : at Mudki, Firozshahr and
Sobraon, with the 26th N.I. : Ensign,
1846 : interpreter to the Firozpur regt.
of Sikhs, and commanded them, " Brasyer's
Sikhs," in the mutiny, 1857-8 : with his
regt. as the sole garrison, he held the
fortress of Allahabad, the key of Upper
India, at the most critical moment :
through his energy and resolute attitude,
his Sikhs remained loyal : "no man risen
from the ranks has ever done a deed
evincing such force of character and
desperate resolution, and securing such
invaluable results " : at the capture of
Lucknow, March, 1858 : Lt-Colonel and
CB., 1858 : retured Oct. 1861 : died
March 15, 1897.
BRATHWAITE, SIR JOHN ( ? - ? )
A noted officer in the Indian wars dur-
ing the latter part of the i8th century :
52
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
as Major, 1772, he marched against the
Poligars of Madura and Tinnevelly : Lt-
Colonel : captured, 1779, the French
settlement of Mahe : took an active part
in the war with Hyder Ali : in 1780,
Colonel, and in command of the troops in
Tanjore : his defeat by Tippoo near Anna-
gudi in 1782 was a serious blow to the
Southern Army : he himself was wounded
and taken prisoner, but released on the
conclusion of peace in 1784 : held high
command in the Madras Army, 1792 :
when war broke out with the French
Republic, Brathwaite took Pondicherry,
1793 ' Maj -General in 1800.
BREEKS, JAMES WILKINSON (1830-
1872)
I.C.S. : born March 5, 1830 : arrived
at Madras in 1849 : was Private Secretary
to the Governor of Madras, Sir W. Denison,
1861-64, accompanying him to Calcutta
when he acted as Governor-General,
between Lord Elgin and Sir John Law-
rence. In 1867 Breeks was appointed
Commissioner of the Nilgiris : in 187 1 he
was called upon to make collections of
objects among the aboriginal tribes for
the Indian Museum, Calcutta : he fell ill
and died June 7, 1872 : he wrote a valuable
report on the tribes and sepulchral monu-
ments of the Nilgiris, published under the
editorship of his widow in 1873.
BRIGGS, HENRY GEORGE (1824-
1872)
Born in Bombay, Oct. 20, 1824 : son of
Henry Briggs : travelled in S. Africa,
1843 : in China, 1845 : settled in Bombay,
1846, in the ofifice of Briggs & Co. : served
in the Bombay Secretariat : went to
Karachi : edited, 1854, the Sindian, and,
1855, the Sind Kossid, both long since
defunct : became, 1856, Assistant Secre-
tary at Bombay to the G.I. P. Railway: Sec-
retary to the Bombay Municipality, 1860-
2 : was a merchant and agent at Bombay
and Hingolee, 1863 : he wrote, 1849, Cities
of Gujdrashtra, a book of travel in Guja-
rat, containing curious information gleaned
from travellers in India : of whose rare
works he made an extensive collection: pub-
lished The Pars is or Modern Zardushtians,
1852, which has now been superseded :
wrote an historical account of the Nizam,
1 861, a valuable work containing special
information. His firm failed in the share
mania of 1865 ; he travelled in Gujarat, and
settled in Calcutta, entering the P.W.D.
there: in May, 1872, he went again to
Bombay; died there July 4, 1872.
BRIGGS, JOHN (1785-1875)
Entered the E.I. Co.'s Madras Army in
1 801 : served in the Mahratta wars :
accompanied Sir J . Malcolm on his mission
to Persia, 1810 : became Resident at
Satara, and in 1831 was Senior Member of
the Board of Administration of Mysore :
resigned in 1832, and was Resident at
Nagpur, 1832-5, when he retired : Maj-
General, 1838. As Member of the Court
of Proprietors of the E.I. Co., he opposed
Lord Dalhousie's policy : he translated
Ferishta's Muhammadan Power in India
and the Siyar-ul-muta' akhkhirin from
Persian into English : was F.R.S. : died
April 27, 1875.
BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-1889)
Born Nov. 16, 181 1 : son of Jacob
Bright, of Rochdale : educated there and
at Ackworth, York, Newton : joined his
father in managing mills, travelled, and
entered politics : co-operated with Cobden
against the Corn Laws : M.P. for Durham,
1843 ; for Manchester, 1847, 1852 ; for
Birmingham, 1857-85 : in his political
life he paid special attention to India : in
1848, was Chairman of the Committee,
for which he moved, to inquire into the
obstacles to the cultivation of cotton in
India : helped to raise a fund for a private
Commission of inquiry : opposed the
renewal of the Charter of the E. I. Co. in
1853 : spoke, 1853, strongly in favour of
making the Government of India a Depart-
ment of the Government, with a Minister
of State and a Council : in the discussions
on the transfer of the Government of
India to the Crown, in 1858, and again in
1879, he advocated a policy of decentra-
lization, by the substitution of federated
Provincial Governments for a Central
Government : urged, in 1859, the reduc-
tion of military expenditure in India :
declined to be Secretary of State for India,
1868, being unwilling, as a Quaker, to be
mixed up with military matters : advo-
cated developments of India by public
works and canals, 1878-9 : spoke against
the Afghan war of 1878-80 : D.C.L.,
1886 : died March 27, 1889 : his general
career in Parliament, his share in English
politics, and his eloquent speeches, need
not be dwelt upon here.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
SZ
BRIGHT, SIR ROBERT ONESIPHO-
RUS (1823-1896)
Born July 7, 1823 : son of Robert
Bright, merchant, educated at Rugby and
Winchester : joined the 19th regt. in 1843,
and served continuously with it until, in
1871, he obtained a Brigade command
served in the Bulgarian campaign, 1854
in the Crimea, present at all the battles
in 1868 commanded the first Brigade
Hazara Field Force, and against the
Black Mountain tribes : commanded the
Meerut Division, 1878-83 : in the Afghan
war, 1879-80, commanded the Khyber
Line Field Force : constantly mentioned
in despatches during his caxeer : Brevet
Lt-Colonel : Knight of the Legion of
Honour : C.B. in 1868 : K.C.B. and the
thanks of Parliament after the Afghan
war : Colonel of his regt., 1886 : Lt-
General : G.C.B., 1894 : died Nov. 15,
1896.
BRIND, SIR JAMES (1808-1888)
Son of Walter Brind : born July 10,
1808 : educated at Addiscombe : joined
the Bengal Artillery in 1827 : in 1854 he
commanded the Artillery in Sir Sydney
Cotton's force against the Mohmands : at
the siege of Delhi in the mutiny he com-
manded a battery, called after him : show-
ed great bravery and activity : it was said
that he never slept, and that he should be
covered with Victoria Crosses from head
to foot : commanded the Artillery in a
number of engagements in 1858 : in Oudh,
Rohilkund and the pursuit of Firozshah :
Brevet Colonel and C.B. : was Inspr-
General of Artillery, 1865 : K.C.B.,
1869 : commanded the Sirhind Division,
1873-8 : General, 1877 : G.C.B., 1884 :
died Aug. 3, 1888 : he was married five
times.
BRISTOW, JOHN ( ? - ? )
Appointed Resident of Lucknow, by
direct order of the Court of Directors, on
Nathaniel Middleton's recall in 1774, after
the Rohilla war, by a majority in Council
against Warren Hastings : Bristow was not
friendly with Hastings : was a constant
attendant of P. Francis' levees : he was
superseded at Lucknow in 1781, by
Hastings' order, replaced by Middleton,
but re-established in 1782, when Middleton
was recalled : Bristow assumed the
powers of Government at Lucknow, aiming
at the annihilation of the Nawab's authority,
on which the Nawab complained against
Bristow's administration: Bristow's defence
was discussed by the parties in the Supreme
Council : he was recalled by a decision
of Dec. 31, 1783, Hastings being authorized
to have separate charge of the E.L Co's
concerns in Oudh, for which he repaired
to Lucknow in March- Aug. 1784.
BROADFOOT, GEORGE (1807-1845)
Born 1807 : son of Rev. W. Broad-
foot : entered the Madras Native Infantry
in 1826 : in 1 84 1 was sent to Kabul
commanding the escort with the families
of Shah Shuja and Zaman Shah : in Oct.
1 841 he accompanied Sir R. Sale's force
from Kabul to Jalalabad : which he
fortified, and became garrison engineer
there during the siege by the Afghans :
he animated the whole defence and pre-
vented a surrender : was with General
Pollock's Army in the campaign of 1842,
and distinguished himself in the actions
in the Khyber, at Tezin and Mamu Kheyl :
C.B. : made Commissioner of Tenasserim
and, later. Agent to the Governor-General
on the N.W. frontier : he was a Major in
the Sikh war of 1845-6 : was mortally
wounded at Firozshahr, Dec. 21, 1845.
BROADFOOT, WILLIAM (1841- )
Born Oct. 15, 1841 : son of Alexander
Broadfoot : educated privately and at
Addiscombe : joined the Royal Engineers,
i860: Major, 1881, on retirement:
served with the Hazara Field Force, 1868 :
in the Irrigation Department in the
Panjab, 1864-8 : Assistant Secretary to
the Panjab Government, 1868-78 : has
written The Career of Major George Broad-
foot, C.B., 1888 : Billiards in the Bad-
minton Library : numerous articles hi the
principal Reviews, Magazines, the Atheri'
cBum, the Times Encyclopozdia Britannica,
Biographies in the D.N.B., and the R.E.
Journal : F.R.G.S : is the Referee of the
R. Geographical Society on Afghanistan,
Beluchistan, India.
BROCKHAUS, HERMAN (1806-1877)
Born at Amsterdam, Jan. 28, 1806 : son
of Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus, founder
of the Leipzig publishing house : studied
Oriental literature at Leipzig, Gottingen,
Bonn, and frequented Oriental libraries
at Copenhagen, Paris, London, Oxford :
54
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Professor Extraordinarius of Oriental
Languages at Jena, 1839 : and Professor
Ordinarius of Indian Lanugages and
Literature, at Leipzig, 1848 : lectured
chiefly on Sanskrit, which was his speciality,
though he had studied Hebrew, Arabic,
Persian, and lectured on Pali, Zend and
Chinese : edited the K atha-sarit-sagara
of Sanskrit stories, 1839-66, which first
led to the scientific study of the origin of
Popular Tales : also edited the Prabodha-
Chandrodaya, a comedy, 1834-45 : the
Zend Vendidad Sade : Hafiz and the
Seven Wise Masters : was a founder of the
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenland-
ischen Gesellschaft : wrote for scientific
journals : died Jan. 5, 1877.
BRODRICK, HON. WILLIAM ST.
JOHN FREMANTLE (1856- )
Bom Dec. 14, 1856: eldest son of third
Viscount Middleton : educated at Eton
and Balliol College, Oxford : President of
the Oxford Union Society : M.P. for West
Surrey, 1880-5 ; for Guildford Division of
Surrey, since 1885 : Financial Secretary to
the War Office, 1886-92 : Under Secretary
of State for War, 1895-8 : Under Secretary
of State for Foreign Affairs, 1 898-1900:
Secretary of State for War, 1900-3, during
part of the S. African War : Secretary of
State for India since 1903 : P.C. 1897 :
J.P. : D.L.
BROOKE, SIR GEORGE (1793-1882)
Born 1793 : son of Henry Brooke :
educated at the R.M.A., Woolwich : entered
the Royal Artillery, 1808 : saw service in
Bundelkund, 1809-10 : in the Nipal
war, 1 8 15-6 : and in the Mahratta war,
1817 : present at the sieges of Hatras and
Bhartpur ; in the battles of the Satlaj
campaign, 1845-6 : Brigadier in the
Panjab in 1848 : commanded Horse
Artillery at Chilianwala and Gujarat :
C.B., 1849 : K.C.B., 1867 : General, 1870 :
retired, 1877 : died Dec. 31, 1882.
BROOKE, HENRY (1725? -1786)
Son of Rev. Henry Brooke, Rector of
Kinawley and Kilina, Ireland : born about
1725 : joined the E.I. Co'.s Civil Service,
and rose to be a Member of the Madras
Council : took, with George Stratton, a
prominent part in the arrest and deposition
of Lord Pigot, .the Governor of Madras,
in 1776 : and was one of the four sentenced
on Feb. 10, 1780, in the King's Bench to
pay a fine of £1,000 each for their action t
died in Dublin, March 26, 1786.
BROOKE, SIR JAMES (1803-1868)
Raja of Sarawak : son of Thomas
Brooke of the India Civil Service : born
at Benares in 1803 : educated at Norwich :
ran away from school and entered the
Bengal Native Infantry in 1819 : served
in the Burmese war of 1824 : was wounded
and sent home : resigned the E. I. Co.'s-
service in 1830 : in 1838 he sailed in a
private vessel to Borneo, to Sarawak :
and became its Raja in 184 1 by invitation :
there he passed the remainder of his-
career, suppressing rebellion, piracy,
cruelty, and establishing civilized govern-
ment : retired in i860 : was made K.C.B t
D.C.L. Oxford : died in 1868.
BROOKE, JOHN CHEAPE (1818-1899)
General : son of Colonel C. W. Brooke :
joined the 63rd Bengal N.I., 1836: raised
and disciplined the Mewar Bhils, and gained
great influence over them and the neigh-
bouring chiefs : during the mutiny,
kept a large tract of country quiet :
Political Agent at Jodhpur and Jaipur,.
1860-70 : A.G.G. for Rajputana, 1870-3 :
died Jan. 23, 1899.
BROOKE, ROBERT (1746 ?-1802 ?)
Son of Robert Brooke : entered the
E. I. Co.'s Bengal Army in 1764 : engaged
at the battle of Baxar and under Lord Clive
against Kasim Ali and Shuja-ud-daula
and against Hyder Ali of Mysore in
1768-9 : put down a revolt in Kora, and
was made Collector: served in the Raj-
mahal hills against the Mahrattas, and
in the Rohilla war : his services terminated
in 1775 : lost his money in attempting tO'
establish cotton manufacture in Ireland :
Governor of St. Helena, 1787-1801 :.
died soon after his retirement.
BROUGHTON, THOMAS DUER (1778-
183.5)
Son of Rev. T. Broughton : educated
at Eton: went to India in 1795 in the
Bengal Army : was at the siege of Serin-
gapatam in 1799, and mihtary Resident
with the Mahrattas in 1802 : commanded
the island of Java: Colonel, 1829: died
Nov. 16, 1835 : wrote Letters from a-
Mahratta Camp, and Selections from the
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
55
Popular Poetry of the Hindus, 1814 : Hony.
Secy. R.A.S.
RROUGHTON DE GYFFORD, JOHN
CAM HOBHOUSE, BARON (1786-
1869)
Son of Sir Benjamin Hobhouse, Bart.
born June 27, 1786 : educated at Bristol,
Westminister and Trinity College, Cam-
bridge : friend of Byron and travelled with
him on the Continent : committed to
Newgate from Dec. 14, 1819, to Feb. 29,
1820, for breach of privilege of the House
of Commons : M.P. for Westminster,
1820 : succeeded as Baronet in 1831 :
Secretary at War, 1832-3 : Chief Secretary
for Ireland, 1833, resigned : M.P. for
Nottingham, 1834 : Commissioner of
Woods and Forests : President of the
Board of Control, April 23, 1835, to Sep.
4, 1841 : again from July 8, 1846, to Feb.
3, 1852 : on his advice the appointment
of Lord Heytesbury in 1835-6, to succeed
Lord W. Bentinck as Governor-General
was cancelled : he supported Lord Auck-
land's Afghan policy : M.P. for Harwich
in 1848 : made a peer in 1851 : K.C.B. in
1852 : died June 3, 1869 : wrote his
Recollections of a Long Life, and a number
of papers on literary, classical, political
and historical subjects.
BROWN, CHARLES PHILIP (1798-
1884)
I.C.S. : born in India, 1798 : son of
the Rev. David Brown {q.v.) : educated
by his father in India : and at Haileybury :
went to Madras in the Civil Service,
1817 : Judge of Masulipatam ; Persian and
Telugu Translator to Government : Post
Master General, Madras : Member of the
Council of Education : early made a
special study of Telugu and became a
great scholar : compiled a Telugu-English
and English-Telugu Dictionary, 1845-53,
and Grammar, 1840, and translated the
Bible into Telugu : published Chronologi-
cal Tables : and various works in Telugu :
wrote on' that language and other subjects
in the Madras Journal of Literature :
retired, 1855 : Honorary Professor of
Telugu in London University : on the
Council of the R.A.S : died 1884.
BROWN, REV. DAVID (1763-1812)
Born in 1763 : educated at Scar-
borough, Hull, and Magdalen College,
Cambridge : ordained and went to Calcutta
as a Chaplain in Bengal in 1786 : held
several clerical charges, including the minis-
try of the Old Church, 21 years, and 10 years
the senior Presidency chaplaincy, and
laboured greatly in the cause of missions
and aid to native Christians : was held
in great esteem by the English residents :
founded the Auxiliary Bible Society : Pro-
vost of the College of Fort William, Aug.
18, 1800 : in 1 812 he embarked on a ship
which was wrecked in the Bay of Bengal:
was rescued, and returned to Calcutta,
but died there directly, June 14, 1812.
BROWN, FRANCIS CARNAC (1792-
1868)
Born at'^Mahe, Nov. 10, 1792 : son of
Murdoch Brown {q.v.) : educated in
England and France (where he was
detained at the ruptiure of the peace of
Amiens) : joined the 80th foot : Lieuten-
ant and A.D.C. : retired on half pay to
help his father manage the Anjrakandy
estate : J.P. : returned to Europe, 1838 :
was an active member of the committee
of the " British India Society," the first
organization established to promote re-
form in India, and afterwards of the
" India Reform Society " : died at Telli-
cherry, Sep. 23, 1868 : author of pamphlets
on Indian subjects. Letters to and from the
Government of Madras relating to the
Disturbances in Canara in April, 1837-8:
Free Trade and the Cotton Question with
reference to India, being a Memorial from
the British merchants of Cochin, 1847 ••
Obstructions to Trade in India, 1862 :
The Supply of Cotton from India, 1863 :
his knowledge of native customs and
native matters generally on his side of
India was probably unrivalled among
Englishmen : he was able to explain many
things relating to the natives which others
had not been able to understand.
BROWN, SIR JOHN CAMPBELL
(1812-1890)
Entered the Medical Service of the
Bengal Army, 1836 : in the first Afghan
war : became Surgeon-General, 1870 :
C.B., 1858 : K.C.B., 1875 : died July 27,
1890.
BROWN, MURDOCH (1750-1828)
Born at Edinburgh, 1750, left Scotland
for Lisbon merely for the voyage, but
56
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
never returned : found work at Lisbon,
made his way through Europe : in 1775
went out as Consul to Calicut for the
Empress Maria Theresa of Austria :
engaged in trade, of which Jonathan
Duncan, Governor of Bombay, wrote, 1792,
as the most considerable of any British
subject on that side of India: he lost
eleven ships. East Indiamen, of 1,000 tons
or more in the war with France : in 1798 he
took over from Government as a plan-
tation " Five Tarras of Randaterra " (The
Anjrakandy estate) in Malabar : was
granted, in 1802, a 99 years' lease, being
the earliest English landholder in India :
the natives regarded him as their Raja :
none but the lowest caste would work on
the estate, which was wasted by war :
he educated his tenants and Christianized
them by native catechists and German
missionaries, raising them in the scale of
civilization : he spoke seven European and
five or six Oriental languages : died at
Tellicherry, 1828.
BROWNE, CHARLES ALFRED (1802-
1866)
vSon of William Loder Browne : born
Dec, 1802 : was a Midshipman, R.N :
educated at Addiscombe : joined the
Madras Army, 1820 : in 15th and 12th
regts. : examiner in Hindustani and
Persian : Military Secretary to Govern-
ment, Madras, 1857 : Adjutant -General :
commanded at Nagpur, 1862 : commanded
the N. Division, Madras Army, 1863 :
retired, 1864 : wrote a Persian grammar :
established, 1833, Sunday schools at
Madras and the Black Town, the first in
the Madras Presidency: died Feb. 14, 1866.
BROWNE, JAMES ( ? - ? )
Major : in the E. I. Co.'s service, iemp.
Warren Hastings : Collector of the
Jungleterry districts, 1773 : had difficult
work in administering the country and
settling disturbances : sent by the Council
on an embassy to Shah Alamat Delhi to
negotiate with him for assistance against
the Sikhs : Resident at Delhi, 1782 :
recalled, when Warren Hastings left
for England, 1785 : published, in 1787.
his Indian Tracts, which, he says, were
written by order of Hastings, describing
the Jungleterry districts, and giving an
account of the Sikhs.
BROWNE, SIR JAMES (1839-1896)
Born Sep. 16, 1839 : son of Robert
Browne : educated at Cheltenham and
Addiscombe : appointed to the Bengal
Engineers, 1857 : served in the N.W.
Frontier campaign against the Mahsud-
Waziris, i860, in the Umbeyla campaign,
1863 : Executive Engineer in the Panjab :
in 1876 surveyed for a railway from
Sukkur to Quetta : Political Officer at
Quetta : in the Afghan war, 1878-9,
Political with Sir D. Stewart's advance to
Kandahar : C.S.I. 1879 : in Egypt, in
1882, commanded the Royal Engineers
of the Indian Contingent : at Tel-el-
Kebir : C.B. 1882 : superintended the
construction of the Indus bridge, 1875 :
Engineer in Chief of the Sind-Peshin rail-
way, 1883-7 : Q.M.G. in India, 1889-90 :
Chief Commissioner of British Belu-
chistan, March, 1892 : died there, June
13, 1896 : K.C.S.I : General.
BROWNE, SIR SAMUEL (1824-1901)
Son of James Browne, M.D : born Oct.
13, 1824 : entered the Bengal Army,
1840 : in the Panjab campaign of 1848-
49 : at Chilianwala and Gujarat : in the
mutiny, with the 2nd Panjab cavalry, in
the movable column of the Panjab :
under Sir Colin Campbell in Oudh, lost an
arm : gained the V.C : for his action at
Nuria, near Philibhit, when he attacked
the rebels, and was severely wounded in
hand-to-hand fight : commanded the
Guides in 1864 : accompanied H.R.H. the
Prince of Wales on his Indian tour, 1875-6 :
K,C.S.I. : Military Member of the Supreme
Council, Aug. 9 to Nov. 5, 1878 : com-
manded the first Division of the Peshawar
Field Force, in the Afghan war, 1878-9 :
captured Ali Masjid, occupied Jalalabad :
K.C.B : retired, 1879 : General : G.C.B.,
1901 : died March 14, 1901 : he invented
the military sword belt, called after him.
BROWNE, SIR THOMAS GORE (1807-
1887)
Son of Robert Browne : born July 3,
1807 : entered the Army 1824 : in the
campaign, in 1842, of the first Afghan
war commanded his regiment as Major :
was in the repulse of Haikalzai, at Kanda-
har, Kabul and Istalif, and through the
Khyber to India : C.B., 1843 : was
Governor of St. Helena, New Zealand,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
57
Tasmania, Bermuda: K.C.M.G., 1869:
died April 17, 1887.
BROWNLOW, SIR CHARLES HENRY
(1831- )
Born 1831 : son of Colonel George A.
Brownlow : entered the Indian Army :
served in the Panjab campaign, 1848 :
Hazara, 1852-3 : Mohmand expedition,
1854 (severely wounded) : Yusafzai expedi-
tion, 1858 : China war, i860 : Umbeyla
campaign, 1863 : C.B. : Hazara, 1868 :
commanded the Southern column, Lushai
expedition, 1871-2 : K.C.B. : A.D.C. to the
Queen, 1869-81 : Assistant Military Secre-
tary at Horse Guards, 1879-80 : G.C.B.
1887 : retired.
BRUCE, CHARLES ALEXANDER
(1793-1871)
Born Jan. 11, 1793 : at Jorehat, Assam :
was the first explorer of tea tracts in
Assam, and discoverer of the indigenous
tea plant in Assam : was appointed
Superintendent of Tea cultivation under
the Government of India until the tea
industry was adopted by private enter-
prise, as stated on a memorial tablet to
him in the Church at Tezpur : wrote a
report on the manufactiure of tea, and on
the export and produce of the tea planta-
tions in Assam, 1839 : died April 23,
1871.
BRUCE, JOHN (1745-1826)
Historian : educated at Edinburgh
University, and Professor of Logic there :
appointed Keeper of the State Paper
Office, and Historiographer of the E. I. Co.:
M.P. for a borough in Cornwall, 1809-14 :
and for a short time Secretary of the
Board of Commissioners for the affairs of
India, i.e. the Board of Control : F.R.S :
died April 16, 1826. He wrote on
philosophy as well as history : his chief
works relating to India were Historical
View of Plans for the Government of British
India, 1793 = Annals of the E. I. Co. from
their establishment by the Charter of Queen
Elizabeth, 1600, to the Union of the London
and English E. I. Companies, 1707-8, 1810 :
Report on the Renewal of the E. I. Co.'s
exclusive Privileges of Trade for 20 years
from March 1794-1811.
BRUCE, SIR HENRY LE GEYT (1824-
1899)
Entered the Army 1842, in the Bengal
Artillery : in the Gwalior campaign, at
Maharajpiu: : in the Satlaj campaign,
1845-6: at Badiwal, Aliwal, Sobraon : in
the Panjab campaign, 1848-9 ; at Sadu-
lapur, Chilianwala, Gujarat : in the
mutiny at the second relief of Lucknow,
at Cawnpur and many engagements :
C.B. 1875 : retired as Lt-General, 1878 :
K.C.B. : 1898 : died April 15, 1899.
BRUCE, RICHARD ISAAC (1840- )
Born 1840 : son of Jonathan Bruce :
served in the Afghan war, 1878-9 : on the
N.W. Frontier of India : at Daulatzai,
1884 : in the Zhob Valley expedition, 1890 :
co-operated in the opening of the Gomal
Pass, 1890 : British Commissioner of the
Afghan-Waziristan Delimitation Com-
mission, 1894 : at Wano, 1894 : in
Waziristan, 1894-5 : a Commissioner in
the Panjab : author of a Gazetteer of
Dera Ghazi Khan, and a manual of
Beluchi : a History of the Marri-Beluch
tribe : of The Forward Policy and its
Results.
BRUTTON, NICHOLAS (1780-1843)
Entered the Army.1795 : went to India :
at Seedaseer, 1799, and at the siege of
Seringapatam, May 4, 1799 : in the
Canara campaign ; under Lord Lake,
1804-5 : at the siege of Bhartpur, 1805 :
under General St. Leger on the Satlaj,
1809 : in the Pindari campaigns of 1812
and 1817 : in the Nipal war of 1815 : at
the siege of Hatras : retired in 1837 from
the nth Hussars, as Lt-Colonel : died
March 26, 1843.
BRYANT, SIR JEREMIAH ( ? -1845)
Maj-General : appointed to E. I. Co.'s
Army, 1798 : served in Oudh : in the
Mahratta war : in Bundelkund : at Deeg,
1804 : Town and Fort Major, Fort
William, 1815 : Judge Advocate General,
1 817, 1824 : in the Dekkan war : at
Bhartpur, 1826 : knighted, 1829 : C.B. :
commanded the 14th N.I., 1835 : Director
E. I. Co., 1841 : died June 10, 1845.
BRYDGES, SIR HARFORD JONES,
BARONET (1764^1847)
In the E. I. Co.'s Civil Service : son of
Harford Jones of Presteign : born Jan. 12,
1764 : assumed the name of Brydges from
his mother's family : Envoy to Persia,
1 807-181 1 : Baronet in 1807 : resigned
in 1811 : D.C.L., 1831 : Privy Councillor :
died March 17, 1847 : wrote on Persian
affairs and his mission.
58
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
BRYDON, WILLIAM (1811-1873)
Born Oct. 9, 181 1 : entered the E. I. Co.'s
medical service in 1835 : served with Sir
H. Fane and Lord Auckland : sent in
1839 with a regiment to the first Afghan
war. When the Army retreated from
Kabul in Jan. 1842, Brydon was attached
to the 6th regt. of Shah Shuja's Hindustani
Infantry and, alone, of 13,000 persons,
reached Jalalabad alive on January 13,
1842 : he was in the garrison of Jalalabad
under Sir R. Sale, and with General
Pollock's army to Kabul and back in
1842 : in the mutiny of 1857 he was, by
a curious fate, again besieged, being in the
Lucknow garrison, and was uninjured
throughout the siege : C.B., 1858 : retired,
1859, as Surgeon-Major of the Bombay
Army : died March 20, 1873.
BUCHAN, GEORGE (
I.C.S. : appointed a writer on the
Madras Establishment, Aug. 1792 :
Assistant under the Secretary in the
Military, PoHtical and Scout Department,
and French Translator, 1794 : also for
supplying " beetle," tobacco, and " gangee"
in 1795 : Paymaster to the Malacca
expedition, 1796 : sub-Secretary in the
above Department, 1799 : Secretary in
the Public and Commercial Department,
1801 ; in the Military Department, 1801 :
Chief Secretary, 1803 : Private Secretary
to Government, 1809 : went home, 1810 :
" out of the service," 1814.
BUCHANAN, REV. DR. CLAUDIUS
(1766-1816)
Born March 12, 1766 : son of Alexander
Buchanan : educated at Inverary and
Glasgow University ; Queen's College,Cam-
bridge, 179 1-5 : ordained, 1795 : went
to Calcutta as a Chaplain on the Establish-
ment, 1797 : at Barrackpur and Calcutta :
was Professor and Vice- Provost of the
College of Fort William, 1 799-1 807, when
the latter appointment was abolished : he
devoted himself to the promotion of
Christianity and to native education : he
made two prolonged tours in Southern and
Western India, 1806-7, to ascertain the
circumstances and facts of the various
religions of the country and suggest
measures : he returned to England in
1808, and advocated the appointment of
Bishops in India and the cause of missions,
besides pubhshing translations of the
Scriptures in Malayalam, Syriac, etc. : he
wrote Christian Researches in Asia, 18 10 :
Colonial Ecclesiastical Establishment, and
papers about Christianity and Christian
Missions in India : he was D.D. of
Glasgow and Cambridge : died Feb. 9,
1815.
BUCHANAN, LEWIS MANSERGH
(1836- )
Son of John Buchanan, of Co. Tyrone,
Ireland : volunteered for the Crimea :
served in the Indian mutiny in the 88th
Connaught Rangers : author of Through
the Himalayas and Chinese Tibet : Colonel :
C.B.
BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, FRANCIS
(1762-1829)
Doctor : born Feb. 15, 1762, son of
Thomas Buchanan, doctor : took his degree
of M.D. at Edinburgh in 1783 : after
serving on a man-of-war, joined the E.I.
Co.'s service in 1794 : employed on a
mission to the Court of Ava, and on
various botanical, zoological and statistical
inquiries in Chittagong and Tippera, and,
in 1 800-1, through Mysore, Canara and
Malabar, on which he wrote a full report :
went to Nipal in 1802 : he was Surgeon
to Lord Wellesley, and accompanied him
to England in 1805. The records of his
subsequent inquiries in several Bengal
districts and Assam were deposited at the
India House in 1816 and not utilized for 22
years. He was Superintendent of the
Botanic Garden, Calcutta, 1814-5, when
he returned to Scotland and took the
additional name of Hamilton on succeeding
to his mother's property : F.R.S. and
F.R.A.S., and contributed largely to the
literary and scientific societies to which he
belonged : wrote on the History of Nipal,
the Genealogy of the Hindu gods, the
Fishes of the Ganges, etc : died June 15,
1829.
BUCK, SIR EDWARD CHARLES
(1838- )
I.C.S. : educated at Norwich and
Oakham School, and Clare College,
Cambridge : entered the Bengal Civil
Service in 1862 and retired in 1897 :
represented the Indian Government at
the Colonial Exhibition, 1886 : Secretary
to the Government of India, 1882-97 :
Knight Bachelor and K.C.S.I.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
59
BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK (1786-
1855)
Son of Christopher Buckingham : born
Aug. 25, 1786: was at sea from 1796:
went to India, 1815 : in 1818, at Calcutta,
he brought out the Calcutta Journal,
attacked Government so vigorously that,
in 1823, his licence was taken away by
Mr. J. Adam {q.v.), and he was deported
from the country : years afterwards, the
E.I. Co. gave him a pension of £200 a
year : went to India again when the
restrictions on the Press had been re-
moved : M.P. for Sheffield, 1832-7 :
conducted the Oriental Herald and Colon-
ial Review, 1824-9, ^^.d was connected
with other journals, besides writing
largely on social and political subjects :
travelled extensively to and from India :
wrote Arabia, 1825 : Mesopotamia and
Adjacent Countries, 1827 : Assyria and
Media, 1830 : travelled also in Europe and
N. America : and gave lectures in Eng-
land : died June 30, 1855.
(BUCKINGHAM AND CHANDOS,
n RICHARD PLANTAGENET CAMP-
I BELL-TEMPLE- NUGENT-
I BRYDGES-CHANDOS-GRENVILLE,
i THIRD DUKE OF (1823-1889)
Governor : born Sep. 10, 1823, only son
of the second Duke : educated at Eton
and Christ Church, Oxford : M.P. for
Buckingham, 1846-57 : Junior Lord of
the Treasury, 1852 : as Marquis of Chandos
was Chairman of the London and N.W.
Railway, 1853-61 : succeeded as Duke,
1 861 : Lord President of the Council,
1866-7 : Secretary for the Colonies,
1867-8 : Governor of Madras from Nov.
1875 to Dec. 1 880 : had to deal with the
severe famine of 1877, when immense
numbers of the population came on relief
works and gratuitous relief, and there was
great mortality : built Government House
at Ootacamund : Chairman of Commit-
tees in the House of Lords, 1886-9 = P-C. :
G.C.S.I. : CLE. : D.C.L. : died March
26, 1889 : when the Dukedom became
extinct.
BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, ROBERT HO-
BART, FOURTH EARL OF
(1760-1816)
Son of third Earl : born May 6, 1760 :
educated at Westminster : joined 7th
regt., 1776 : served in the American war :
Major : M.P. in both the English and
Irish Parliaments : Secretary to the Lord
Lieutenant of Ireland, 1789-93 : Privy
Councillor, 1793 : was, as Lord Hobartr
Governor of Madras from Sep. 1794 ta
Feb. 1798 : led an expedition to Malacca
and destroyed the Dutch settlements :
by his independence he came into antagon-
ism with the Governor-General, Sir John
Shore, over the affairs of the Nawab of
the Carnatic, when Hobart desired to
make financial reforms : the Court of
Directors recalled him, but supported his
action in Tanjore affairs : Hobart co-
operated with the Governor-General against
Tippoo : called up to the House of Lords,
1798 : helped to arrange the union with
Ireland, 1799 • Secretary for War and the
Colonies, 1 801-4 '• became Earl, 1804 :
appointed President of the Board of
Control, April 4, 1812 : and spoke on the
renewal of the E.L Co.'s charter, 1813 :
died Feb. 4, 1816.
BUCKLAND, CHARLES EDWARD
(1847- )
I.C.S. : son of Charles Thomas Buck-
land, I.C.S. : born Sep. 19, 1847 : edu-
cated at Laleham, Eton, and Balliol
College, Oxford : joined the Civil Service
in Bengal, 1870 : Private Secretary to
Sir Richard Temple, when Lieutenant-
Governor of Bengal, 1874-7, and Gover-
nor of Bombay, 1877-8 : Revenue, and
Chief Secretary to Government of Bengal,
and Member of the Bengal Legislative
Council : Senior Member of the Board of
Revenue : retired in 1904 : CLE., 1895 :
author of Bengal under the Lieutenant
Governors : editor of The Dictionary of
Indian Biography.
BUCKLAND, CHARLES THOMAS
(1824-1894)
I.C.S. : son of the Rev. John Buckland :
born Feb. 27, 1824 : educated at Laleham,
Eton, and Haileybury : gained his ap-
pointment to the Indian Civil Service
by competition at Eton : went to India
in 1844 : served throughout his career in
Bengal, making a reputation for ability
and independence as an administrator :
Junior Secretary to the Governor of
Bengal : Member of the Bengal Legisla-
tive Council, and Member of the Board of
Revenue, Calcutta : retired in 1881 :
died March 21, 1894.
6o
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
BUHLER, JOHANN GEORG (1837-
1898)
Born July 19, 1837, at Borstel, in Han-
over : son of a pastor : educated at
Hanover and Gottingen : graduated in
Oriental languages and Archaeology, 1858 :
studied Sanskrit at Paris, London, Oxford :
became an eminent Orientalist : Pro-
fessor of Oriental Languages at the Elphin-
stone College, Bombay, 1863 : Superin-
tendent of Sanskrit Studies, Poona, 1866 :
Educational Inspector, N. Division,
Bombay Presidency, 1868, 1872 : edited
Sanskrit texts : several times deputed to
collect Sanskrit texts : discovered over
5,000 MSS., which the Indian Government
distributed among British Universities and
Collections, and Indian Societies and
Institutions : left India, 1880 : gave
much attention to ancient inscriptions,
doing important work as an epigraphist :
wrote on Indian inscriptions : brought
out, with Sir R. West (q.v.), a digest of
Hindu Law : wrote a Sanskrit Primer,
editions of Sanskrit works : published a
Glossary of the oldest Prakrit dictionary :
collaborated in the series of Sacred Books
of the East : translated the Laws of
Manu : became Professor of Indian
Philology and Archaeology at the Univer-
sity of Vienna : edited an Encyclopeedia
of Indo-Aryan Philology : contributed his
Indische Paldographie, 1896 : was member
of the Royal Asiatic and other learned
Societies : drowned in Lake Constance,
April 8, 1898.
BUIST, GEORGE (1805-1860)
Doctor : born Aug. 22, 1805 : son of
the Rev. J. Buist : educated at St. Andrews
and Edinburgh : became a preacher and
lecturer, and editor of newspapers in
Scotland from 1832 to 1839, when he be-
came editor of the Bombay Times till
1857 : he opposed the Government policy
in Kabul in 1842 : from Jan. 1858 he
brought out the Bombay Standard, which
was amalgamated with the Bombay
Times in i860. He was Inspector of
Observatories in Bombay for many years,
and wrote on scientific subjects, meteoro-
logy* geology, antiquities, for the Bombay
Asiatic Society's Jomrnal : he was instru-
mental in the establishment of a number
of observatories, and founded the Bombay
Reformatory School of Industry : a
Municipal Commissioner in Bombay :
appointed, in 1859, Superintendent of the
Government Press, Allahabad, and Curator
of Government books : died at Calcutta,
Oct. I, i860 : described as " India's fore-
most man of letters," " not only famous
as the most successful of Indian journalists,
but as the thoughtful and enterprising
man of science " : he devoted himself to
scientific philanthropy.
BULANDSHAHR, LACHHMAN SINGH,
RAJA OF (1826-1896)
A Rajput of the Jadon clan : his
grandfather held a high post in Sindia's
Army, and died at Alighar in 1801 : his
sons resided in Agra, and held lands near
the city : Lachhman Singh entered
Government service in 1847 : employed as
a translator in the Secretariat at Agra :
rendered good service during the mutiny :
rewarded with a Khilat, and a small parcel
of revenue-free land in the Agra district :
employed in the Educational Department,
and promoted to a Deputy CoUectorship :
wrote a Statistical Memoir of the Buland-
shahr District, and translated various
official works, besides the Sakimtala, in
Hindi : in 1877, was made Raja as a
personal distinction : after his retirement,
resided at Bulandshahr, and died there in
July, 1896.
BURDWAN, MAHARAJA DHIRAJ BI-
JAY CHAND MAHTAB BAHADUR
OF (1881- )
Born Oct. 19, 1881 : son of Raja Ban
Bihari Kapur (q.v.) : succeeded in 1885 :
was installed as Maharaja in Feb., 1903.
BURDWAN, MAHTAB CHAND RAI,
MAHARAJA ADHIRAJ BAHA-
DUR OF (1820-1879)
Son of Maharaja Tej Chand Rai : born
Nov. 17, 1820 : succeeded to the Burdwan
Raj (which pays over 40 lakhs annually
of Government Revenue), on April 16,
1832 : made Maharaja Adhiraj Bahadur,
Aug. 30, 1833 : on Jan. i, 1877, was
granted a salute of 13 guns as a personal
distinction, and the title of " His High-
ness " : appointed to the Governor-
General's Legislative Council in 1864 :
during the Sonthal rebellion of 1855, and
in the mutiny, he helped Government
greatly with transport, and by maintaining
communications : established a college,
schools, hospitals and dispensaries on his
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
6i
estates ; widely supported charities, and
gave munificent contributions on occasions
of epidemic fever, famines and calamities :
encouraged literature and learning : though
not always a strict observer of Hinduism,
he maintained his numerous religious
endowments and temples : while he did
not seek popularity, he was highly re-
spected by both Europeans and his coun-
trymen, for his independence, high
character and public spirit : died at
Bhagalpur, Oct. 26, 1879.
BURGESS, JAMES (1832-
Born Aug. 14, 1832 : educated at Dum-
fries, Glasgow, Edinburgh : went to
India, 1855 : engaged in educational
work in Calcutta and Bombay : Archaeo-
logical Surveyor and Reporter for W. India,
1874 : and for S. India, 1881 : Director-
General of the Archaeological Survey of
India, 1886 : Fellow of the Bombay
University : retired, 1889 : attended the
Geneva Oriental Congress, 1894, as
representative of India : edited the Indian
Antiquary, 1872-84 : published scientific
papers in the Philosophical Magazine,
Archceological Survey Reports, Epigraphica
Indica, 1889-94 : published various ar-
chaeological works, as The Rock Temples
of Elephanta, 1871 : Temples of Somnath,
Junaghar and Girnar, The Rock Temf^les
of Ajanta, The Rock Temples of India
(with J. Fergusson), 1880 : Buddhist Art
in India, igoi.
BURGOYNE, JOHN (1722-1792)
General : son of Captain John Bur-
goyne : educated at Westminster : entered
the Army in the 13th Light Dragoons,
1740 : M.P. for Midhurst, 1761 : for
Preston, 1768 : spoke, moving for a
Select Committee, on the Government of
India, 1772, urging the principle (after-
wards adopted by Fox and Pitt in their
India Bills) of Government control over
the E. I. Co. : in the attack in Parliament
on Lord Clive, May 3, 1773, Burgoyne,
Chairman of the Committee, was the
accuser, and carried condemnatory reso-
lutions against Clive : commanded in
America in 1774, and surrendered at
Saratoga, Oct. 17, i777 : C. in C. in Ire-
land, 1782 : was a manager of the im-
peachment of Warren Hastings, 1787 :
died June 4, 1792.
BURGOYNE, SIR JOHN, BARONET
( 1739-1780)
General : born 1739 : entered the Army
young: served in the 7th and other
regts. : Lt-Colonel of 58th regt., 1764 :
and of 14th Light Dragoons : raised, in
1 78 1, the first regt. of European cavalry
sent to India, called the 23rd Light Dra-
goons, afterwards the 19th Dragoons and
the 19th Hussars, which he took to
Madras : Maj-General, 1783 : he and Sir
Robert Fletcher were the champions of
what they considered the rights and
privileges of the King's service as against
the authority of the E.I. Co.'s Governor
and Council : both were recalled, but
Burgoyne died at Madras, Sep. 23, 1785 :
buried in the Fort Church there.
BURKE, EDMUND (1729-1797)
Son of Richard Burke : born Jan. 12,
1729 : educated at Ballitore and Trinity
College, Dublin, 1743-8 : entered at the
Middle Temple, but not called to the
bar : took to literature : founded the
Annual Register, 1759 : Private Secretary
to Lord Rockingham, Prime Minister,
1765 : M.P. for Wendover, 1765-74 : for
Bristol, 1774-80 : for Malton, 1781-94 :
Paymaster of the Forces, 1782-3 : his
connexion with India extended over
many years : he attacked the E. I. Co.,
1766 : refused, in 1772, an offer by the
E. I. Co.'s Directors, of an appointment to
reform their adminstration : opposed
Lord North's " Regulating Act," 1773 '
was member of the Committee on the
affairs of the E.I. Co., 1783, wrote both
the Ninth Report on the trade of Bengal
and the system pursued by Warren
Hastings, and the Eleventh Report on
the system of presents : drafted Fox's.
East India Bill, 1783 : attacked Hastings
in a speech on the debts of the Nawab of
Arcot, 1785, and again on the Rohilla
war, 1786: impeached Hastings before
the House of Lords, May, 1787 : led the
impeachment at the trial of Hastings in
Westminster Hall, Feb., 1788 : secured
its continuation in a new ParUament,
1790 : spoke for nine days in May-June,
1794, in reply to Hastings' defence :
Hastings was acquitted in April, i795 :
Burke died July 9, i797 : no further al-
lusion need be made here to his writings,
speeches in Parliament and political.
62
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
career, which are well known apart from
his relations to India.
BURKE, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS (1769-
1837)
Entered the Army as a Hospital Mate
on Sep. 13, 1795, and rose, through the
grades of Regimental Surgeon, Apothecary,
Surgeon, etc. to be, on Oct. 5, 1825,
Inspr-General of Hospitals of the Forces
in the East Indies, until his death. In
1817, he was Physician-General in the
Mauritius, was present at the capture of
nearly all the French and Dutch colonies
in the West Indies and South America :
served in Europe, including the Mediter-
ranean and Gibraltar : and was at the
capture of Bhartpur by Lord Combermere
in 1826 : died at Calcutta, May 22, 1837.
BURLTON, PHILIP BOWLES (1803-
1829)
Son of William Burlton : joined the
Bengal Artillery at Dumdum in 1821 :
was transferred to Africa : was actively
employed in the Burmese war of 1824 :
devoted himself zealously to discovering
the sources of the Brahmaputra and
Irawadi, and solving geographical ques-
tions : he also wrote about the Assamese :
was murdered, with Lt. Bedingfield of
the Artillery, by the Khasias at Nunklow,
in Assam : died April 4, 1829.
BURNE, SIR OWEN TUDOR
(1837- )
Maj -General : son of the Rev. Henry
Thomas Burne : entered the Army, 1855 :
served in the Crimea and in the Indian
mutiny : present in 15 actions, including
the siege and capture of Lucknow : pro-
moted for gallantry in the field : Military
Secretary to Lord Strathnairn, when
C.-in-C. in India, 1861 : Private Secre-
tary to Lord Mayo, Viceroy of India,
1869-72 : Political A.D.C. to the Secretary
of State for India, 1872 : Assistant Secre-
tary, 1873, and later. Secretary, Political
and Secret Department, India Office,
1874 : Private Secretary to Lord Lytton,
Viceroy of India, 1876-7: Member of
the Council of India, 1887-97 : author of
Clyde and Strathnairn, in the " Rulers of
India" series; Lord Strathnairn, Imperial
Assemblage at Delhi, etc. : CLE., 1877 :
K.C.S.I.. 1879.
BURNELL, ARTHUR COKE (1840-
1882)
I.C.S. : born 1840 : son of Arthur
Burnell, of the E.I. Co.'s Marine Service :
educated at Bedford and King's College :
after passing the open competitive exami-
nation, went to Madras, i860 : held minor
appointments and, from 1870, district
judgeships in various districts, longest at
Tanjore, until 1880, when his health,
always indifferent, gave way. On his
retirement, the Madras Government re-
corded their regret for being " prematurely
deprived of the services of so distinguished
a scholar " : died Oct. 12, 1882. He began
early to collect Sanskrit MSS., and made
an extensive collection, which he presented
to the India Office Library : was an
excellent Sanskrit scholar : published
translations from Sanskrit, and catalo-
gues : also knew some Tibetan, Arabic,
Kawi, Japanese, Coptic and Pali : travelled
in Arabia, Egypt, Nubia : wrote a Hand-
book of South Indian Palceography, on The
Portuguese in India, The Aindra School of
Sanskrit Grammarians, 1875 : made a
catalogue of the Tanjore Library, and,
with Sir H. Yule, compiled the Hobson-
Jobson, a Glossary of Anglo-Indian collo-
quial words and phrases : besides many
papers on law, languages, ethnography
and inscriptions : CLE. : and Ph.D. of
the University, Strasburg.
BURNES, SIR ALEXANDER (1805-
1841)
Political : son of James Burnes : born
May 16, 1805, connected with the family
of the poet Burns : educated at Montrose
Academy : entered the E. I. Co.'s military
service at 16 : Interpreter at Surat in
1823 : transferred to Cutch in 1825 :
sent, in 1830, on a mission, with a gift of
horses, to Ranjit Singh at Lahore, and to
explore the country : in 1832, travelled,
under the orders of Government, in N.
India, Afghanistan, Bokhara and Persia :
in England in 1833-5, was lionized as a
traveller : received the medal of the
Royal Geographical Society, and elected
member of learned Societies : on return
to India, he succeeded, by negotiation at
Hyderabad (Sind), in warding off war with
the Amirs, who agreed to a survey of the
Indus : in 1836, Burnes was sent on a
mission, nominally commercial, but really
political, to Dost Muhammad, Amir of
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
^3
Kabul : his discovery of Russia's intrigues,
and the arrival of a Russian agent at
Kabul, led to his advice, that Dost Muham-
mad, the reigning Amir, should be sup-
ported : but this advice was not accepted,
the Amir's requests were rejected, and,
by the second Afghan war. Shah Shuja
was to be reinstated. Burnes was sent to
Sind and Beluchistan, to prepare the way
of the British Army : he was made, later,
Political Agent at Kabul under the Envoy
Sir W. H. Macnaghten : Shah Shuja
was re-made Amir : Burnes was knighted,
made Lt-Colonel : 'and C.B. : for 2 years,
at Kabul, he had a subordinate position :
the Afghan mob rose, not without warning,
on Nov. 2, 184I; and Burnes was assassi-
nated. It came to light, in 1861, that
some of Burnes' despatches from Kabul,
in 1839, had been altered, so as to convey
opinions opposite to his. The matter
was brought before Parliament, on an
application for an inquiry : but Lord
Palmerston's Government resisted the
motion, which was defeated on the ground
of the interval of time that had passed
since the occurrence.
BURNES, JAMES (1801-1862)
Elder brother of Sir Alexander Burnes,
(q.v.) : born Feb. 12, 1801 : educated at
Edinburgh University and London hospi-
tals : went out to Bombay with his
brother, 1821 : was Residency Surgeon
at Cutch : in the expedition of 1825 against
Sind : invited, in 1827, by the Amirs to
Sind : from 1837, he held medical and
other scientific appointments at Bombay,
and was Secretary and Member of the
Medical Board and, finally, Physician-
General, retiring in 1849 : President of
the Medical and Physical Society : Vice-
President of the Bombay Asiatic Society :
was LL.D. of Glasgow, 1834 : F.R.C.P.
of Edinburgh : F.R.S. and a Knight of
the Guelphic Order : wrote a Narrative
of a Visit to Sind, and a History of Cutch :
died Sep. 19, 1862.
BURNEY, HENRY ( ? -1846?)
Captain : attached to the 20th (Marine)
N.L : on duty at Prince of Wales' Island :
learnt Malay : acquired knowledge of the
Archipelago and Malacca : appointed
MiUtary Secretary of the Penang Govern-
ment : employed to negotiate with Malay
and Siamese Chiefs : Political Agent to
Siamese States, 1825 : Envoy to Siam :
obtained the release of 1,400 Burmans and
Peguese : Deputy Commissioner of Tenas-
serim, 1827-9 = Resident at the Court of
Ava, 1829-38 : contributed papers to the
J.A.S.B., about Ava: wrote a Historical
Review of the Political Relations between
British India and Ava : had a Dictionary
of Pali compiled : returned to India,
1842 : died there in 1845-6.
BURNOUF, EMILE LOUIS (1821
Born at Valognes, Aug. 25, 1821 : cousin
of the Orientalist, Eugene Burnouf {q.v. ) :
studied at Paris : appointed Professor of
Oriental studies at Nancy, 1854: in 1867,
Director of the Ecole Fran^ aise at Athens :
returned to France in 1875, and settled at
Paris : as an Indian scholar, his chief
works are : — his Sanskrit Grammar,
brought out in collaboration with Leupol,
1859 : a Sanskrit and French Dictionary,
1863-5 : Essai sur le Veda, 1863 : Bha-
gavad-Gita, translation, 1861, 1895.
BURNOUF, EUGENE (1801-1852)
Born at Paris, Aug. 12, 1801 : son of
Jean Louis Burnouf, grammarian : a
pupil of Chezy : studied at the College of
Louis-le-Grand : scholar : gave up his
profession, the law, and took to Oriental
languages : gave instruction in Sanskrit,
1824 : published in 1826, with Lassen of
Bonn, the Essai sur le Pali : appointed
Professor of General and Comparative
Grammar in the Normal School at Paris,
1829-33 : and of Indian Languages and
Literature at the College de France, 1832 :
a founder of the Societe Asiatique in
Paris : published, 1833, a commentary on
the Yacna, dealing with the language,
literature, and history of the Parsis :
brought out his Etudes sur la langue et les
textes Zendes, 1840-50 : the earliest to
study Zend MSS. at first hand, giving
a great impulse to the study of that lan-
guage, and assistance in the decipherment
of the old Persian cuneiform inscriptions :
wrote 3 vols, of his work on the text
and translation of the Bhagavat Purana,
1840-4 : and began an introduction to the
History of Indian Buddhism, 1844 : trans-
lated a Sanskrit work on Le Lotus de la
Bonne Lot, 1852, and the Vendidad Sade,
1829 : and wrote on the Buddhist inscrip-
tions on pillars and rocks : left other
Zend works and a Pali grammar and
dictionary nearly complete : Permanent
64
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Secretary of the Academy of Inscriptions :
Member of the Institute of France since
1832 : a great European Orientalist :
died May 28, 1852.
BURRELL, LITTELLUS (1753-1827)
Ma j -General : born in 1753 : entered
the E. I. Co.'s Bengal Army as a volunteer
in 1770 : Corporal, 1771 ; Serjeant, 1772 ;
Serjeant-Major, 1775 ; Ensign, 1779 ; Maj-
General, 1821 : was at the battle of
Cutra, April 23, i774 : in the capture of
Gwalior under Popham in 1780 : fought
under Col. J ohn Gardiner at Malavilli :
and Seringapatam, 1799 : engaged in
Mysore, in Lord Lake's campaigns of 1803,
and 1804-5 : commanded a Brigade in
1 81 7 against the Pindaris, and, later, the
British forces in Oudh, and at Cuttack :
after 1821 he retired, and died Sep. 13,
1827.
BURROW, REUBEN (1747-1792)
A distinguished mathematician and
astronomer : born Dec. 30, i747. son of a
farmer : educated at Leeds : became a
clerk, usher, schoolmaster, assistant astro-
nomer and schoolmaster at Greenwich,
arithmetical teacher at the Tower, edited
the Royal Almanack, went to India in 1782,
learnt Sanskrit : wrote to Warren Hastings,
then Governor-General : appointed to
teach mathematics to the Engineers, and
on the Survey of Bengal : an early member
of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, for whom,
and the Asiatic Researches, he contributed
eleven papers about the mathematics and
astronomy of the Hindus : died at Baxar,
June 7, 1792.
BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS
(1821-1890)
Traveller, author and linguist : son of
Colonel J. Netterville Burton : born
March 19, 1821 : educated on the con-
tinent, without system, and was at Trinity
College, Oxford, for 5 terms from 1840 :
to India, 1842, in the Bombay Native
Army : made himself proficient in Oriental
languages and studied Muhammadan life
and customs thoroughly, at Baroda and
in the Sind Survey : wrote on Pushto and
Beluchi : while in England, from 1849 to
1853, he published works on languages
and his Indian experiences. In 1853 he
made the pilgrimage to Mecca in disguise,
without being detected, and wrote a full
account of it. In 1854 he visited Somali-
land with the leave of the Bombay Govern-
ment : wrote Footsteps in E. Africa : in
1855, served in the Crimean war in the
Bashibazouks : on leave from India, led
an expedition with Speke to discover the
sources of the Nile, 1856-9 : gained the
gold medal of the Royal Geographical
Society, 1859 : left the Indian service,
only visiting that country again in 1876,
to Aden, Sind and Goa. The rest of his
life was spent in the Consular service at
Fernando Po, in Brazil, Damascus, Trieste
(1872-90), and in extensive travels in
North and South America, on the Gold
Coast, and in other countries adjacent to
his consular appointments. His literary
work was very considerable. He wrote
on Camoens and translated the Lusiad :
planned a great Book of the Sword : and
translated the Arabian Nights, with a
fulness of text and notes which laid bare
his minute knowledge of Oriental nature :
his works exceeded 50 volumes. His wife
accompanied him wherever possible in
his appointments and travels : and wrote
a life of him, which was corrected by
another account : made K.C.M.G. in 1885 :
died at Trieste, Oct. 20, 1890.
BUSSY-CASTELNAU, CHARLES
JOSEPH PATISSIER, MARQUIS
DE (1718-1785)
French officer : was in La Bourdonnais'
expedition to India in 1746 : through his
influence, Salabat Jang was made Nizam
of Hyderabad in 175 1, on the death of
Muzaflfar Jang : Bussy secured French
ascendency at Hyderabad and the grant
of the Northern Sircars : fighting for the
Nizam, he defeated the Nawab of Savanore,
but was, through jealousy, ordered in 1756
to leave the Nizam's territory : soon
regained his supremacy : refused assist-
ance to Sturajuddaula, Nawab Nazim of
Murshidabad in 1757 : he seized Vizagapa-
tam and other English fortresses, and
secured Daulatabad for Salabat Jang. In
June, 1758, when at the zenith of his
power, he was recalled by Lally, the new
French Governor-General at Pondicherry :
in the battle of Wandiwash, in which Sir
Ejnre Coote defeated Lally, in Jan., 1760,
Bussy was taken prisoner by the English,
but released. After the capture of
Pondicherry on Jan. 16, 1761, no mention
is made of Bussy in India until 1783, whea
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
65
he was landed with French troops, by
Admiral Suflxein, to reinforce Cuddalore,
then besieged by the English. On the
declaration of peace between France and
England, Bussy withdrew the French
troops from the support of Tippoo. He
is said to have gained a large fortune in
India and to have been highly regarded
by Dupleix. He died at Pondicherry,
Jan. 1785.
BUSTEED, HENRY ELMSLEY
(1833- )
Brig-Surgeon : entered the Madras
Medical service, 1856 : served in the
Indian mutiny : at the relief of Lucknow,
1857 : was in the Assay Department of
the Mints at Madras, Bombay, and Cal-
cutta, successively : confirmed as Assay-
master, Calcutta, 1872 : acted as Mint-
master, 1873 and 1875 : retired, June,
1886 : C.I.E., 1887 : author of Echoes
from Old Calcutta.
BUTLER, THOMAS ADAIR (1835-1901)
Major : son of Rev. Stephen Butler :
educated privately : joined the 1st Bengal
FusiUers : in the mutiny, at the assault
of Delhi, displayed great bravery : wound-
ed : at the attack on Lucknow, March 9,
1858, twice swam the River Gumti and
gained the V.C. : in the attack on Ruiya,
April 15, 1858 : in the N.W. frontier
campaign, 1863 : died May 17, 1901.
BYTHESEA, JOHN (1827-
Born June 15, 1827 : son of Rev. G.
Bythesea : educated at Grosvenor College,
Bath : entered the Navy, 1841 : Rear-
Admiral, 1877 : gained the V.C. in the
Russian war, 1854-5 '■ saw service in China
and elsewhere, in command of various
vessels : Naval Attache at Washington,
1865-7 : Consulting Naval Officer to the
Government of India, 1874-80 : C.B. :
CLE.
CADELL, ALAN (1841- )
I.C.S. : born July 28, 1841 : son of John
Cadell : educated at Edinburgh Academy
and University and in Germany : entered
the Bengal Civil Service, 1862 : was Com-
missioner of Agra and Rohilkund : Member
of the Board of Revenue, and Member of
the Legislative Council, United Provinces :
'acted as Lieutenant-Governor of the
United Provinces, Jan. to Nov., 1895, and
as temporary Member of the Governor-
General's Supreme Council, Feb. to May,
1896 : C.S.I. in 1895 i] retired in 1897.
CADELL,fJESSIE ELLEN (1844-1884)
Born Aug. 23, 1844 : daughter of
William Nash, merchant, London : was an
excellent French scholar : was in India,
1858-64 : went with her husband, Capt.
Henry Mowbray Cadell (died 1867), to
Peshawar : wrote a novel, Ida Craven, on
frontier life, 1876 : and Worthy : learnt
Hindustani, Persian and some Arabic,
studied Omar Khayyam, and prepared
a superior edition and translation, pub-
lished, 1899 : wrote an article on it in
Eraser's Magazine : was closely connected
with the Anglo-Indian Association, 1873-
81 : her health gave way, and she died
June 17, 1884.
CADELL, SIR ROBERT (1825-1897)
General : son of H. F. Cadell : educated
at Edinburgh Academy and Addiscombe :
entered the Madras Artillery, 1843 : on
the Turkish Staff in the Crimea, 1854-5 :
served in the Indian mutiny : Inspr-
General of Ordnance at Madras, 1876-81 :
C.B., 1873 : General, 1883, and Colonel
Commandant, R.A., 1885 : K.C.B., 1894 :
died June 30, 1897.
CADELL, THOMAS (1835-
Colonel : born Sep. 5, 1835 : son of
H. F. Cadell, of Cockenzie, Haddington-
shire : educated at Edinburgh University,
Grange, Sunderland and abroad : served
with the 2nd European Bengal Fusiliers
(now the Munsters), at the siege of Delhi
and subsequent operations, and with the
3rd Bengal Cavalry in the Oudh cam-
paign : commanded a flying column in
Bundelkund. After the mutiny, Cadell
entered the Political Department and
served in Central India and Rajputana :
was Chief Commissioner of the Andamans
from 1879 to 1892 : received his V.C. for
saving life on two occasions at the Flagstaff
Picket, Delhi, on June 12, 1857, bringing
in wounded men under severe fire.
CAILLAUD, JOHN (1724-1812)
Born 1724 : joined Onslow's regt.,
afterwards the 8th King's, in 1743 : fought
at Fontenoy and Culloden : petitioned
the E.I. Co. for a Commission in 1752 :
F
66
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
joined Stringer Lawrence at Trichinopoly
with troops in i753 : was repulsed before
Madura in April, 1757 : defended Trichino-
poly : defeated the Mysoreans near
Madura : in Nov. i759. he arrived at
Calcutta, appointed to the chief military
command in Bengal : took command of
the British force co-operating with the
Nawab of Bengal to protect Bihar against
the Shahzada : defeated the Emperor at
Sirsi, Feb. 22, 1760 : took a prominent
part in deposing Mir J afar, and setting up
Mir Kasim : Lt-Colonel in the E. Indies,
Jan. 1760 : reverted to Madras, 1761 :
Brig-General, 1763 : appointed C. in C,
Madras, in succession to Lawrence, 1766 :
took possession of the Northern Sircars
for the E. I. Co. in 1766 : concluded a
treaty with Nizam Ali of Hyderabad to
pay a yearly tribute of 7 lakhs for the
Sircars : resigned, Jan. 1767, and went
to England : D.C.L., Oxford, 1773 : he
died in England, at Aston Rowant, Dec.
26, 1812.
CAINE, WILLIAM SPROSTON (1842-
1903)
Born March 26, 1842, son of Nathaniel
Caine, wine merchant : educated at
Birkenhead Park School : entered his
father's business : preached : was M.P.
for Scarborough, 1880 : Civil Lord of the
Admiralty, 1884 : M.P. for Barrow-in-
Furness, 1886: resigned his seat, 1886:
M.P. for E. Bradford, 1892-5, for Cam-
borne from 1900 : Temperance and India
were his two chief subjects : was a strong
teetotaler, and advocate of advanced
temperance : President of the National
Temperance Federation, and of similar
Associations : a severe critic of the Govern-
ment of India, and great friend of the
natives of India : paid much attention
to the Indian Excise (liquor) question :
was strongly opposed to the Opium
trade : paid visits to India : criticized
missionary work in India : was a Member
of the Royal Commission on Indian
Expenditure : died March 17, 1903 :
wrote Picturesque India, and Young
India.
CAIRD, SIR JAMES (1816-1892)
One of the greatest authorities of his
time on all agricultural subjects : son of
James Caird, born June, 1816 : educated
at Edinburgh High School and University :
farmed for 20 years : engaged in the
Free Trade controversy : reported on
Ireland in 1850, and for the Times on
agricultural depression : was M.P. for
Dartmouth and the Stirling Burghs :
1857-65 : toured in America, and served
on various Commissions : F.R.S., CB.
and K.C.B. in 1882 : visited India for
six months in 1878-9, as a Member of
Sir R. Strachey's Indian Famine Com-
mission : published an account of his
experiences, first in the Nineteenth Century^
and afterwards in a volume, India, the
Land and the People : was afterwards a
Member of other Commissions on land
questions : LL.D. of Edinburgh : on the
Board of Agriculture in 1889, and Privy
Councillor : died Feb. 9, 1892.
CALDWELL, SIR ALEXANDER (1763-
1839)
Son of William Caldwell : born Feb. i,
1763 : educated at Woolwich, and joined
the Bengal Artillery in 1783 : commanded
at Midnapur in 1792 : was at Pondicherry
in 1793 : in 1798 led the Artillery which
defeated the Nizam's Army : he was at
the battle of Malavilli, and the sieges of
Seringapatam in 1799, and Gooty: in 1800
to Calcutta as A.D.C. to Maj -General G.
Green. In 181 1, he commanded the
Artillery in Sir A. Auchmuty's expedition
to Java, being present at the Batavia and
Cornells engagements : commanded the
Artillery at Agra in 181 2 against Zaman
Shah : CB. in 1817 : retired, 1821 :
Maj-General and K.C.B. in 1839 : G.C.B.
in 1838 : died Dec. 6, 1839.
CALDWELL, SIR JAMES LILLYMAN
(1770-1863)
Son of Major Arthur Caldwell, and
nephew of General Sir Alexander Cald-
well [q.v.) : born Nov. 22, 1770 : joined
the Madras Engineers of the E. I. Co. in
1789 : became General, 1854 : was in the
Mysore campaign of 179 1-2 under Lord
Cornwallis against Tippoo and in all the
fighting up to the siege of Seringapatam in
Feb .-March, 1792 : led a party in the
final assault on Seringapatam on May 4,
1799. After 10 years on civil public
works, he was, in 1810-11, Chief Engineer
on the expedition to Mauritius : defeated
the French by sea and took the island.
In Madras, from 18 11, he had more engin-
eering work, and was special Surveyor of
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
67
fortresses : C.B. in 1815 : was Com-
missioner for the restoration of French
settlements on the Coromandel and Malabar
coasts, and Chief Engineer of Madras in
1816 : retired in 1837 and was made
K.C.B. : and G.C.B., 1848 : died June 28,
1863. He painted in water-colours with
great skill.
CALDWELL, RIGHT REV. ROBERT
(1814-1891)
Missionary and linguist : born May 7,
1814 : at first he studied art in Dublin :
went to Glasgow University : B.A., 1837 :
sent by the London Missionary Society to
Madras, 1838 : ordained, 1841 : joined
the English Church, 1841, and the Society
for the Propagation of the Gospel : also in
1841 made his residence at Idaiyangudi,
"the shepherds' abode," in Tinnevelly,
and entered on his 50 years' missionary
work, during which the Christians of
Tinnevelly increased from 6,000 to 100,000.
He was, in 1877, consecrated Bishop of
Tinnevelly as coadjutor to the Bishop of
Madras : resigned his Bishopric on Jan. 31,
and died at Kodaikanal on the Pulny
Hills on Aug. 28, 1891. He studied
comparative philology, and his linguistic
attainments were great : helped to revise
the Tamil Prayer Book and Bible, col-
lected Sanskrit MSS : published a
Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian
or South Indian Family of Languages in
1856 : wrote on the " Tinnevelly Shanars,"
the general, political and mission history
of Tinnevelly, besides other works on
religion : LL.D. of Glasgow, 1857, and
D.D. of Durham, 1874.
CALL, SIR JOHN, BARONET (1732-
1801)
Son of John Call : born in 1732 : went
to India in 1749, with Benjamin Robins,
Chief Engineer and Captain-General of
\rtillery : arrived at Fort William, 1750 :
deputed to fortify St. David near Madras,
[751 : accompanied Clive, 1752, against
he French : Engineer-in-Chief at Fort
>t. David, 1752-7 : Chief Engineer at
vladras and the Coromandel Coast, 1758 :
it the siege of Pondicherry and Vellore :
vas in the war of 1767-8 against Hyder
\ Vli : Member of Council, Madras, in 1768 :
etired, 1770, to England : was High
heriff of Cornwall, 1771 : Commissioner on
J'rown Lands, Woods, and Forests, 1782 :
M.P. for Callington from 1784 : Baronet
in 1791 : F.R.S. : became blind in 1795 :
died March i, 1801.
CALLCOTT, MARIA, LADY (1785-1842)
Daughter of Rear-Admiral George
Dundas, whom she accompanied to India
early in 1808 : she married Capt. Thomas
Graham, R.N., 1809 : and travelled in
India : returned to England, 1811 :
sailed with her husband for S. America in
1821 : he died off Cape Horn in 1822 :
she manied, in 1827, Augustus Wall
Callcott, R.A., who was knighted on the
Queen's Accession, 1837 : she died Nov. 28,
1842 : she wrote, as Maria Graham,
lournal of a Residence in India, 1812
Letters on India, 18 14, besides other
works on travels, etc. : including Little
Arthur'' s Hidory of England, 1835.
CAMA, PESTONJI HORMUSJI asos-
1893)
Son of Hormusji Cama : of "a Gujarat
Parsi family ; in commercial partnership
with his brothers, 1828 to 1871 : the
Cama family established the first Indian
house of business in London, in 1855 :
Pestonji Cama led a retired life : made a
large trust for charitable purposes : and
gave Rs. 164,000 for the Cama Hospital
for Females and Children in Bombay :
a staunch supporter of native female
education : warmly interested in the
cause of reform and progress in native
movements : promoted the Victoria Gar-
dens, and various associations for the
advancement of natives : an early Free-
mason : CLE., 1887 : died about Jan. 21,
1893.
CAMAC, JACOB ( ? - ? )
In the 84th regt. till 1763 : Lieutenant,
Oct., 1763 : commanded the 24th Bengal
Infantry from 1766 for many years at
Ramghar : served in 1779 under Popham
against Sindia, whom he defeated at
Durdah : Lt-Colonel, Jan., 1781 : re-
tired, Dec. 2, 1782 : died of fever in Ire-
land.
CAMERON, AYLMER (1833- )
Son of Lt-Colonel W. G. Cameron,
Grenadier Guards : served in the Seaforth
Highlanders (72nd), in the Crimea, and in
the Indian mutiny : severely wounded at
the storming of Kotah, where he gained
68
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
his V.C. : commanded the King's Own
Borderers, 1881-1883 : Chief of the
Intelligence Department, 1883-6 : Com-
mandant of Royal Military College,
Sandhurst, 1886-8: General.
CAMERON, CHARLES HAY (1795-1880)
Barrister : son of Charles Cameron :
born on Feb. 11, 1795 : called to the bar
from Lincoln's Inn, 1820 : was a Com-
missioner on judicial affairs in Ceylon,
and the poor-laws, in 183 1-3 : after the
statute of 1833, he was appointed Member
of the Law Commission and went to
India in 1835 : co-operated in law-making
and codification with Macaulay, the Legal
Member : was in 1843 himself Legal
Member of the Supreme Council till 1848 :
and President of the Council of Education :
retired in 1848 : went to Ceylon in 1875,
and died there. May 8, 1880.
CAMERON, GEORGE POWLETT (1806-
1882)
Son of Captain Robert Cameron, R.N. :
entered the E. I. Co.'s military service,
1821 : served in the S. Mahratta country,
1824-5 : served in Portugal, 1832-3 :
sent to Constantinople and Persia : served
in the Persian Army, 1836-8 : command-
ing at Tabriz : visited Circassia : C.B. :
Political Agent with the Nawab of Arcot,
in Madras, 1842 : in command in the
Nilgiri Hills, 1855 : retired, 1858 : wrote
an account of his travels, 1845, and The
Romance of Military Life, 1853 : died
Feb. 12, 1882.
CAMERON, JOHN ALEXANDER
( ? -1885)
Went out to India in a merchant's
house : acted as Editor of the Bombay
Gazette : was a special war-correspondent
in the Afghan war, 1878, on the Kandahar
side : went out to the battle-field of
Maiwand, July 27, 1880 : was similarly
employed as correspondent in Egypt,
Madagascar, Tonquin, the Nile expedi-
tion, from 1880-5 : killed in the fighting
after Abuklea on Jan. 18, 1885 : a tablet
put up to his memory in St. Paul's
Cathedral.
CAMPBELL, SIR ARCHIBALD
( ?i:-i79i)
Maj-General and K.B. : Captain in 1758,
wounded at Quebec ; as Colonel, captured
Savannah in 1778 : made Governor of
Jamaica : appointed Governor of Madras,
April 6, 1786 : and in the same year C. in
C. During his period of rule he attempted
a settlement of the vexed Question con-
cerning the revenues of the Carnatic : the
treaty of 1787 was his work. Ill-health
caused him to resign in 1789 : he died
i79i» and was buried in Westminster
Abbey.
CAMPBELL, SIR ARCHIBALD,
BARONET (1769-1843)
Son of Captain A. Campbell : born
March 12, 1769 : entered the Army, 1787 :
went to Bombay, 1788, and served under
Sir Robert Abercromby, 1790-2 : was
at Seringapatam, 1792 : at Cochin, 1795,
and the defeat of the Dutch in Ceylon,
1796 : was at Seedaseer and the final
siege of Seringapatam, 1799 : served in
Portugal and under Sir John Moore, 1808 :
commanded a Portuguese regt., 1810 :
was Brig-General with the Portuguese,
1811 : knighted, 1814 : K.C.B. 1815 :
was Portuguese Maj-General, 18 16, in
command at Lisbon : went to India again
with his regiment, 1821 : commanded in
the first Burmese war, 1824-6, and took
Rangoon and Prome, and, marching on
Ava, made the Treaty of Yandaboo in
Feb., 1826 : G.C.B. : governed the ceded
Provinces still 1829, when he returned to
England : Baronet, 1831 : Lieutenant-
Governor of New Brunswick, 183 1-7 :
Lt-General, 1838 : was unable through
ill-health to accept the appointment of
C. in C. Bombay in 1839 : Colonel of the
62nd regt., 1840 : died Oct. 6, 1843.
CAMPBELL, CHARLES HAY
( ? -1832)
Major, son of William Campbell :
entered the Bengal Artillery in 1805 :
served under Lord Lake : was, in 1801,
Adjutant and Quarter-master of Artillery :
held other appointments on the General
Staff of the Army : Deputy Secretary in
the Military Department and in charge of
the Cossipur Gun Factory : wrote, in the
British Indian Military Repository, papers
on professional subjects, including <the
History of Sieges in Bengal :J he diedjMay
19. 1832.
CAMPBELL, SIR COLIN (1776-1847)
Son of John Campbell : was born in
1776 : from the Perth Academy he ran
away to sea, 1792 : brought home from
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
69
Jamaica : Midshipman on an East India-
man, 1793 : joined the militia, 1795 ;
the Army, 1799 : went to India in 1 801-2 :
was under Arthur Wellesley at Ahmadna-
gar, Assaye and Argaum : A.D.C. to Lord
Wellesley, and returned with him to
England, 1805 : served in Hanover,
Denmark, in Portugal, the Peninsula :
was at a number of engagements, and was
A.Q.M.G : K.C.B., in 1814 : was at
Waterloo : Maj - General, 1825 : Lt-
Governor of Nova Scotia, 1833 : Governor
of Ceylon, 1839-47 : died in England,
June 13, 1847
CAMPBELL, DONALD (1751-1804)
Captain of a Cavalry regt. in the service
of the Nawab of the Carnatic : at the age
of 30 he made a journey to India and
published an account of it, 1795: travelled
via Venice, Trieste, Zante, Alexandria,
Cyprus, Aleppo, Badgad, Russia and
Bushire : by sea to Bombay and Goa :
shipwrecked on the coast on his way to
Madras : captured by Hyder All's soldiers
and imprisoned at Hydernagar, in com-
pany with one Hall, to whom he was
chained. Hall died in prison, and his
gaoler refused to remove the corpse for
several days : eventually, on General
Matthew's approach, he was released
in order to negotiate with him on behalf
of Hyat Singh, Hyder's General : with
despatches for the Governments of Bom-
bay and Madras, he proceeded by sea to
Anjengo, travelled by land through
Travancore, Tinnevelly, Madura, Trichi-
nopoly, Tanjore to Negapatam, and
Madras : with Lord Macartney's permis-
sion, went on to Calcutta and, on behalf
of Hyat Singh, negotiated with Warren
Hastings : returned overland to Madras
and Anjengo : thence by sea to Bombay :
again visited Madras and China, and re-
turned to England in 1785, after four
years' absence : died June 5, 1804.
CAMPBELL, SIR EDWARD FITZ-
GERALD, BARONET (1822-1882)
Son of Maj -General Sir Guy Campbell,
Bart. C.B.,born Oct. 25, 1822 : educated
at Sandhurst : entered the Army in the
6oth Rifles, 1841 : Lt-Colonel, 1870 :
retired 1872 : served with distinction
in the Panjab campaign of 1848-9, was
at the siege of Multan and at Gujarat :
in 1849 was A.D.C, to the C. in C, Sir C.
Napier : was at the siege of Delhi in 1857 :
Military Secretary to Lord Canning when
Governor-General, 1857-61 : was Assistant
Inspector of Volunteers, 1864 : died Nov.
23, 1882.
CAMPBELL, SIR GEORGE (1824-1892)
I.C.S. : son of Sir G. Campbell of Eden-
wood, of the E.I. Co.'s Medical service :
born in 1824 : educated at the Edinburgh
New Academy, St. Andrew's, Madras
College, and the University, Haileybury :
went to India, 1842 : served in the N.W.P.
and Cis-Satlaj States : and in 1849 in
the Panjab after the annexation, which
he had advocated in the Mofussilite
newspaper. While on furlough he was
called to the bar from the Inner Temple,
1854, and wrote Modern India, 1852 :
in 1855, he assisted J. R. Colvin in the
government of the N.W.P., and became
Commissioner of the Cis-Satlaj States : was
engaged in the mutiny of i857,about Delhi,
Agra, Cawpiu:, Lucknow : was provisional
Civil Commissioner : accidentally cap-
tured three guns : wrote letters on the
mutiny to the Times,dind an official account
of it for Lord Canning : was second
Civil Commissioner for Oudh : appointed
Judge of the High Court, Calcutta, 1862 :
was head of the Commission on the Orissa
famine of 1866-7 : Chief Commissioner
of the Central Provinces in Nov., 1867 :
Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal from March,
1871, to April, 1874, when, on account of
ill-health, he retired, having commenced
the relief operations against the Bengal
famine of 1873-4. His rule in Bengal
was very energetic, being intended to
rouse the Province from its alleged
lethargy. He passed the District Road
Cess Act, and gave a great impetus to
Education, especially primary : K.CS.I.
in 1873 : M.P. for Kirkcaldy 1875-92,
but was not successful as a politician :
died at Cairo, Feb. 18, 1892 : wrote
several works : the chief being The
Ethnology of India, The Capital of India,
Tenure of Land in India, The Eastern
Question, besides papers on Ethnology and
languages and land questions : he was
D.C.L. of Oxford, 1870. His auto-
biography was, after his death, edited by
Sir C. E. Bernard {q.v.)
CAMPBELL, SIR JAMES MACNABB
(1847-1903)
I.C.S. : born 1847: son of Rev. J. M.
Campbell, D.D. : educated at Glasgow :
70
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
D.C.L. Glasgow : went out to Bombay,
1869 : Under Secretary to Government
in Political, Judicial Departments, 1880 :
acted as Commissioner of Customs, Salt,
Opium and Abkari, 1897 : Chairman of
the Bombay Plague Committee, 1897 :
Commissioner, 1900 : retired, 1900 : C.I.E.,
1885 : K.C.I.E. 1897 : compiled the
Bombay Gazetteer, 1873-84, in 26 volumes :
wrote a history of Mandoghar, the capital
of the Muhammadan kingdom of Malwa,
and " Notes on the Spirit Basis of BeUef
and Custom," in the Indian Antiquary,
1894-1901 : died May 26, 1903.
CAMPBELL, JOHN (1753-1784)
Son of John Campbell, Lord Stonefield :
born Dec. 7, i753 = entered the Army
in 1771 : served in America : went as
Lt-Colonel to India in 1782 : was engaged
against Hyder Ali : was at Bednore and
Anantapur : the British force being
driven into Mangalore by Tippoo, Camp-
bell was left in command and made the
famous defence of that town from May,
i783,to Jan.,1784, when he was compelled
to surrender : he died, from his exertions,
Feb. 23, 1784.
CAMPBELL, SIR JOHN (1802-1878)
Son of John Campbell of Lochead : born
in 1802 : entered the E. I. Go's service,
1820: served in Madras : in 1834 was in
command in subduing the hill tribes in
Orissa : in the Gumsur war, 1836-7 : was
deputed, 1837-42, to the civil duty of
stopping the practices of human sacrifice
and female infanticide among the Khonds
of Orissa : went to China, 1842 : C.B. :
was again sent to his former duty among
the Khonds, 1847-9 : returned to Scot-
land, 1855 : Maj-General, 1872 : died
April 22, 1878 : published a personal
narrative of his 13 years' (not uninter-
rupted) work among the Khonds, which
led to controversy with the family of the
officer who had, in his absence, favoured
a different policy with that native race.
CAMPBELL, JOHN (1817- )
Surgeon-major : born April 27, 1817 :
son of Capt. Thomas Campbell R.N. :
educated at St. George's.London, Aberdeen
University, and King's College : entered
the Bengal Medical Service in 1840 :
served in the Afghan war, 1842, on the
line of the Khyber, and with Pollock's
force : with Sir Charles Napier in Sind :
in the Indian mutiny was at Chinhut and
the siege of Lucknow, for which he received
his C.B.
CAMPBELL, LORN ROBERT HENRY
DICK (1846- )
Entered the Army, 1863 : served in the
Hazara expedition, 1868 ; Dour Valley
expedition, 1872 ; Afghanistan, 1878-9;
Mahsud-Waziri expedition, 1881 ; China,
1900-01, where he commanded the lines
of communication : commands the
Bundelkund District, India, since 1901 :
Maj-General.
CAMBPELL, WALTER, MAJOR
(1864- )
Joined the Gordon Highlanders, 1887 :
served in the Waziristan Field Force,
1894-5 ; Chitral ReUef Force, 1895 ;
Tirah expedition, 1897-8, including Dargai,
Sampagha, and Arhanga ; South Africa,
1899-1902, with ist Batt. Gordon High-
landers : Brig-Major, Highland Brigade,
and D.A.A.G., Army Head Quarters :
D.A.Q.M.G., Head Quarters Staff : D.S.O.
CANARAN, CHURIA (1812-1876)
Born at Mahe, 1812 : son of a jailor
at Tellicherry, whom he succeeded, 1829-
32 : learnt several languages besides his
own vernacular Malayalam, and rose, from
his first appointment in 1832, through a
succession of posts in the judicial and
revenue offices, to be a Deputy Magis-
trate-Collector in 1859, retiring as a first-
class officer at the end of 1869, after 39
years' service, having performed such excel-
lent work in respect to the Moplah dis-
turbances in Malabar, 1852-5, his coura-
geous conduct exposing him to great
danger, that for his "conspicuous and
most valuable" services therein and in
revenue matters, he was granted a pension
equal to his full pay : died Oct. 18, 1876.
CANDY, SIR EDWARD TOWNSHEND
(1845- )
I.C.S. : born April 15, 1845 : son of Major
Thomas Candy : educated at Cheltenham :
entered the Bombay Civil Service, 1865 :
was Judicial Assistant to the PoHtical
Agent, Kattiawar, 1872-82 : officiating
Judicial Commissioner in Sind, 1886-7 :
Vice-chancellor of the Bombay University,
1 897-1902 : Judge of the Bombay High
Court, 1889-1902 : Member of the Police
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
71
Commission, 1902-3 : retired in 1903 :
C.S.I, in 1903 : Knight Bachelor in 1904.
CANNING, CHARLES JOHN, EARL
(1812-1862)
Governor-General and first Viceroy :
third son of George Canning the statesman':
born Dec. 14, 1812 : educated at Putney,
Eton, privately, and at Christ Church,
Oxford : first class in classics and second
class in mathematics : M.P. for Warwick
in 1836 : succeeded to his mother's
peerage in 1837 : Under-Secretary for
Foreign Affairs, 1 841-6, and Chief Com-
missioner for Woods and Forests : was a
follower of Sir Robert Peel : Postmaster-
General in Lord Aberdeen's and Lord
Palmerston's Governments in 1853-5 :
Governor-General of India, Feb. 29, 1856 :
Viceroy from Nov. i, 1858. In his first
year of office he had to arrange for the
war with Persia, in which Sir James
Outram {q.v.) had the command. The
events of the mutiny of 1857-8 constitute
the history of India rather than the
biography of Canning. Its causes orginated
before his time. He was not alone in
failing at first to appreciate adequately
the symptoms and the extent of the out-
break : but, on grasping its character, he
rose to the occasion. He detained troops
on their way to China, and expedited the
dispatch of reinforcements to the affected
districts of Upper India. He showed
calmness, courage, judgment, firmness,
foresight, and acquired the name of
" Clemency Canning " for his moderation
in punishment, and his repression of
vindictiveness. He became unpopular
on account of this policy. He trusted his
chief officers, Sir Henry, and Sir John,
Lawrence, his commanders in the field,
his immediate advisers and others : but
preserved his own right to decide, when
he disagreed with them. For a time he
assumed personally the government of the
N.W.P. By his Oudh proclamation he
confiscated, with exceptions, the land of
that province. This led to the controversy
which ended in the resignation of Lord
Ellenborough, the President of the Board
of Control. He carried out the transfer
on Nov. I, 1858, of the Government of
India from the E. I. Co. to the Crown : and
was made an Earl. In 1859-60 and
1860-1 he made prolonged tours in Upper
India. He had to deal with all the
troubles resulting from the mutiny, the
reorganization of the finances and of the
Army required for India : the reforms in
the Indian Councils, the development of
education, the question of the income-tax,
the grant of adoption sunnuds to native
chiefs, with the famine of 1 860-1 in the
N.W.P. The death of Lady Canning
from fever, in Nov. 18 61, was universally
deplored. He left India on March 18,
1862, in bad health: died June 17, 1862,
and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
He had been made K.G. for his services
in India.
CANNING, CHARLOTTE ELIZABETH,
COUNTESS (1817-1861)
Daughter of Lord Stuart de Rothesay ;
born March 31, 1817, married, Sep. 5> i835»
in London to the Hon. Charles John
Canning, afterwards Earl Canning, {q.v.),
first Viceroy of India. She was constantly
at Court as Lady-in -Waiting in attendance
on Queen Victoria. Her death at Calcutta,
Nov. 18, 1 861, was deeply lamented.
She returned to Calcutta on Nov. 8, after a
month's visit to Darjeeling. She had
caught jungle fever on her way down, when
passing through the malarious country at
the foot of the hills and in the Purnea
district. She was buried in Barrackpur
Park, on the banks of the Ganges. All
accounts testify to her noble, simple and
beautiful character, her talents and mental
gifts, her personal appearance,her gracious-
ness and dignity : in the trying time of
the mutiny she rendered great help to her
husband by her devotion, loyalty and
self-sacrifice, by her calm and steady
courage, her patience and self-possession,
" no one was ever more admired and looked
up to by every class of her Majesty's
subjects." Lord Canning wrote this
inscription for the monument over her
grave : " Honoxurs and praises written on
a tomb are at best but vain-glory : but
that her charity, humility, meekness and
watchful faith in her Saviour wUl, for
that Saviour's sake, be accepted of God
and be to her a glory everlasting, is the
firm trust of those who knew her best and
most dearly loved her in life, and who
cherish the memory of her, departed."
CANNING, GEORGE (1770-1827)
Son of George Canning : born April 11,
1770 : educated at Eton and Christ Church,
Oxford : M.P. for Newport, i794 '• for
72
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Wendover, 1797 : Under Secretary for
Foreign Affairs, 1796-9 : Commissioner
of the Board of Control (commonly called
the India Board) 1799- 1800 : Foreign
Secretary, 1807 : fought a duel with Lord
Castlereagh, Sep. 22, 1809 : M.P. for
Liverpool, 1812 : President of the Board
of Control, June 4, 1816, to Jan. 12, 1821 :
nominated Governor - General of India
March, 1822, but, on Lord Castlereagh's
death. Canning resigned that appointment
and again became Foreign Secretary,
1822 : M.P. for Harwich, 1822 : Prime
Minister, April, 1827, and Chancellor of
the Exchequer : died Aug. 8, 1827 :
father of Earl Canning {q.v.). Viceroy
and Governor-General, 1856-62.
CAPEL, HON. SIR THOMAS BLADEN
(1776-185.'})
Son of foiurth Earl of Essex : born Aug.
25, 1776 : was in the Navy, 1791-1847,
rising to be Admiral : served on various
stations, and under Nelson at the Nile and
Trafalgar : at the forcing of the Dar-
danelles, 1807 : off N. America : K.C.B.,
1832 : and from 1834 to 1837 was Naval
C. in C. in the E. Indies, in the Winchester,
50 guns: G.C.B., 1852 : died March 4,
1853.
CAPON, SIR DAVID (1793-1869)
Born in Bombay, 1793 : educated in
England: entered the E. I. Co.'s military
service, 1809 : joined the Bombay N.I.,
1810 : in the Palampur expedition, 1813 :
in the Konkan, 1817 : commanded troops
at Aden, 1838 : twice attacked by large
bodies of Arabs : commanded a Brigade
of the Bombay Army at the siege of
Multan, 1848-9 : in the subsequent
pursuit of the Sikhs : K.C.B., 1862 :
General, 1868 : died Dec. 17, 1869.
CAPPEL, SIR ALBERT JAMES LEPPOC
(1836- )
Born 1836 : served in the Crimea 1855-
6 : entered the Indian Telegraph Depart-
ment, 1857, and was Director of Indian
Telegraphs, 1883-9 : K.C.I.E. in 1887.
CAPPER ( ? -1809)
Colonel in the Madras Army : influential
in the affairs of Fort St. George in the
latter part of the i8th century : on more
than one occasion was employed by the
Governors in civil and ecclesiastical negotia-
tions : as, e.g. in 1787. in the time of Sir
Archibald Campbell, when the Council had
to settle important matters with regard to
the Roman Catholic population of Madras,
and French influence had to be excluded :
saw active service and fought " with spirit
and gallantry " at Arikera, under Colonel
Montresor, 1800 : distinguished himself
under Wellesley : became Lt-Colonel
and Adjutant-General. When Sir George
Barlow was Governor of Madras, Capper
became impUcated in the disputes between
General Hay Macdowall, C. in C. of the
Madras Army, and the Civil Authorities,
1809 : Macdowall had resigned in Jan.
and left for England : the responsibility
of pubUshing his Army Order against
Munro (which gave further offence to the
Madras Government) rested with Colonel
Capper, and his suspension was the result :
he, too, started for England, but was lost
at sea on the voyage, March, 1809.
CAREY, ARTHUR DOUGLAS ( ? - )
I.C.S. : educated at the City of London
School : went out to Bombay, 1865 :
Collector of Salt Revenue, 1881 : acting
Commissioner of Inland Customs, 1881 :
in 1885 travelled, via Ladak to Northern
Tibet, to Lake Mungtsa, Khotan, Kuchar,
Lake Lob, Tsaidam, Urumtsi, Yarkand, to
Ladak : Commissioner of Customs, Salt,
Opium and Abkari, 1891 : on special duty
to Lisbon, in connexion with Goa Treaty
negotiations, 1891-2 : retired 1893.
CAREY, EUSTACE (1791-1855)
Missionary : son of Thomas Carey, a
non-commissioned officer : nephew of the
Rev. Dr. W. Carey (q.v.) : born March
22, 1791 : educated at Bristol College :
arrived at Serampur as a missionary in
1814 ; founded a missionary establish-
ment at Calcutta, 1817 : left India, 1825 :
urged the cause of missions in England :
wrote about missions and a memoir of
W. Carey : died July 19, 1855.
CAREY, FELIX (1782-1822)
Missionary : son of the Rev. Dr. W.
Carey (q.v.) : went with his parents
to India : assisted his father in his
Biblical translations : besides many trans-
lations in Bengali, he published a Burmese
grammar, and began a Burmese dictionary
and Pali grammar : he died at Serampur,
Nov. 10, 1822.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
73
CAREY, MARY (1741-1801)
Of Indian birth : wife of Peter Carey,
a seafaring man : the last of the 23 sur-
vivors of the 146 persons imprisoned in
the Black Hole of Calcutta on June 20,
1756 : her husband died there, or after-
wards in the fighting at Fulta : her
subsequent fate is uncertain, but the
tradition of her being carried off by the
Nawab's people is not authentic. She
married again, her second husband being a
military officer. She confirmed, at an
interview on Aug. 13, 1799, Holwell's
account of the Black Hole tragedy : she
died March 28, 1801, at Calcutta.
CAREY, REV. DR. WILLIAM (1761-
1834)
Missionary: born Aug. 17, 1761, in
Northamptonshire : son of Edmund Carey,
a village schoolmaster : apprenticed to a
shoemaker at Hackleton : joined the
congregation of Baptists in 1783, and at
22 was publicly baptized : studied Greek,
Latin and Hebrew under great privations ;
had charge of a congregation at Leicester
in 1789, and joined in forming a Baptist
missionary society at Kettering, 1792 :
sent out as their first missionary to Bengal
in 1794, lost all his property in the Hughli
and was destitute in Calcutta. After
cultivating in the Sundarbans, he became
Superintendent of an indigo factory in the
Malda district for 5 years, built a church
there, and preached in the villages.
Being prevented by the E. L Co. from
establishing a mission in British territory,
he formed with others, in 1799, a mission-
ary settlement at Serampur under the
protection of the Danish Governor, Colonel
Bie : there he first translated the Bible
into Bengali and printed it, and it was
afterwards translated into 26 languages.
Carey also published dictionaries and
many grammars of languages and
other Indian works : edited the Ramayana
and Roxburgh's Flora Medica. In 1801
he was appointed to be a Professor of
Sanskrit, Bengali and Mahratti at the
new College of Fort William, and in 1805
he founded the Bow Bazar Mission Chapel
in Calcutta : in 1807 he was made D.D.
by the Brown University in the United
States. Notwithstanding official warnings
against over-zeal his mission prospered,
and many out-stations were established :
he died at Serampur, June 9, 1834.
CARMICHAEL, DAVID FREMANTLE
(1830-1903)
I.C.S. : son of D. D. Carmichael Smyth :
he resumed the family name of Carmichael :
educated at Harrow and Haileybury,
1849-50 : went to Madras in the Civil
Service, 1851 : Private Secretary to Sir
C. Trevelyan when Governor, 1859 :
Revenue Secretary to Government, 1875 :
Chief Secretary, 1877 : Member of
Council, 1878-83 : died Sep. 30, 1903.
CARNAC, JOHN (1716-1800)
Entered the E. I. Co.'s service in 1758, as
Captain, from H.M.'s 39th regt. : in 1760
commanded at Patna, and in 176 1 defeated
the Delhi Emperor near Bihar, and took
prisoner M. Law with his men : beat off
Shuja-ud-daula's attack on Patna, April,
1764 : was Brig-General in 1764, and
defeated the Mahrattas in the Doab in
1765 : received the Emperor Shah Alam
and the Wazir Shuja-ud-daula, and closed
the war : M.P. for Leominster, 1767 : in
1776-9, was Member of Council, Bombay :
Member of the Superintending Committee
on the expedition against Poona, 1778 :
and was dismissed the E. I. Co.'s service
for his share in the convention of War-
gaum, Jan. 14, 1779 : died at Mangalore
on a sea voyage, Nov. 9, 1800.
CARNATIC, AZIM-UD-DAULA, NA-
WAB OF THE (1775-1819)
Son of Amir-ul-umra : nephew of
Umdat-ul-umra {q.v.), and grandson of
Muhammad Ali {q.v.) : born 1775 : on
the death of his uncle, Azim-ud-daula,
accepted the British terms, which Ali
Husain, the reputed son of Umdat, had
refused, and was given the succession.
An engagement was made with him on
July 31, 1 801, by which he gave up the
government of the Carnatic to the E.J. Co.,
and allowances were assigned for his
personal expenses and for his family :
he lived quietly, and died Aug. 3, 1819.
CARNATIC, GHULAM MUHAMMAD
GHAUS, LAST NAWAB OF
THE (1824-1855)
Succeeded as a child to his father
Nawab Azim J ah, Nov. 12, 1825 : in-
stituted as Nawab in 1842 by Lord
Elphinstone, Governor of Madras : on his
death without issue, Oct. 7, 1855, Govern-
ment declared the title, privileges, and
74
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
immunities of the Nawab's family to be at
an end.
CARNATIC, MUHAMMAD ALI KHAN
WALAJAH, NAWAB OF THE
(1717-1795)
Second son of Anwar-ud-din Khan,
Nawab of the Carnatic : present at the
battle of Ambiir, escaped to Trichinopoly :
he was appointed Nawab by Nasir Ali,
the Nizam of the Dekkan, in 1749 :
was besieged at Trichinopoly by Chanda
Sahib and the French, until relieved by
the English : on his behalf Clive took
Arcot, 1 75 1, and he was successfully
supported as Nawab by the English, both
against Chanda Sahib, the candidate
assisted by the French, and against the
rebellious PoHgars : recognized as Nawab
by the Treaty of Paris of 1763, and
acknowledged as independent of the
Nizam by the Mogul Emperor in 1765 :
entitled Walajah : he contracted large
debts to the E. I. Company and the English
adventurers who crowded his court and
preyed upon him : he assigned districts
for their payment : by Treaties of 1763.
1781, 1785, 1787, 1792, arrangements
were made for their liquidation, by the
English managing the Carnatic, etc. : he
died Oct. 16, 1795 : his intrigues with
Tippoo were discovered after the fall of
Seringapatam in i799» whereupon the
English assumed the government of the
Carnatic, making provision for the family
of the Nawab.
CARNATIC, UMDAT-UL-UMRA, NA-
WAB OF THE (1748-1801)
Son of Muhammad Ali (q.v.), whom he
succeeded in Oct. i795- After the fall of
Seringapatam in May, i799» treasonable
correspondence between Tippoo and Um-
dat-ul-umra and his father came to
light : the British Government thereupon
repudiated the existing treaty of 1792
with the Nawab of the Carnatic, and
resolved to assume the government of the
Carnatic, making a provision for the
family of the Nawab. Umdat-ul-umra
died July 15, 1801, before the proposed
arrangements could be concluded.
CARPENTER, ALFRED (1847- )
Son of Charles Carpenter, R.N. : born
Aug. 2, 1847 : educated at Brighton
College : entered the Royal Navy, 18 61,
and retired as Captain in 1895 : served
in the Challenger scientific expedition :
Soudan expedition 1884 : and while in
charge of the Marine Survey of India,
piloted the war flotilla under fire to
Mandalay and Bhamo in 1885, for which
he received his D.S.O.
CARPENTER, MARY (1807-1877)
Daughter of Dr. Lant Carpenter : born
April 3, 1807: devoted her life to philan-
thropy : opened schools at Bristol, for
girls, for the reformation of juvenile
criminals : also ragged and industrial
schools : and worked for the passing of
the Industrial Schools Act. Her attention
had been attracted to India by the presence
of Raja Rammohan Roy (q.v.) at Bristol
in 1833, and by the visits of native gentle-
men. She visited India in 1866-7, 1868-
9, 1869-70, 1875-6, with a view to
improve female education, reformatory
schools, and the management of the jails.
She was in communication with the
authorities in India, and at the India
Office, and with the leading native gentle-
men, such as Keshab Chandra Sen (q.v.),
with whom she founded a " National Indian
Association" at Bristol in 1870, to bring
Indian visitors and EngHsh inquirers
into closer relations. Many of her sugges-
tions for reforms and improvements were
adopted. She paid visits to Germany and
America. Among her publications were
Last Days in England of the Raja Ram-
mohan Roy, 1866 : and Six Months in
India, 1868. She died on June 14, 1877.
CARR, RIGHT REV. THOMAS (1788-
1859)
Educated at St. John's College, Cam-
bridge : B.A., 1813 : Senior Optime :
Bishop of Bombay, 1837-51, when he
resigned from ill-health : appointed Rector
of Bath, 1854 : universally esteemed
there : a member of the Evangelical
section of the Establishment : died at
Bath, Sep. 5, 1859.
CARRINGTON, SIR CODRINGTON ED-
MUND (1769-1849)
Born Oct. 22, 1769 : son of Codringtoa
Carrington : educated at Winchester :
called to the bar by the Middle Temple,
1792 : Bencher, 1832 : practised as an
advocate at the Calcutta bar, 1792-9,
being junior Counsel to the E.I. Co. : was an
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
7S
intimate friend of Sir William Jones {q.v. ) :
when in England, he made a code of law
for Ceylon : was appointed Chief Justice
there and knighted, 1801 : retired in
1806 from ill-health. M.P. for St. Mawes,
1826-31: was D.C.L. 1810: F.R.S., J.P.
and F.S.A. : died Nov. 28, 1849.
CARTIER, JOHN (1733-1802)
Governor : arrived in India as a writer
in E. I. Co.'s service : was a factor and
assistant at Dacca, whence he was expelled
in 1756 : joined other fugitives at Fulta :
served as a volunteer under Clive in re-
taking Bengal, and was praised by Court
of Directors : Chief of Dacca factory,
1761 : Second in Council at Calcutta,
1767 : succeeded H. Verelst as Governor
of Bengal, Dec. 26, 1769 : followed, as
Governor, by Warren Hastings, April 13,
1772 : eulogized by Edmund Burke for
his government of Bengal : died in Kent,
Jan. 25, 1802.
CASEMENT, SIR WILLIAM (1780-1844)
Maj-General : appointed to Bengal,
1795 : served in India 47 years and 6
months : in Lord Lake's campaigns, at
Alighar, 1803, Deeg, 1804 : D.Q.M.G. in
the Nipal war, 1815 : Secretary to the
Government of India in the Military
Department for 20 years from June,
1818 : Colonel, 23rd N.I., 1824 : K.C.B.,
1837 : was Member of the Supreme
Council from June 17, 1839 : died of
cholera at Cossipur, April 16, 1844 : his
bust is in the Town Hall, Calcutta.
CASSELS, ANDREW (1812-1886)
Of an old Scotch family, resident at
Manchester : he opened in 1843 in Bom-
bay the firm of Peel, Cassels & Co. :
returned to England, 1851 : Dhrector of
the Manchester Chamber of Commerce,
1 861 : Member of the Council of India,
1874-84 : Vice-President, 1875, of the
Society of Arts : a great authority on
Indian cotton : died Aug. 2, 1886.
CASSELS, WALTER RICHARD
(1826- )
Son of Robert Cassels : educated
privately and abroad : spent some years
in Italy, and in 1856 joined the mercantile
firm of Peel, Cassels & Co. in Bombay :
was a Fellow of the Bombay University :
a Member of the Legislative Council,
Bombay, 1863: left India in 1865 and
devoted himself to literature : wrote
poems, 1850 and 1856, Cotton in the Bom-
bay Presidency, 1869 ; Supernatural Re-
ligion, 1874-6, and 1879 : The Gospel
according to Peter, 1894, etc. etc.
CASTLEREAGH, ROBERT STEWART,
VISCOUNT (1769-1822)
Second Marquis of Londonderry (April,
1821-Aug. 1822), better known as Lord
Castlereagh : son of the first Marquis :
born June 18, 1769 : M.P. for Tregony,
1794-6 : for Oxford, 1796-7, and other
places : his career lay in English and
European politics, and his only connexion
with India was as President of the Board
of Control (the India Board), Sep. 9, 1802 —
Feb. 14, 1806, in the Addington and W.
Pitt Administrations : while holding this
office, he supported the Governor-General,
Lord Wellesley, whom he admired, against
the Court of Directors : fought a duel
with George Canning, Sep. 22, 1809 :
Foreign Secretary, 1812-33 : died by his
own hand, Aug. 12, 1822.
CAUTLEY, SIR PROBY THOMAS
(1802-1871)
Colonel : son of the Rev. Thomas
Cautley : born Jan. 3, 1802 : educated
at Charterhouse and Addiscombe : entered
the Bengal Artillery, 1819 : was assistant
to Colonel Robert Smith in reconstructing
the old irrigation channel of the Doab
Canal from 1824-30, but was at the siege
of Bhartpur in 1826 : held charge of the
above canal, 1831-43 : framed the project
of the Ganges Canal, sanctioned by the
Court of Directors in 184 1, and constructed
between 1843 and 1854. He left India in
1854, Lord Dalhousie ordering a salute to
be fired in his honour : and his bust was
placed in the Calcutta Town Hall :
K.C.B. : from 1858-68, Member of the
Council of India. He had a controversy
with Sir Arthur Cotton {q.v.) on the
engineering of the Ganges Canal, in which
further work and improvement were found
to be required. He explored largely in
the Sivalik range of hills in India, and
acquired many fossils of scientific value,
which he presented to the British Museum :
contributed many papers to the Asiatic
Society of Bengal and to the Geological
Society, chiefly on fossils : died Jan. 25,
1871.
76
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
CAVAGNARI, SIR PIERRE LOUIS
NAPOLEON (1841-1879)
Lt-Colonel : son of General Adolphe
Cavagnari : born July 4, 1841, educated
at Christ's Hospital and Addiscombe : was
naturalized in 1857 : entered the E. I. Co.'s
Army, 1858 : in the Oudh campaign in
the mutiny : joined the Staff Corps,
1 86 1, and the Pan jab Commission as an
Assistant Commissioner : had charge of
the Kohat district, 1866 to 1877, and, as
Deputy Commissioner of Peshawar, accom-
panied several frontier expeditions, 1868-
78 : C.S.I, in 1877 : he was a member of
Sir N. Chamberlain's mission to Shir Ali,
in'the autumn of 1878, when it was stopped
at Ali Masjid by the Amir's officer. When
Yakub Khan had become Amir, on the
death of Shir Ali, Major Cavagnari nego-
tiated the treaty of Gandamak with him,
May 26, 1879: K.C.B. He was appointed
Resident at Kabul and was residing, from
July, 1879, at the Bala Hissar in Kabul,
when the Afghan troops rose, attacked his
residence, and he and his staff were all
killed, Sep. 3, 1879.
CAVAYE, WILLIAM FREDERICK
(1845- )
Colonel : son of General Cavaye :
born 1845 : educated at Edinburgh
Academy and Sandhurst : commanded
the 2nd Royal Sussex regt. : Military
Secretary to H.R.H. the Duke of Con-
naught, when C. in C. in Bombay : has
since held several Staff appointments :
served in the Zulu war, 1879, and in the
S. African war, 1900-2.
CAVE-BROWNE, EDWARD RABAN-
(1835- )
Born May 29, 1835 : son 01 Lt-Colonel
Edward Cave-Browne : educated at the
College School, Taunton : clerk in the
East India House, 1854 : rose to be
Accountant-General in the India Office
fromi893: retired in 1900 : C.S.I, in 1898.
CAVENAGH, SIR ORFEUR (1821-1891)
General : son of James Gordon Cave-
nagh : educated at Addiscombe : entered
the Army : was through the Gwalior
campaign : lost a leg at Maharajupr, 1843 :
in the Satlaj campaign at Badiwal : in
charge of the Mysore Princes and ex- Amirs
of Sind : had political charge of Sir Jang
Bahadur and the Nipalese embassy to
England, 1850 : was Town Major of Fort
William, Calcutta, during the mutiny :
frustrated the plot of the mutineers to
seize the Fort : recommended the forma-
tion of the Volunteer Guards : Governor
of the Straits Settlements, 1859-67 : Lt-
General, 1874 : K.C.S.I., 1881 : died
July 7, 1891 : wrote Reminiscences of an
Indian Official.
CHALMERS, SIR JOHN M. (1756-1818)
Son of Patrick Chalmers : joined the
Madras Infantry in 1775 ■ made a gallant
defence of Coimbatore, June-Nov. 1791,
with only a small force, against Tippoo's
troops : obliged to capitulate : taken
prisoner to Seringapatam, his release
effected by Cornwallis in Feb. 1792 :
commanded the force at Travancore,
1803-9, and the N. Division of the Madras
Army, 1812-7 : Maj-General, 1812 : K.C.B. ,
1 8 15. After 42 years' service in Madras,
he died on the voyage home, March 31,
1818.
CHALMERS, MACKENZIE DALZELL
(1847- )
Born Feb. 7, 1847 : son of Rev. F.
Chalmers, D.D., educated at King's
College, London, and Trinity College,
Oxford : served in the Indian Civil Service,
1869-72 : held several legal appoint-
ments as Judge of County Courts and
Acting Chief Justice of Gibraltar : Legal
Member of the Viceroy's Council, 1896,
retired, 1899 : Parliamentary Counsel to
the Treasury, 1902-3 : Permanent Under
Secretary in the Home Department, 1903 :
contributed Articles to the Dictionary of
Political Economy, and the EncyclopcBdia
Britannica : author of Digest of the Law of
Sale, Digest of the Law of Bills of Ex-
change : C.S.I. : C.B.
CHALMERS, ROBERT ( ? -1878)
Lt-Colonel : joined the Indian Army,
1849 : in the mutiny his regt., the ist
Oudh Irregular Infantry, mutinied : he
narrowly escaped to Allahabad : joined
a regt. proceeding to relieve Cawnpur :
carried back news of the massacre at
Cawnpur, 44 miles, to Allahabad, through
country teeming with a hostile population :
was in Havelock's engagements about
Cawnpur, in the relief of Lucknow, in its
subsequent defence, the fighting at Alam-
bagh, and the final capture of Lucknow,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
77
in March, 1858 : died, which commanding
the 14th Bengal Lancers, Aug. 11, 1878.
CHAMBERLAIN, SIR CRAWFORD
TROTTER (1821-1902)
Third son of Sir Henry O. Chamberlain,
Bart., younger brother of Sir Neville
Bowles Chamberlain {q.v.) ■ born May,
1821 : entered the Army in 1837, was in
the Afghan war of 1839-42, at the siege
and capture of Ghazni, and in various
actions near Kandahar : in the Panjab
campaign in 1848-9 : at Chilianwala and
Gujarat, in the pursuit of the Sikh Army
and its final surrender : wounded : Brevet-
Major : commanded the ist Irregular
Cavalry, Skinner's Horse, over whom he
had extraordinary influence : in the
mutiny in 1857 distinguished himself by
disarming, with " undaunted courage and
coolness," the 62nd and 69th Bengal N.I.,
at Multan : engaged against the rebels,
and was besieged in a sarai for some
days : Lt- Colonel after the mutiny :
C.S.I, in 1866 : General in 1880 : G.CI.E.
in 1897 : died Dec. 13, 1902.
CHAMBERLAIN, REV. JOHN (1777-
1821)
Son of John Chamberlain : born July
24, 1777 : accepted as a probationer for
missionary work, 1798 : preached at
Olney : studied under Dr. Ryland at the
Academy at Bristol : sent to India by the
Baptist Missionary Society in 1802, vid
America : arrived at Serampur, Jan.
1803: visited Dinajpur, 1804 : established
himself at Katwa, May, 1804 : carried on
a cloth business, and built a school :
visited Berhampur : removed to Agra,
181 1 : sent down to Calcutta by order of
Government : appointed, 1812, tutor at
Sardhana to David Dyce Sombre, great-
grandson of Begam Sanuru : established
schools and preached frequently : also at
Hardwar, for which he was ordered to
Calcutta, 1815 : went to Serampur, and
up the river to Ghazipur : settled at
Monghyr, 1816 : made missionary tours
to Benares, Mirzapur, etc. : ordered home
for ill-health, Sep.. 1821 : died at sea,
Dec. 6, 1 82 1.
CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE
BOWLES (1820-1902)
Field Marshal : second son of Sir Henry
Orlando Chamberlain, first Baronet :
bom 1820 : educated for a short time at
Woolwich : at 17 entered the Bengal Army:
in the first Afghan war was with Nott's
force : at the occupation of Kandahar, at
Ghazni, Kabul and Istalif : constantly
wounded : was in the Governor- General's
bodyguard : in the Gwalior campaign,
D.A.Q.M.G. : at Maharajpur : in the
second Sikh war, at Chilianwala and
Gujarat : complimented by the C. in C.
for personal gallantry : Commandant of
Panjab Military Police : Military Secre-
tary to the Panjab Government : Com-
mandant of the Panjab Frontier Force :
commanded several expeditions against
the frontier tribes : in the mutiny of
1857 was in charge of the movable column
of the Panjab until he became Adjutant-
General of the Army at Delhi, and Brig-
General : severely wounded there and dis-
abled : C.B. and A.D.C. to Queen Victoria :
commanded operations against the Wazi-
ris : K.C.B. : commanded in the Umbeyla
campaign in 1863, until severely wounded
when personally leading an assault of a
difficult position : Maj-General : G. C.S.I.,.
1873 : G.C.B., 1875 : commanded the
Madras Army, 1876-81: in 1878
selected, by Lord Lytton, to lead a special
mission to the Amir Shir Ali : the stopping
of the mission at Ali Masjid was the imme-
diate ground of the second Afghan war t
he was personally in harmony with Lord
Lawrence's frontier policy : Military-
Member of Supreme Council, Nov. 1878-
Jan. 1879 : retired, 1881 : severely
criticised the policy of part of the Boer
war, 1 899-1902 : Field Marshal in 1900 :
died Feb. 17, 1902.
CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE
FRANCIS FITZGERALD
(1856- )
Born Jan. 13, 1856 : son of Lt-Colonel'
Charles Chamberlain, C.B. : educated
abroad and at Brentwood School, Essex :
joined the Army, 1873 : Central India
Horse, 1876 : on the staff of Sir F. Roberts-
through the Afghan war, 1878-80 : A.D.C.
to Sir F. Roberts when C. in C, Madras^
1 881-5 : Persian Interpreter, 1885-90 :
served in the Burma campaign, 1886-7 •
re-organized the Kashmir Army, 1890-7 r
commanded the Khyber Force, 1899 :
Private Secretary to Lord Roberts in S.
African war : Inspr-General Royal Irish
Constabulary since 1900 : C.B. in 1900 :
K.C.B., 1903 : retired as Colonel from
the Indian Staff Corps.
7S
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
CHAMBERS, SIR CHARLES HAR-
COURT (1789-1828)
Born Aug. 31, 1789 : nephew of Sir
Robert Chambers, (1737-1803), C.J. Ben-
gal (1789-99): educated at Cambridge,
Fellow of Trinity College : B.A., 1809 :
M.A., 1814 : practised at the bar at the
Mayor's Court, Chester, and elsewhere :
in 1823 appointed a Puisne Judge of the
new Supreme Court, Bombay, opened
May 8, 1824 : knighted by Geo. Ill : the
Supreme Court, while he was judge, passed
severe strictures on the arbitrary pro-
ceedings of the executive officers of the
E. I. Co., including the magistracy and the
police : the Civil Government defied the
Court's authority and instructed the Com-
pany's officers not to assist the Court's
officials : the Court refused to register a
stringent Regulation of the Bombay
Government against the liberty of the Press :
on the death of the Chief Justice, Sir E.
West, on Aug. 13, 1828, Chambers acted
as C.J., and continued opposing the Gov-
ernment : Lord EUenborough, as President
of the Board of Control, supported the
Executive : Chambers, still in opposition,
died Oct. 13, 1828, leaving Sir J. P.
Grant {q.v.) alone : buried in the Cathedral,
Bombay : he wrote, in England, on legal
subjects.
CHAMBERS, SIR ROBERT (1737-1803)
Son of Robert Chambers, of Newcastle :
born i737> educated there and at Lincoln
College, Oxford (Exhibitioner) : Fellow
of University College, 1761 ; M.A., 1761;
B.C.L., 1765 ; Vinerian Professor of Law,
1762-77 : Principal of New Inn Hall,
Oxford, in 1766. In 1744 he joined the
Calcutta Supreme Court as second Judge,
Sir Elijah Impey being Chief : knighted
in 1778 : lived for several years in a
garden-house, at Bhawanipur : he became
Chief Justice in 1791 : retired in 1799 =
declined a peerage : died in Paris, May 9,
1803 : a monument by Nollekens is in the
Temple Church, where he was buried.
He was a friend of Dr. Johnson from
1766, and of Sir Philip Francis in Calcutta.
He was one of the Judges on the trial of
Nuncomar for forgery, when the latter
was convicted, and hanged on Aug. 5,
1775. Chambers left some legal writings,
and a collection of Sanskrit MSS.
CHAMIER, FRANCIS EDWARD
ARCHIBALD (1833- )
Maj -General : son of Henry Chamfer
of the Madras Civil Service : born May 13,
1833 : educated at Cheltenham : joined
the Indian Army : Adjutant of the Calcutta
Volunteers, 1857 : Persian Interpreter to
Sir James Outram in first relief, defence,
siege and capture of Lucknow : com-
manded the Raja of Kapurthala's troops
in the Oudh campaign, 1858 : CLE.
CHAMIER, HENRY (1795-1867)
I.C.S. : educated at Haileybury, 181 1-
12 : went out to Madras, 1813 : entered
the Secretariat, 1827 : became Chief
Secretary, 1837-42 : Member of Council,
Madras, Jan. 1843 - Jan. 1848 : when he
retired : died Feb. 4, 1867.
CHAMIER, JOHN (
I.C.S. : appointed a writer, 1772 :
Factor, 1778 : Junior Merchant, 1780 :
absent in England for 7 years : Senior
Merchant, 1787 : Secretary, 1790, in the
Military, Political, and Secret Depart-
ments, and Judge Advocate General :
" Chief " of Vizagapatam, for 6 years :
Chief Secretary to Madras Government,
1801 : Provisional Member of Council,
Madras, 1802 : confirmed as Member,
1803 : resigned, 1805 : returned to Eng-
land.
CHAMIER, STEPHEN (1834- )
Born Aug. 17, 1834: son of Henry
Chamier of the Madras Civil Service :
educated at Cheltenham and Addiscombe :
entered the Madras Artillery, 1853 : trans-
ferred to Royal Artillery, 1861 : com-
manded mountain battery in Burma
against the Karens, 1856 : served in the
Indian mutiny, 1857-8, and was present
at Cawnpur under Sir Charles Windham,
at the siege of Lucknow under Sir Colin
Campbell, and in the Oudh campaign :
Brevet-Major, and C.B. : Inspr-General of
Ordnance, Madras, 1881-6 : Lt-General,
R.A.
CHAMPION, ALEXANDER ( ? - ? )
Second in command to (Sir Hector)
Munro, 1764, when opposed to Shuja-ud-
daula: in the battle of Baxar, Oct. 23,
1764: Colonel: succeeded Sir Robert
Barker, as C. in C. of the Bengal Army,
June 18, 1774, to Oct. 29, 1774 = com-
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
79
manded a Brigade in 1774, asked for by the
Nawab Wazir of Oudh, against the Rohillas:
defeated them near Tassunih, April 23,
1774 : retired 1774 : resided at Bath
many years.
CHANDA, SAHIB ( ? -1752)
Another name of Husain Dost Khan,
son-in-law of Dost Ali Khan, Nawab of
Arcot, 1732-40, and his Diwan : regarded
as a great soldier of his time : he obtained
possession of the Hindu kingdom of
Trichinopoly by cajoling the Rani, 1736-
The Mahrattas invaded the Carnatic,
1740, besieged Chanda in Trichinopoly,
and took him prisoner in 1741 to Satara :
Dupleix in 1748 procured his release for a
large ransom. On the death of Anwarud-
din, the Nawab of the Carnatic, in 1749,
at the battle of Ambur against Chanda
Sahib and Muzaffar Jang (the claimant
to succeed as Nizam), Chanda was pro-
claimed as Nawab : the British supported
Muhammad Ali, son of Anwaruddin, as
their candidate for the Nawabship, while
the French supported Chanda's aspira-
tions. Muhammad Ali fled from Ambur
to Trichinopoly, where he was besieged
by Chanda : in the fighting that ensued
Chanda surrendered to the Raja of Tan-
jore, in May, 1752, who barbarously put
him to death and sent his head to Muham-
mad Ali.
CHANDRA, BHOLANATH (1822- )
Born 1822 : educated at the Hindu
College : in 1843 became a clerk in the
Union Bank, Calcutta ; afterwards ap-
prenticed to Messrs Haworth, Hardman
& Co. : appointed, in 1845, their agent
fortheu: Cossipur Sugar Refinery: servedfor
30 years : began to publish his " Travels "
serially in the Englishman's Saturday
Journal in 1866-7: issued together in
2 vols, in 1869, in England, with an intro-
duction by J. T. Wheeler (q.v.) : published,
in 1894, a life of Raja Digambar Mitra,
C.S.I. : an auther of undoubted literary
ability and powers of observation.
CHANDRAVARKAR, NARAYAN
GANESH (1855- )
Educated at Elphinstone College, Bom-
bay : pleader of the Bombay High Court
and Judge of that Court since 1901 :
succeeded Mr. Justice Ranade as leader
of the Indian Social reform movement.
CHANDU LAL, MAHARAJA (1766-
1845)
Born 1766 : at first a subordinate in
the Customs Department at Hyderabad
under his uncle, Rai Nanak Ram : in 1806
Peshkar, and, after Mir Alam's death,
became the real Minister of the Nizam's
Government, though Munir-ul-mulk was
Diwan : was highly regarded by Henry
Russell, the Resident at Hyderabad from
18 1 1-20. Chandu Lai ruled Hyderabad
for about 35 years : retired Sep. 1843,
from the Peshkarship, on a monthly
pension of Rs. 30,000 : died April 15, 1845.
CHAPMAN, EDWARD FRANCIS
(1840- )
General : born 1840 : son of Henry
Chapman : entered the Bengal Artillery,
1858 : served in the Abyssinian war, 1867-
8 : accompanied Sir Douglas Forsyth as
Secretary to Yarkand in 1873-4 : in the
Afghan war, of 1878-80, was Chief of the
Staff in Sir F. Roberts' march from
Kabul to Kandahar : C.B : and Brevet Lt-
Colonel : in Burma campaign, 1885-6 :
Military Secretary to Sir Donald Stewart,
when C. in C. in India : Q.M.G. in India :
Director of Military Intelligence, 189 1-6 :
commanded the Scottish District, .1896-
1901 : Colonel Commanding Royal Artil-
lery : F.R.G.S: A.D.C. to Queen Victoria,
1881.
CHAPMAN, ROBERT BARCLAY
(1829- )
I.C.S. : born Nov. 21, 1829 : son of
Jonathan Chapman : educated at Hailey-
bury : entered the Bengal Civil Service,
1849 : and rose to be Secretary to the
Government of India in the Finance
Department, 1869-81, when he retired :
C.S.I.
CHASTENAY, HENRY (1794-1822)
B.C.S. : arrived in India as a writer in
Bengal, Nov. 181 1 : served always at the
headquarters of the Government : Private
Secretary to the Marquess of Hastings,
when Governor - General : died May 2,
1822 : buried at Calcutta.
CHATTERJI, BANKIM CHANDRA
(1838-1894)
Bengali noveUst and prose writer : son
of Jadab Chandra Chatterji, a Deputy
8o
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Magistrate : born June 27, 1838 : educated
at the Midnapur School, Hughli and
Presidency Colleges : in 1858 he was the
first native of India to take the B.A.
degree, Calcutta : at once appointed to be
a Deputy Magistrate, and became a
prominent member of the Provincial
service, acting for a time as Assistant
Secretary to the Bengal Government.
His reputation was made in literature,
as the Bengali novelist of his time : his
novels were numerous, and are said to be
still popular : he brought out a Uterary
magazine, 1872, and wrote the first Ben-
gali historical novel, under the title of
Diirges Nandini. This was followed by
Kapala Kandala, Mrinalini, and Bisha
Brikka, which was translated into English
and very favourably criticised by Pro-
fessor Darmesteter : Debt Chandurani,
Ananda Matha, and Krishna Kanter Will :
wrote also on Hindu religion, Kirshna, the
Vedas, and Hindu literature : made Rai
Bahadur and CLE : retired from Govern-
ment service in 189 1: died April 8, 1894.
CHATTERTON, THE RIGHT REV.
EYRE (1863- )
Born July 22, 1863 : son of A. T. Chat-
terton : educated at Haileybury and
Dublin University : ordained 1887 : Head
of the Dublin University Mission to Chota-
Nagpur, 1 891-1900 : Bishop of Nagpur,
Central Provmces, 1903 : D.D : author of
The Story of Fifty Years' Mission in
Chota-Nagpur : F.R.G.S.
CHAVANNES, EDOUARD (1865- )
Born Oct. 5, 1865, at Lyons : son of
Emile Chavannes, engineer : educated at
I'Ecole normale superieure : his work as a
scholar has dealt principally with Chinese
subjects, often in relation to India : en-
trusted with a scientific mission to China,
1889-93 : appointed Professor of the
Chinese Language and Literature at the
College de France, 1893 : Secretary of the
Societe Asiatique, 1895 : Member of the
Institute, 1903 : The following works by
him treat of the travels of Chinese Budd-
hist pilgrims in India : I-tsing, Les
religieux eminenis, 1894 : Voyage de
Song Yun dans VUdyana et le Gandhara,
(a translation) in the Bulletin de VEcole
francaise d'Extreme Orient, 1903, etc. :
Documents sur les Toii-kine {Turks) occi-
dentaux, 1903, treats of several questions
relating to India. He has also writte^i
largely in the Journal Asiatique, on the
Chinese inscriptions of Bodh Gaya in the
Revue de VHistoire des Religions, and in
other periodicals.
CHAVASSE, WILLIAM (1785-1814)
An ofificerof the E.I. Co.'s service, who
tried, with a companion, to explore the
route of the 10,000 Greeks, as described
in Xenophon's Anabasis. They were
taken prisoners by a local chief near
Bagdad, but released on payment of
ransom. Chavasse died of fever there.
CHEAPE, SIR JOHN (1792-1875)
Son of John Cheape : born in 1792 :
educated at Woolwich and Addiscombe :
joined the Bengal Engineers in 1809,
rose to be Maj-General in 1854: was under
Lord Hastings in the Pindari war, in the
Nerbudda Field Force, 1817 : at the siege
of Asirghar and in the Burmese war,
1824-6 : was Chief Engineer at the siege
of Multan, 1848, and at Gujarat in the
Panjab campaign : C.B. : in the second
Burmese war of 1852-3, was second
in command under General Godwin at
first, and later, in 1853, commanded, and
took Pegu : the provinces of Pegu and
Tenasserim were annexed : K.C.B : A.D.C.
to Queen Victoria : retired, 1857 : Colonel
Commandant of Engineers, 1862 : G.C.B.,
1865 : General, 1866 : died March 30,
1875.
CHELMSFORD, FREDERICK AUGUS-
TUS THESIGER, SECOND BARON
(1827-1905)
Born May 31, 1827 : son of first Baron
(Lord Chancellor, 1858-9) : educated at
Eton : succeeded to title, 1879 : entered
the Army in the Grenadier Guards, 1844 :
served in the Crimea : Lt. -Colonel in the
95th regt. in the mutiny, in Central India :
Adjutant-General in the Abyssinian cam-
paign,1867-8 : C.B. and A.D.C. to Queen
Victoria : Adjutant-General in India :
commanded the forces in the Kafir war,
1878 : succeeded his father, Oct. 1878 :
at Isandhwala, Gingilhovo, Ulundi :
Lieutenant of the Tower, 1884-9 • General,
1888 : G.C.B. : G.C.V.O : died April 9,
1905.
CHERRY, GEORGE FREDERICK
(1761-1799)
B.C.S. : son of George Cherry : born 1761 :
entered the Bengal Civil Service, 1778 :.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
8i
accompanied Lord Cornwallis as his
Persian Secretary to Madras, where, in
1792, peace was made with Tippoo at
Seringapatam : Cherry's picture of Tippoo
is at the India Office : appointed Resident
at Benares, 1793 : there murdered by
Wazir Ali, the reputed son of the late
Nawab Asaf-ud-daula of Oudh, on Jan.
14, 1799-
CHESNAYE, GEORGE COCHET
(1837-1904)
Born Sep. 1837 : entered the Bengal
Medical Service, 1859 : Deputy Surgeon-
General, 1889 : did excellent service at
Mian Mir and Umritsar in the cholera
epidemic of 1861 : in the Hazara Field
Force, 1868 : Black Mountain expedition :
Lushai expedition, 1871-2 : Afghan war,
1878-80 : from Ali Masjid to Gandamak,
1878, to Kabul 1879 : in the Kabul-
Kandahar march : in the battle of Mazra,
near Kandahar : in the expedition against
the Marris : Deputy Surgeon - General,
Lahore, 1889-94 : when he retired : died
x\pril 12, 1904.
CHESNEY, SIR GEORGE TOMKYNS
(1830-1895)
Son of Capt. Charles Cornwallis Chesney
of the Bengal Artillery : born April 30,
1830 : educated at Blundell's school,
Tiverton, and Addiscombe : entered the
Bengal Engineers, 1848, and became
General in 1882 : went to India in 1850 :
in the P.W.D. until the mutiny : in the
Badli-ka-sarai action, June, 8, 1857 : at
the capture of the ridge at Delhi : Brig-
Major, R.E. at Delhi : in the assault on
Sep. 14 : was President of the Engineering
College at Calcutta, and head of the P.W.D.
Account Department in i860 : President
of the Royal Indian Civil Engineering
College at Cooper's Hill, 1871-80, of
which he had prepared the constitution,
etc. : Secretary to the Government of
India in the Military Department, 1880-
6 : Military Member of the Supreme
Council, July, 1886-April, 1891 : M.P. for
Oxford, 1892 : C.S.I. 1883 : CLE. 1886 :
C.B. 1887 : K.C.B. 1890 : died March 31,
1895. He wrote a number of books :
the principal were Indian Polity : The
Pie of Dorking, a military-political
azine article which made a great
ation : The True Reformer, The
mma, The Private Secretary, besides
r articles in Magazines and Reviews.
CHETTY, GAZULU LAKSHMINARASU
(1806-1868)
Son of an indigo merchant : joined his
father in trade and amassed a large
fortune at the time of the American war :
founded the Madras Native Association,
of which he was President : opposed the
proselytizing tendencies of the missionaries
and successfully resisted the attempt
made to introduce the Bible as a text-book
in Government Schools in 1843 • was
forward in the agitation carried on in
1853-5 regarding the grievances of the
natives, which led to the Torture Com-
mission : after incurring much odium as a
seditious person, in 1861 he was made a
C.S.I. : he next directed his attention to
the affairs of Mysore and the Tanjore
widows : lost most of his fortune and died
a poor man, leaving a name for patriotism
and self-sacrifice.
CHIBU, LAMA ( ? -1866)
Was sprimg from an old and respectable
Sikhim family of Tibetan origin : dwelt
at Tumlong near the Raja of Sikhim :
was early a man of influence and mark,
learnt Hindustani, a qualification which
gave him much political importance.
When Sir Joseph Hooker and Dr. Campbell
were imprisoned by the Sikhim Court, he
befriended them throughout, and as a re-
ward obtained a very large estate of about
75,000 acres near Darjeeling, on the
annexation of Sikhim territory. In 1864
he accompanied Sir Ashley Eden through
out his mission to Bhutan and, with con-
siderable personal danger, exerted himself
to bring the negotiations to a successful
issue : died in 1866.
CHINNERY, GEORGE (1766-1852)
Artist : exhibited in the Royal Academy,
1790-1846 : painted in Dublin and London
and went to China, from which country he
visited India : he " made spirited sketches
of scenes in India" : was at Madras, 1802-7
or 8, and afterwards painted many pictures
at Calcutta : was at Canton in 1830 and
died at Macao in 1852 : references to his
works in India occur in Indian literature :
his name and his skill are remembered
there to this day,
CHITNAVIS, GUNGADHAR MADHO
(1863- )
Born 1863 : Hony. Magistrate : Presi-
dent of the Nagpur District Council since
G
82
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
1888: and of the Nagpur Municipality since
1894 : represented the Central Provinces
as Member of the Governor-General's
Legislative Council, 1893-5 : leader of
the Prabhu community : guest of the
nation, representing the Central Provinces,
at H.M. the King's Coronation, 1902 :
CLE., 1895.
CHRISTIE, JOHN (1805-1869)
Entered the Indian Army, 1822, and
the 3rd Light Cavalry, 1823 : at the
capture of Bhartpur, 1826 : was selected
by the C.in C.,Sir Henry Fane, to raise, for
Shah Shuja's force, the ist Irregular
Cavalry, later known as Christie's Horse,
which he commanded to the end of the
first Afghan war, 1839-42 : was at the
occupation of Kandahar and pursuit of
the Sirdars to the Helmund under Sir
Robert Sale : at Ghazni, and Kabul in
1839 : accompanied Outram in pursuit of
the Amir Dost Muhammad across the
Hindu Kush : in the Kandahar Division
under Sir W. Nott in 1842 : at the occupa-
tion of Ghazni and Kabul, the taking of
Istalif, and the final march through the
Khyber to India: was at the battle of
Punniar, 1843 : in the Satlaj campaign
of 1845-6, at Mudki, Firozshahr and
Sobraon : Brevet-Major : throughout the
Panjab campaign, including Chilianwala
and Gujarat, and the pursuit of the
Sikhs and Afghans, always in command
of his regiment : Brevet-Lt-Colonel :
returned from England to India on the
outbreak of the mutiny, commanded the
Dinapur Brigade, and kept Patna per-
fectly quiet : afterwards in command
at Barrackpur and Berhampur : com-
manded the 3rd Bengal Cavalry : Maj-
General, 1861 : joined the Bengal Staff
Corps, 1866: C.B., 1867: and A.D.C. to
Queen Victoria : received many medals and
the Order of the Durani for his services in
Afghanistan : died at San Remo, May 7,
1869 : bvuried there.
CHRISTIE, S. T. ( ? -1876)
Lt-General : entered the Army, 1836 :
served with the 80th regt. in the Burmese
war, 1852-3 : commanded the storming
party at Martaban : at the operations at
Rangoon : at the capture of Prome : in
the Indian mutiny commanded a mov-
able column : at Fatehpur : at the siege
of Lucknow : commanded a Field Force in
the Oudh campaign, wounded : C.B. : Lt-
General 1876 : died Oct. 5, 1876.
CHURCHILL, LORD RANDOLPH
HENRY SPENCER (1849-1894)
Son of the sixth Duke of Marlborough :
born Feb. 13, 1849 : educated at Eton,
and Merton College, Oxford : M.P. for
Woodstock, 1 874-1 885 ; for South Padding-
ton, 1885 to his death. The greater portion
of his career in politics and the House of
Commons had no connexion with India.
He made a tour in that country in the
cold weather of 1884-5, in which he
studied its administration, and gained
experience which was valuable to him
when he was Secretary of State for India
from June 24, 1885, to Feb. 5, 1886. In
that post he made a reputation for his
administrative capacity, his industry,
knowledge of details, and despatch of
business. He sanctioned the Burmese
war of 1885-6 and the annexation of Upper
Biurma, and concluded the Russo-Afghan
Frontier negotiations. He also sanctioned
Mr. Colman Macaulay's visit to Pekin,
with a view to a subsequent mission
to Lhasa, which was afterwards stopped.
He was on a sea voyage round the world
for his health, when he had to leave Madras
and return to England, and died there,
Jan. 24, 1894.
CLAPPERTON, ANDREW BALFOUR
(1794-1847)
Captain : Master-attendant at Cal-
cutta: went to sea in 1808 in the E. I. Co.'s
mercantile service : served in the expedi-
tions against the Isle of France and J ava :
commanded merchant-ships to and from
Calcutta for years ; "no man in the
country's service ever bore a higher
character." He safely rounded Cape
Horn, with a lascar crew, in 1822-3 -
having served as second and first Assistant,
he became Master-attendant, 1840-2, and
was confirmed in 1847, but died, Sep. 20.
He was at various times Judge Advocate
of the Marine Committee of Enquiry :
regarded as a tried and valuable officer
of the Company, and much esteemed in
society.
CLARE, JOHN FITZGIBBON, SECOND
EARL OF (1792-1851)
Governor : born June 10, 1792 : son of
the first Earl, Lord Chancellor of Ireland :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
83
succeeded his father in 1902 : educated
at Christ Church, Oxford : Governor of
Bombay, March 21, 1831, till March 17,
1835 : Privy Councillor, 1830 : G.C.H.,
1835 : K.P., 1845 : died Aug. 18, 1851.
CLARKE, SIR ALURED (1745 ?-1832)
Field-Marshal: born about 1745 : entered
the Army, 1759 ' served in Germany,
Ireland, America : was Lieutenant-Gover-
nor of Jamaica, 1782-90 : on the way
to India, in 1795, he co-operated with Lord
Keith in the capture of Cape Town from
the Dutch E. I. Co. : in India was C in C.
in Madras, Jan., 1796 till March, 1797 :
Member of the Supreme Council and
provisional C. in C. Bengal from April,i797,
and confirmed in the Chief Command in
India in May, 1798, retaining it tiU July,
1 80 1. He was in command of the force
with Sir John Shore when the latter, as
Governor-General, went to Lucknow to
depose Wazir Ali and set up Saadat Ali as
Nawab of Oudh in Jan. 1798. He acted as
Governor-General from the resignation of
Sir John Shore in March, 1798, till the
arrival of Lord Mornington in May, 1798.
He was K.B. in 1797 : General in 1802 :
G.C.B., 1815 : Field-Marshal in 1830, and
died Sep. 16, 1832.
CLARKE, SIR ANDREW (1824-1902)
Son of Col. Andrew Clarke : born 1824 :
educated at King's School, Canterbury,
and Woolwich : entered the Royal
Engineers, 1844 : was A.D.C. to Sir W.
Denison, Governor of Tasmania, 1849-53 •
in the Maori war, New Zealand : on the
Staff of Sir George Grey : Surveyor-
General of Victoria : Minister for Public
Lands in the Legislative Assembly at
Melbourne : nine years Director of Works
for the Navy : Governor and C. in C. of the
Straits Settlements, 1873-5 : P.W.D.
Member of the Supreme Council of the
Governor-General, 1875-80 : Comman-
dant of the School of Military Engineer-
ing at Chatham, 1880-2 : Inspr-General
of Fortifications, 1882-6 : retired in 1886
asLt-General : K.C.M.G., 1873 : G.C.M.G.,
1885 : Col. Commandant R.E. : unsuccess-
fully contested Chatham in 1886 and
1893 : Agent-General to the Colony of
Victoria for many years : died March 29,
1902 : also C.B. and CLE.
CLARKE, CHARLES BARRON
(1832- )
Born June 17, 1832 : son of Tvurner
Poulter Clarke : educated at King's
College, London, Trinity and Queen's
Colleges, Cambridge : third wrangler,
1856 : Mathematical Lecturer at Queen's
College, 1857-65 : joined the Education
Department in Bengal : Inspector of
Schools, 1866-87: retired 1887: F.R.S. :
an ardent Botanist : has written numerous
papers on Botany, also on Anthropology,
Geography, and Music : and Speculations
from Political Economy, 1886.
CLARKE, SIR CHARLES MANSFIELD,
BARONET (1839- )
General : son of Sir Charles Clarke,
second Batt. : born Dec. 13, 1839 :
entered the Army in 1856 : served in New
Zealand, South Africa, War Office, Ireland
and at Aldershot : commanded the Colonial
Forces at the Cape, 1880-2 : C. in C. in
Madras, 1893-8 : Q.M.G., 1899-1903 :
Governor of Malta since 1903 : G.C.B. in
1901.
CLARKE. LONGUEVILLE ( ? -1860 ? )
For many years a prominent barrister
of the Supreme Court, Calcutta : where,
it is stated, he founded the Ice House,
the Bar Library, and the Metcalfe Hall.
CLARKE, TREDWAY (1764-1858)
General : entered the E. I. Co.'s military
service in 1780 : on arriving in Madras
was engaged in the war against Hyder
Ali : wounded at the storming of Chil-
lumbram : in command of the Artillery at
Fort St. George from 1783 : under General
Medows and Lord Cornwallis in the fight-
ing with Tippoo in 1790-2, including
Bangalore, Seringapatam, Pondicherry
and the hill-forts : from 1798, Head
Commissary of Ordnance at Fort St.
George : returned to England in 1811 :
offered the command of the Artillery at
Madras in 1820 : prevented by ill-health
from accepting it : died in 1858.
CLARK-KENNEDY, JOHN (1817-
1867)
Son of Lt-General Sir A. K. Clark-
Kennedy : born in 1817 : entered the
Army in 1833 : served in China : at the
sieges of Multan in 1848, and the battle of
Gujarat : at the pursuit and surrender of
the Sikhs, and defeat of the Afghans :
84
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
with Colin Campbell (Lord Clyde) at the
occupation of Peshawar, March 21, 1849 :
served in the Crimea : Maj -General : died
at Cairo on Dec. 18, 1867.
CLAVERING, SIR JOHN (1722-1777)
Son of Sir James Clavering : born in
1722 : entered the Guards, was Brig-
General in the attack on Guadaloupe in
1759 ' Horace Walpole wrote " Clavering
was the real hero of Guadaloupe. He
has come home covered with more laurels
than a boar's head " ; he was sent to
Hesse-Cassel in 1760 : became Lt-General
in 1770 : in 1774 went to India : C. in C. in
India and one of the four Members of the
Supreme Council under the Regulating Act
of 1773 : lived at Calcutta in Mission Row :
he, Francis, and Monson opposed Warren
Hastings and Barwell in the Supreme
Council. He was made K.B. on Nov.
9, 1776 : he fought, in April, i775> a duel
with Barwell : he supported Nuncomar
in his charges against Warren Hastings.
When Warren Hastings' resignation
was tendered by his agent in England
— but repudiated in India by Hastings —
Clavering claimed to be Governor-General,
but his claim was rejected by the Supreme
Court. Clavering died Aug. 30, i777-
CLEGHORN, HUGH FRANCIS
CLARKE (1820-1895)
Born 1820 : his father was Adminis-
trator-General in the Supreme Court,
Madras : educated at Edinburgh and St.
Andrew's : went to Madras in the medical
service, 1842 : Professor of Botany in the
Madras University, 1852 : entrusted by
the Governor of Madras, Lord Harris, to
form a Government Forest Department :
became Inspr-General of Forests and
established an excellent system of con-
servancy and management : retired,
1869 : for many years he selected the
candidates for the Indian Forest Service :
died May 16, 1895 : LL.D. : F.R.S.E.
CLEGHORN, JAMES (1841- )
Son of John Cleghorn : born 1841 :
educated at Edinburgh University and
Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh :
M.D. St. Andrew's : entered Indian
Medical Service, 1865 : served in the
Bhutan campaign, 1864-5 : and rose to
be Director-General of the I. M.S. and
Sanitary Commissioner, 1895 : Fellow of
the Allahabad University : retired, 1898 •
published various medical papers : Hony.
Surgeon to H.M. the King : C.S.I.
CLERK, SIR GEORGE RUSSELL (1800-
1889)
I.C.S. : son of John Clerk : educated
at Haileybury: entered the Service as
" writer " in 1817 : after holding some
unimportant appointments in Bengal, he
entered the Political Department : was in
the Secretariat, in Rajputana, at Delhi,
Political Agent at Umbala and Ludiana :
Envoy at Lahore, 1842 : Agent to the
Governor-General on the North-Western
Frontier during the first Afghan war,
in which capacity he pushed forward rein-
forcements with energy, and, after the
massacre of the Army, urged a policy of
retribution. He was Lieutenant-Governor
of the N.W.P., June to Dec. 1843 :
Provisional Member of the Supreme
Council, 1844: twice Governor of Bombay,
from 1847 to 1848 : K.C.B. : and from
1860-2. He refused the government of
the Cape, but served there on boundary
and political work, 1853-4 : was Under
Secretary and Secretary to the Board of
Control in 1856-8, and permanent Under
Secretary of State for India, 1858-60.
He was a Member of the Council of India,
1863-76 : K.C.S.I., 1861 : G.C.S.I., 1866 :
died July 25, 1889.
CLERK, SIR GODFREY (1835- )
General : son of Sir George Russell
Clerk {q.v.), the Governor of Bombay :
born Oct. 25, 1835 : entered the Army,
1851 : served with the Rifle Brigade in
the Indian mutiny and N.W. Frontier
campaign : Adjutant-General of the Mad-
ras Army, 1880-5 '• Assistant Military
Secretary at Headquarters,'i886-7 : D.A.G.
to the Forces, 1887-92*: commanding Bel-
fast District, 1892-3 : Lieutenant of the
Tower of London, 1897-1900 : Groom in
Waiting to Queen Victoria, and to H.M
the King : C.B. : K.C.V.O. in 1902.
CLEVELAND, AUGUSTUS (1755-1784)
Of the Bengal Civil Service : said to
have been a cousin of Lord Teignmouth
{q.v.) : was Collector and Judge of the
Diwani Adalat (Civil Court) of the dis-
tricts of Bhagalpur, Monghyr and Raj-
mahal : proceeding in the Atlas Indiaman,
to the Cape for his health, he died at sea^.
i
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
85
Jan. 12 or 13, 1784 : his remains were
brought back to Calcutta, and interred in
the South Park Street Cemetery. Warren
Hastings had a monument erected to him
with a lengthy inscription : another
monument was put up by his native subor-
dinates and others at Bhagalpur. The
inscription on the latter runs : " Who,
without bloodshed or terrors of authority,
employing only the means of conciliation,
confidence and benevolence, attempted
and accomplished the entire subjection of
the lawless and savage inhabitants of the
jungle-territory of Rajmahal, who had
long infested the neighbouring lands by
their predatory incursions, inspired them
with a taste for the arts of civilized life,
and attached them to the British Govern-
ment by a conquest over their minds, the
most permanent as the most rational
mode of dominion." He has been called
" the dulce decus of the early Civil Ser-
vice." This was the voyage of the Atlas
in which Mrs. Warren Hastings returned
to England.
CLINTON, CHARLES HENRY ROLLE
TREFUSIS, TWENTIETH BARON
(1834-1904)
Son of the 19th Baron : born 1834 :
educated at Eton, and Christ Church,
Oxford • M.P. 1857-66, when he suc-
ceeded to the peerage : Under Secretary
of State for India, 1867-8 : Charity
Commissioner : died March 29, 1904.
OLIVE, ROBERT, BARON (1725-1774)
Governor of Bengal : son of Richard
Clive : born Sep. 29, 1725 : educated at
Lostock, Market Drayton. Merchant Tay-
lors' and Hemel Hempstead : his youth
marked by energy, courage, and adven-
ture : reached Madras as a " writer " in
the E. I. Co.'s Civil Service in 1744 : in
the capitulation of Madras, 1746 : escaped
to Fort St. David : obtained military
employ in 1848 : at Boscawen's siege of
Pondicherry : fought at Devikota, 1749,
on behalf of the Tanjore ruler : at the
flight at Valkonda : seized Arcot on
Aug. 31, 1 75 1, to divert Chanda Sahib
from besieging Muhammad Ali at Trichino-
poly : was himself besieged with his small
party in the fort of Arcot for 50 days by
Chanda Sahib's superior force, which he
beat off successfully : one of the most
L brilliant feats in history : defeated Raja
Sahib and the French at Caveripak, 1752 :
destroyed the town of Dupleix Fatehabad :
defeated French Army near Trichinopoly :
took Covelong and Chingleput : in Eng-
land, 1753-6 : returned to India as Lt-
Colonel : on his way out through Bombay
captured, on Feb. 13, 1756, Gheria, the
stronghold of the pirate Angria : became
Lieutenant-Governor of Fort St. David,
June 20, 1756 : after the Black Hole
tragedy, Clive was sent up to Bengal in
Oct.-Dec. 1756 : took Calcutta and Hughli
from the Nawab Suraj-ud-daula: again
defeated him and took Chandernagore :
through Omichund, whom he deceived by
the fraud of two copies, one of them being
fictitious, of the treaty, made a treaty
with Mir J afar to desert the Nawab:
fought the battle of Plassey, June 23, i757 ;
routed the Nawab, who fled and was
killed : installed Mir J afar as Nawab, and
received large siuns from him : made
Governor of Bengal : asserted himself
against his colleagues in the Government :
defeated the Dutch near Chinsiura : sent
Colonel Forde to the N. districts of Mad-
ras : to England again, 1760-5 : made
Baron Clive of Plassey in 1762 : K.C.B. in
1764 : M.P. for Shrewsbury : described
as a " heaven-born General " : quarrelled
with Sullivan, Chairman of the E. I. Co.'s
Directors, and defeated him : reappointed
Governor of Bengal and C. in C. to reform
the abuses prevailing there in his absence :
held office May 3, 1765, till Jan. 1767 :
obtained from the Emperor of Delhi, Shah
Alam, the " diwani," i.e. authority to
administer the Civil Government and
collect the revenue, of Bengal, Bihar and
Orissa, Aug. 12, 1765 : restored Oudh to
Shuja-ud-daula : reformed the adminis-
tration, checking malpractices and giving
adequate salaries : measures of retrench-
ment provoked mutiny, which he promptly
repressed : finally retired in 1767, poorer
than in 1765 : a £70,000 legacy from Mir
Jafar he devoted to " the Clive Fund "
for military men : attacked in England
by numerous enemies, his administration
subjected to Parliamentary inquiry :
partly condemned,but it was finally decided
that Clive had rendered great and meritori-
ous services to his country : worn out by
ill-health and persecution, he took his own
life, Nov. 22, 1774. His character much
discussed : his bravery, ability, master-
fulness, power of leading and governing
are generally admitted : but his deceit of
86
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Omichund cannot be justified, and his
acceptance of large presents from Mir
J afar can only be excused by special
considerations of contemporary custom,
and their openness.
CLOSE, SIR BARRY, BARONET (1766-
1813)
Appointed to the Madras Army in
1771 : besieged at Tellicherry in 1780 by
Hyder All's troops : conducted boundary
negotiations with Tippoo's Commissioners :
was present at the sieges of Seringapatam
in 1792 and 1799, as Deputy, and Assist-
ant Adjutant-General : his services warm-
ly acknowledged by the C. in C, General
Harris : appointed Resident of Mysore in
1799, and Resident of Poona in 1801,
remaining there for ten years. He, there,
as Resident, negotiated the Treaty of
Bassein of Dec. 31, 180:?, with the Peshwa,
Baji Rao : retired to England in 181 1 :
created a Baronet : died April 20, 1813.
CLYDE, COLIN CAMPBELL, BARON
(1792-1863)
Field-Marshal, son of Colin Macliver, a
carpenter : took his mother's name of
Campbell : born Oct. 20, 1792 : entered
the Army in 1808 : served in Portugal
under Sir Arthur Wellesley and Sir
John Moore : was in the expedition to
Walcheren, 1809 : served in the Penin-
sular from 1810 to 1813, distinguishing
himself by his gallantry : Captain, 1813 :
was in Nova Scotia, at Gibraltar, in the
W. Indies : Major, 1825 : Lt-Colonel,
1832 : in the China war of 1842 : C.B. :
to India in 1846 : Brigadier at Lahore :
was engaged in the second Sikh war, at
Ramnagar, Chilianwala and Gujarat :
commanded the Peshawar Division :
K.C.B. in 1849 : commanded the Highland
Brigade in the Crimea at Alma, Bala-
clava : G.C.B. in 1855 : Lt-General,
1856 : D.C.L. of Oxford : went out at a
day's notice in July, 1857, to be C. in C. in.
India during the mutiny, hurried up rein-
forcements to Cawnpur, and thence, in
Nov. 1857, relieved Lucknow, carrying
off the garrison, defeated the rebels at
Cawnpur, and, in March, 1858, besieged
and took Lucknow on the 19th : subse-
quently he reduced the rebels of Northern
India to submission : General, and made
Lord Clyde of Clydesdale, in 1858 : and
received a pension from the E.I. Co. :
returned to England in i860 : was one of
the first Knight Commanders of the Star
of India in 1861 : was made Field-Marshal
in 1862 : died on Aug. 14, 1863, and was
buried in Westminster Abbey. His mili-
tary career was one of the greatest of the
century : his victories in India and his
modest and exemplary character made
him a hero to the public.
COBB, JAMES (1756-1818)
Appointed a clerk in the Secretary's
office at the India House, March 28, 1771 :
became Assistant Secretary, June 2, 1802 :
Secretary, Jan. 7, 1814 : between 1779
and 1809, he wrote a large number of
pieces of various kinds for the stage :
died 1818.
COCKBURN, THOMAS (1763- ? )
Appointed a writer at Fort St. George,
1779 : Member of the Board of Revenue
in 1793 : in 1798 Lord Mornington
strongly recommended him to the second
Lord Clive, then Governor of Madras :
in 1 801 he was induced by the Court of
Directors not to retire : was employed in
settling the affairs of the Nawab of Arcot,
and gave evidence before the House of
Commons Committee on the affairs of
the E. I. Co., in 1812. In 1813 he pub-
lished a brochure in the form of an
imaginary speech to be delivered by an
M.P. on Legislative Interference in the
Conversion of the Indian Population to
Christianity.
COCKBURN, SIR WILLIAM, BARO-
NET (1768-1835)
Son of Colonel James Cockburn : born
in a camp in 1768 : entered the Army
when only 10 years old : in the American
war, and a captain at 15 : in India 1790-
1802 : in the first Mysore war, and at
Seringapatam in 1792, where he acted as
Engineer : Lt-General, 1821 : died March
19. 1835.
COCKERELL, HORACE ABEL
(1833- )
I.C.S. : born Sep. 19, 1833 : educated
at Eton and Haileybury, 185 1-2 : went
out to Lower Bengal, 1853 : officiating
Chairman of the Calcutta Corporation and
Commissioner of Police, 1869 and 1872 :
Commissioner of several Divisions : Secre-
tary to the Bengal Government, Judicial
and Political Departments, 1877-82 :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
^7
Member of the Board of Revenue, 1S82-
87 : acting Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal,
Aug. II to Sep. 17, 1885 : C.S.I. : retired
1887.
COCKS, ARTHUR HERBERT (1819-
1881)
I.C.S. : son of the Hon. Philip James
Cocks : born April 18, 18 19 : educated at
Haileybury : went to India in 1837 :
served in Sind under Sir C. Napier : in
the Pan jab campaign was Political Officer
to Lord Gough at Ramnagar, Chilianwala,
Gujarat : after the annexation in 1849
served in the Panjab : in the mutiny was
Judge of Mainpuri : served in the volun-
teers at Agra, and in the Alighar district :
C.B., 1S60 : retired, 1863 : died Aug. 29,
CODRINGTON, OLIVER (1837-
Born May 5, 1837 : son of Rev. T. S.
Codrington, Vicar of Wroughton, Wilts :
educated at the Royal Free Grammar
School, Marlborough, and the London
Hospital : M.D. : F.S.A. : in the Army
Medical Department, June, 1859-1885 :
served in the N. Zealand war, 1864-6 :
retired with honorary rank of Deputy
Surgeon-General : formerly Secretary of
the Bombay Asiatic Society, now Hony.
Librarian of the Royal Asiatic and
Royal Numismatic Societies : has written
a Manual of Musulman Numismatics and
various papers on Oriental Numismatic
and Archaeological subjects.
COFFIN, SIR ISAAC CAMPBELL
(1800-1872)
Son of Capt. Coffin, R.N. : born 1800:
reached India in the E. I. Co.'s Army in
1819 : joined at Madras in 1821 : served
in the first Burma war, 1824, and at sta-
tions held by the Madras Army : com-
manded, from 1855, the Hyderabad
subsidiary force : and a Division of the
Madras Army in 1859-64 : K.C.S.I.,
1866 : Lt-General, 1869 : died Oct i, 1872.
COGHILL, KENDAL (1832- )
Colonel : son of Admiral Sir J . Coghill,
Bart. : born Oct. 21, 1832 : educated at
Cheltenham : joined the Indian Army,
1851 : served in Burma, 1853-5 :
Adjutant of his regt. (2nd European
Bengal Fusiliers) during the mutiny, 1857-
8 : present at Badli-ka-sarai and siege
of Delhi, and several subsequent actions :
Brig-Major at Cawnpur and Barrackpur :
Assistant A.G. at Lucknow and Cal-
cutta : and of the Presidency Division,
1861-1870 : exchanged to 19th Hussars,
which he commanded in Egyptian cam-
paign, 1882 : C.B.
COGHLAN, SIR WILLIAM M. (1803-
1885)
General : son of Captain J. Coghlan,
C.B., R.N. : joined the Artillery in India,
1820 : in the Kolapur Field Force, 1826-7 :
Brig- Major of Artillery in Sind and
Afghanistan in 1838-40 : at Ghazni
Kabul, Kandahar, capture of Kelat :
Political Resident and Commandant at
Aden, 1854-63 : he carried out, 1856-7,
the occupation of Perim (previously taken
possession of in 1799) as suggested by
Lord Elphinstone {q.v.) : commanded
against Arabs, 1858 : stormed the fort
of Shekh Othmar : K.C.B., 1864 : died
Nov. 25, 1885.
COKE, SIR JOHN (1806-1897)
Maj -General : son of the Rev. F. Coke :
born 1806 : entered [E.I. Co.'s Service,
1823 : served in the loth Bengal N.I. :
raised the ist Panjab Infantry at Pesha-
war, 1849 : commanded it till 1858 : in
the Indian mutiny was in 14 engagements,
including the siege of Delhi : Sheriff of
Herefordshire, 1879 : died Dec. 18, 1897 :
K.C.B.
COLE, SIR CHRISTOPHER (1770-1836)
Captain, R.N. : son of Humphrey
Cole: born June 10, 1770: entered the
Navy, 1780 : went to India, 1789^ under
Commodore William Cornwallis, and
again in 1804 in the Culloden under Sir
Edward Pellew : C. in C. in the E. Indies :
took Sir John Malcolm on his mission to
Persia, via Bushire, 1808 : relieved the
garrison of Amboyna, 1810: captured
Neira, the principal of the Banda islands :
thanked by the Governor-General of
India : served on the Malabar coast, 18 11,
and against Java : D.C.L. of Oxford :
knighted, 1812 : K.C.B., 1815 : M.P. for
Glamorganshire, 1817-30 : died Aug. 24,
1836.
COLEBROOKE, HENRY THOMAS
(1765-1837)
Son of Sir George Colebrooke, Bart.,
Chairman of the E.I. Co.'s Directors in
88
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
1769 : born June 15, 1765 : privately
educated: went to India in 1782-3. In
his early years, as Assistant Collector in
Tirhut and Purnea, he took keenly to
sport : his first literary work was on the
Agriculture and Commerce of Bengal, in
which he opposed the monopoly policy of
the E. I. Co. At first he disliked Oriental
literature, but feeling compelled, in the
exercise of his duties, to learn law through
the Sanskrit language, he published a
translation of a Digest of Hindu Law, 1791,
in which his appointment in 1795 to
Mirzapur, near Benares, facilitated his
Sanskrit studies : also wrote in the
Asiatic Researches, his first paper, in 1794,
being " On the Duties of a Faithful Hindu
Widow " : also, on the " Origin of Caste " :
was sent on a mission to the Raja of
Berar at Nagpur in 1799-1801, without
success : appointed in 1801 to be a Judge
of the Sadr Diwani Adalat, and foiu: years
later became the Head of that Court :
was also, unsalaried. Professor of Hindu
Law and Sanskrit at the College of Fort
William, Calcutta : was a Member of the
Supreme Council from 1807 to 18 12, re-
taining his seat in the Sadr Court : after
his 5 years in Council, Colebrooke returned
to the Court, and next became a Member
of the Board of Revenue, till the close of
1814 : was President of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal from 1807 to 18 14, when
he left India. He made a voyage to the
Cape on business in 1821-2 : after his
return thence, he became Director of the
Royal Asiatic Society, which he helped to
found in 1823 : became totally blind, and
died March 10, 1837. His literary and
scientific labours were immense. A great
mathematician, a zealous astronomer and
profound Sanskrit scholar, his writings
always commanded the highest attention :
he has been described as facile princeps
among Sanskrit scholars. He wrote also
on the Vedas, on Sanskrit grammar, and
a lexicon, on the Sect of Jains, on Indian
Jurisprudence and Roman law, besides
other papers on Hindu Law, philosophy
and customs, Indian algebra, on astrono-
my, the height of the Himalayas, botany,
geology, comparative philology, etc.,
in contributions to the Transactions of the
learned Societies — the Astronomical, Lin-
naean. Geological and Asiatic — to which
he belonged, as well as to the Royal
Societies of London and Edinburgh : he
was a Member of several foreign Acade-
mies also : he gave, in 1818, his valuable
collection of Sanskrit MSS. to the E. I.
Co.'s Library.
COLEBROOKE, SIR THOMAS ED-
WARD, BARONET (1813-1890)
Son of Henry Thomas Colebrooke (^.v.) :
bom in Calcutta in 1813 : succeeded as
Baronet in 1838 : was nearly 40 years
M.P. for Taunton and Lanarkshire : was
not a scholar, but was in sympathy with
Oriental scholars and with research : was
President of the Royal Asiatic Society,
1864-6, 1875-7, 1881 : published the Life
of Mountstuart Elphinstone, Essays by
H. T. Colebrooke, The Creeds of India, a
pamphlet : edited and published a third
volume of Elphinstone's India : died
Jan. II, 1890.
COLEMAN, JAMES GEORGE (1824-
1883)
Born 1824 : was originally in the Marine
Service : became partner with Mr. Mac-
dowell, and later sole proprietor in a firm
at Madras, which by great industry and
application he made a flomishing and
profitable business : did much for the
social and public welfare of the conunun-
ity : joined the Volunteer movement at
its commencement ; became its Lt-Colonel
and commanded the Duke's Own Artillery
Corps : was an active member of the
Municipal Corporation : and a member of
the Madras Legislative Council from 1879 :
contributed largely to charitable institu-
tions ; died at Royapuram, Madras. Dec.
14, 1883 : one of the foremost of the
Eurasian Community of Madras.
COLGAN, MOST REV. DR. JOSEPH,
D.D. (1824- )
Born in Ireland, April i, 1824 : edu-
cated at Navan and Maynooth College :
arrived in India, 1844 : held various
appointments in Madras until he became
Vicar Apostolic, titular Bishop of Aurelio-
polis : and Archbishop in 1886 : Personal
Assistant to the Pontifical Throne, 1894 :
a FeUow of the Madras University : pul)-
lished works on Roman Catholicism.
COLLEN, SIR EDWIN HENRY
HAYTER (1843- )
Born June 17, 1843 : son of Henry
Collen : Maj-General : educated at Royal
Military Academy, Woolwich : entered
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
the Royal Artillery, 1863 : served in the
Abyssinian war, 1868 : Secy, to the Indian
Army Commission, 1879 : Afghan war,
1880 : Soudan, 1885 : Secretary to the
Government of India, Military Depart-
ment, 1887-96 : Military Member of
Governor-General's Supreme Council, 1896
-1901 : CLE., 1889 : C.B., 1897 : K.C.I.E.,
1893 : G.C.I.E., 1901.
COLLETT, SIR HENRY (1836-1901)
Lt-General : born 1836 : son of the
Rev. W. Collett : educated at Tonbridge :
entered the Bengal Army in 1855 : saw
much service : was in the Sitana campaign
under Sydney Cotton, 1858 : in the Oudh
campaign in 1858-9 : in the Khasia and
Jaintia rebellion, 1862-3 '• severely
v/ounded at Oomkrong : in the Abyssinian
campaign, 1868 : in the Afghan war,
1878-80 : at Peiwar Kotal, in the Khost
valley, the Kabul-Kandahar march and
the battle of Kandahar : C.B. : com-
manded a Brigade in the Bmrma expedi-
tion, 1886-8 : commanded the E. Frontier
district with the Chin-Lushai expedition-
ary force, 1889-90 : commanded the
Manipur Field Force, 1891 : K.C.B. : was
a botanist with considerable knowledge,
and wrote on the flora of Simla : died
Dec. 21, 1901.
COLLEY, SIR GEORGE POMEROY
(18 35-1881
Maj-General : son of 'the Hon. George
Francis CoUey.who was originally Pomeroy:
born Nov. 1835 : educated at the R.M.C.
Sandhurst (highly distinguished), joined
the 2nd Queen's in 1852 : served at the
Cape, and held a Border Magistracy there,
1857-8 : served in China, was at the action
of the Taku forts and the advance on
Pekin : Brevet - Major, 1863 : entered
the Staff College and passed with distinc-
tion : appointed Professor there, and wrote
articles on the Army in the Encyclopcedia
Britannica : in the Ashanti campaign,
1873 : went to Natal on a special mission,
to the Transvaal, and Swaziland : was
?*Iilitary Secretary to Lord Lytton when
Viceroy and Governor-General of India,
I S 76-8 : Private Secretary, 1878-80, but
during 1879 was Chief on the Staff to
Sir Garnet Wolseley in Zululand and the
Transvaal, until recalled late in that year
to India. He was C.B., 1873 : C.M.G.,
1878 : K.C.S.I., 1879. Early in 1880
he was appointed High Commissioner for
South Eastern Africa, and Governor and
C. in C, Natal : in the fighting with the
Boers which ensued, Colley was defeated
at Laing's Nek, and was killed in the
Boers' attack on Majuba Hill, Feb, 26,
1881. Colley had studied deeply the
questions of the Indian frontier and Cen-
tral Asia, and exercised much influence on
the military and political policy of Lord
Lytton's administration.
COLLINS, SIR ARTHUR JOHN
HAMMOND (1834- )
Son of John Collins : born 1834 :
called to the bar from Gray's Inn, i860 :
Q.C. and Bencher, 1877 : also a barrister
of the Middle Temple : Recorder of Poole,
1873-9, and of Exeter, 1879-85 : Chief
Justice of the High Court, Madras, 1885-
99 : knighted, 1885 : Vice-Chancellor of
the Madras University, 1889-99.
COLLINS, JOHN ( ? -1807)
Colonel : joined the E. I. Co.'s Bengal
Infantry, 1770 : Major in 1794 : appointed
Resident at the Court of Daulat Rao
Sindia {q.v.), 1 795-1 803, but, though he[had
much power over him, failed to dissuade
him from fighting against the English :
Collins, therefore, in 1803 left Sindia, who
was defeated at Assaye and Argaum in
that year. Collins was also sent on a
mission to Jaipur in 1799. After the
Mahratta war, Collins was Resident at
Lucknow, at the Court of the Nawab
Wazir, and died there June 11, 1807. He
was called " King Collins," and is de-
scribed as " cold, imperious, and over-
bearing," so that Metcalfe {q.v.) declined
to remain under him.
COLQUHOUN, ARCHIBALD ROSS
(1848- )
Son of Dr. Archibald Colquhoun,
H.E.I.C.S.: educated at Edinburgh Univer-
sity and abroad : entered the Indian
Public Works Department, 1871 : ex-
plored from Canton to Bhamo for best
railway route between Burma and China,
1 88 1-2 : Deputy Commissioner Upper
Burma, 1885-9 '• Administrator in Mas-
honaland, 1890 : retired, 1894 : travelled
extensively in Siberia, Mongolia and
China, etc., 1900-3 : author of Across
Chryse, 1883 ; Amongst the Shans, 1885 ;
The Key of the Pacific, 1895 ; Russia against
90
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
India, 1900, etc. etc. : F.R.G.S. : Times
Correspondent on several occasions :
has written a number of geographical and
political papers.
COLVILE, SIR JAMES WILLIAM
(1810-18S0)
Son of Andrew Wedderburn Colvile :
born 1810 : educated at Eton, and Trinity
College, Cambridge : called to the bar
from the Inner Temple in 1835 : was
appointed in 1845 to be Advocate-General,
Bengal : made a Puisne Judge of the
vSupreme Court, Calcutta, 1848 : knighted :
Chief Justice, 1855-9, when he retired :
was President of the Council of Education,
and of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,
1848-59 : also Vice-President of the
Governor-General's Legislative Council :
after his retirement, he was Privy Coun-
cillor, and first Assessor, and, later. Mem-
ber of the Judicial Committee : F.R.S. :
died Dec. 6, 1880.
COLVILLE, SIR CHARLES (1769 1843)
Entered the Army, 1781, in 28th regt. :
Lt-Colonel in 13th foot in 1796 : served in
the Irish rebellion, 1798 : in Egypt,
1 80 1-2 : commanded his regiment to
Bermuda, 1808 : Brigadier in the Penin-
sula, 1810-14 : commanded a Division
at Waterloo : C. in C. at Bombay, Oct.
9, 1819 to 1826 : Colonel of 5th Fusiliers,
1835 : General, 1837 : G.C.B. : G.C.H. :
died March 27, 1843.
COLVIN, SIR AUCKLAND (1838- )
I.C.S. : son of John Russell Colvin {g.v) :
born 1838 : educated at Eton and Hailey-
bury, 1855-7 : served, chiefly in the
N.W.P., 1858-79 : officiating Secretary
to N.W.P. Government, 1873, 1875 =
Comptroller-General, Egypt, 1880-2 :
/ K.C.M.G., 1881 : Financial Adviser to
the Khedive, 1882-3 : Financial Member
of the Supreme Council, 1883-7 : Lieuten-
ant Governor of the N.W.P. and Oudh,
1887-92 : retired, 1892 : K.C.S.L, 1892 :
CLE. : Chairman of the Burma Railways
Co. : and of the Egyptian Delta Light
Railways Co. : wrote [ohn Russell Colvin,
in the " Rulers of India " series, 1895.
COLVIN, JAMES MORRIS COLQU-
HOUN (1870- )
Major : son of J. C. Colvin, B.C.S :
born Aug. 26, 1870 : educated at Charter-
house : joined the Royal Military Academy,
Woolwich : joined the Royal Engineers,
1888 : served in the Chitral Relief
expedition, 1895, and in the Malakand
Field Force, 1897, where he won the V.C, :
in South Africa in 1901-2 : Intelligence
Department, India : vStaff Captain for
Mobilisation, 1903.
COLVIN, JOHN RUSSELL (1807-1857)
Lieutenant-Governor : I.C.S. : son of
James Colvin, Calcutta merchant : born
in Calcutta, May 29, 1807 : educated at
St. Andrews and at Haileybury : went
to Bengal in 1826, to Hyderabad in 1827 :
was Assistant and Deputy Secretary in
the Judicial and Revenue Departments of
the Government of India, 1831-5 :
Secretary to the Board of Revenue, 1835 :
Private Secretary to the Governor-
General, Lord Auckland, 1836-42 ; and
is said to have exercised considerable
influence over the latter's Afghan policy.
He was Resident in Nipal, 1845, Commis-
sioner of Tenasserim, 1846 : Judge of the
Sadr Court at Calcutta : Lieutenant-
Governor of the N.W.P. from Nov. 7,
1853. It was said that Colvin " over-
governed " : he worked with extraordi-
nary industry, and greatly increased the
business of the Government : his action
in the mutiny has been the subject of
controversy : he issued, in May, a pro-
clamation which was not entirely approved:
the violence of the outbreak fell upon him
without warning, and the forces at his
disposal were inadequate to meet it. He
was " worn out by the unceasing anxieties
and labours of his charge" — so ran Lord
Canning's notification of his death : he
fell ill, became worse, and died in canton-
ments on Sep. 9, 1857 : and was buried
in the fort at Agra. Sir Auckland Colvin,
in his life of his father, J. R. Colvin, in
the " Rulers of Ifidia " series, has ex-
hausted the subject.
COLVIN-SMITH, SIR COLVIN
(1829- )
Born Aug. 4, 1829 : son of Rev. Robert
Smith, D.D. of Old Macker, Aberdeen :
educated at Grammar School and King's
College and University, Aberdeen : M.D.
of Aberdeen : and L.R.C.S. Edinburgh :
entered the Madras Army, 185 1 : served
in second Burma war, 1852-3, and in the
Indian mutiny, 1857-9 : Principal
medical officer with Indian Contingent
in Egyptian campaign, 1882 : C.B., 1882 ;
i
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
91
present at Tel-el- Kebir and Zagazig :
retired in 1884 : Honorary Surgeon to the
late Queen and to H.M. the present King :
K.C.B. in 1903.
COMBERMERE, STAPLETON COTTON,
FIRST VISCOUNT (1773-1865)
Field-Marshal : son of Sir R. S. Cotton,
fifth Baronet : M.P. : born Nov. 1773 :
educated at Westminster, and at a private
Military Academy in Baysvvater : entered
the Army in 1790, in the 23rd Fusiliers ;
served in Flanders : was Lt-Colonel of
a Cavalry regt. at the Cape on his way
to India, where he was engaged in 1799
against Tippoo, being at MalvaUli and
Seringapatam : returned to England,
1800 : was M.P. for Newark, 1806-14 :
as Ma j -General he commanded, first a
Brigade in the Peninsula, from 1808, and
later the whole cavalry Division : suc-
ceeded as Baronet in 1809 : was at
Talavera and Salamanca : K.C.B. in
1812 : and at other engagements, including
the Pyrenees campaign and Toulouse :
was made Baron Combermere in May,
1 814, and received a pension. He com-
manded the allied cavalry in France in
1 8 15-6 : was Governor of Barbados
1817-20, and Commander-in-Chief in
Ireland, 1822-5 : as C. in C. in India,
1 825-1 830, he Ijesieged and took Bhartpur
on Jan. 18, 1826, and was made Viscount
in 1827 : Constable of the Tower, 1852 :
Field-Marshal, 1855 : he was G.C.B. in
1815 : G.C.H. in 1817 : D.C.L. in 1830 :
Privy Councillor, 1843 : K.C.S.I., 1861 :
died Feb. 21, 1865.
COMPTON, SIR HERBERT ABINGDON
DRAPER (1770-1846)
Son of Walter Abingdon Compton :
entered the E.I. Co.'s Army as a private
soldier : went to India : bought himself
out of the Army : articled himself in an
office in Madras : returned home, and
wrote for newspapers in London : called
to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1808 :
joined the Madras bar, and became
Advocate-General there, and at Calcutta :
was knighted and made Chief Justice of
the Bombay Supreme Court, April 11, 1831:
retired in 1839, and died Jan. 14, 1846.
COMYN, SIR ROBERT BUCKLEY
(1792-1853)
Son of the Rev. Thomas Comyn : born
Oct. 26, 1792 : educated at Merchant
Taylors' School and St. John's College,
Oxford : called to the bar at Lincoln's
Inn in 1814 : appointed a Puisne Judge
of the Calcutta Supreme Court in 1825 :
knighted : Chief Justice of Madras from
July I, 1835, until March 11, 1842 : D.C.L.
Oxford : Bencher of the Middle Temple :
died May 23, 1853. He wrote on legal
and historical subjects.
CONNEMARA, ROBERT BOURKE,
FIRST BARON (1827-1902)
Governor : born June 11, 1827: son of
fifth Earl of Mayo, brother of sixth Earl
of Mayo (q-v.), Viceroy and Governor-
General : educated at Enniskillen and
Trinity College, Dublin : called to the
bar at the Inner Temple, 1852 : M.P. for
King's Lynn, 1868, 1874 : Under Secre-
tary for Foreign Affairs, 1874-80 : and
again 1885-6 : P.C, 1880 : Governor of
Madras, Dec. 8, 1886-Dec i, 1890:
G.C.I.E. : made a Peer, May 12, 1887 :
died Sep. 3, 1902.
CONOLLY, ARTHUR (1807-1842 ?)
Son of Valentine Conolly : born July
2, 1807 : educated at Rugby and Addis-
combe : went to India in the same ship
as Bishop Heber : joined the Bengal
Cavalry, 1823 : at Bhartpur, 1826 :
from leave in England he returned to
India through Central Asia, via St. Peters-
burg, Tiflis, Teheran, Astrabad: nearly
killed by the Tmrcomans on his way to
Khiva : from Astrabad to Mashad, Herat,
Kandahar, Sind : wrote an account of his
journey : was in the Political Department
in Rajputana, 1834-8 : Captain : made
another journey via Vienna, Constanti-
nople, Bagdad, Teheran and Herat : joined
Macnaghten's Staff at Kabul, 1840 :
in Sep. he was sent as Envoy to Khiva,
via Merv, and to Khokand, and, on the
invitation of the Amir NasiruUa of Bok-
hara, sent through Stoddart, went on
there, but was treacherously imprisoned,
in Oct. or Dec. 1841 : he and Stoddart
were executed in captivity, probably on
June 17, 1842. His few letters described
their sufferings in their dungeon : his
prayer-book, full of his writing, was
delivered to his sister in London in 1862.
CONOLLY, EDWARD BARRY (1808-
J840)
Brother of Arthur Conoll5'^(^.i^.) : was
Captain in the Bengal Cavalry and Com-
92
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
mandant of Sir W. Macnaghten's escort
at Kabul, when he was killed, fighting in
the Kohistan under Sir R. Sale, on Sep.
29, 1840: he had written papers for the
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
CONOLLY, HENRY VALENTINE
(1806-1855)
I.C.S.: brother of Arthur ConoUy
(q.v.) : educated at Rugby, went to Madras,
1824 : served in Bellary, and for many
years as District Officer of the Malabar
district : he was murdered in his own
house by Moplah fanatics on Sep. 11,
1855 : he had been nominated to be
provisional Member of Council, Madras.
CONRAN, HENRY (1738-1810)
Major : served in the American war,
1755-6 : under Wolfe, at Quebec, in 1759 =
returned to England and retired as Major
about 1780 : went to India by way of Aleppo
and the desert with a packet from the
Court of Directors to the Bengal Govern-
ment: appointed to the Staff of Warren
Hastings, on whose retirement, in 1785,
Conran remained in Calcutta and died
there. May 15, 1810.
CONWAY. THOMAS HENRY SOMER-
SET ( ? -1837)
Brig-General entered the E. I. Co.'s
military service in 1793 = reached Madras,
1795 : in the expedition to Ceylon, 1796 :
in that to Manilla, 1797 : in several
campaigns : in Mysore, 1799 : in the
Ceded Districts, 1 801-2 : Mahratta war,
1803-6 : under Sir T. Hislop, 1815 : in
the Pindari war, 1 817-8 : Adjutant-
General of the Madras Army, from 1809 :
C.B., 1819 : employed on a military mission
to Bengal, 1828-30 : appointed to com-
mand the Hyderabad Subsidiary Force :
died of cholera. May 14, 1837.
COOCH BEHAR, MAHARAJA SIR
NRIPENDRA BHUP BAHADUR
OF (1862- )
Born Oct. 4,1862 : succeeded his father
in 1863, the State being under official
management diuring his minority : edu-
taced at the Wards' Institute, Benares,
and at Bankipur, Patna : Maharaja
Bahadur, 1880 : installed in 1883 as a
Ruling Chief : G.C.I.E., 1887 : Hony.
Lt-Colonel of the 6th Bengal Cavalry :
through the Tirah campaign on the Staff of
General Yeatman-Briggs : present at Dargai
and Samana : C.B., 1898 : Hony. A.D.C
to H.M. the King : married in 1878 the
daughter of Keshab Chandra Sen {q.v.).
The Maharaja has visited England
several times : he is a keen sportsman
and has excelled in polo, tennis, and other
games. The Maharani Sunity Devi has
been a Member of the Imperial Order of
the Crown of India since 1887.
COOKE, EDWARD (1772-1799)
Son o^ Colonel Cooke : became a
Captain in the Royal Navy : appointed to
the Syhille in 1795, served in her at the
Cape, and in the East Indies : off the
Sandheads, in the Bay of Bengal, the
Syhille fought between 9 p.m. on Feb.
28, 1799, and 2.30 a.m. on March i, the
French ship Forte, a much larger and better
armed frigate, and captured her in the
Balasore roads, 150 of the Forte's men
being killed and wounded. Cooke re-
ceived very severe wounds, of which he
died at Calcutta, May 23, i799- The
E.I. Co. erected a monument to him in the
South Park Street Cemetery, Calcutta.
COOKE, THEODORE (1836- )
Born 1836 : son of Rev. John Cooke,
Rector of Ardinan, Co. Tipperary :
educated at Dublin University, highly
distinguished : went to India as Engineer
of the Bombay-Baroda line, i860 :
erected the Bassein bridge, 1865 : Princi-
pal of Civil Engineering College at Poona,
1865 : acted as Director of Public Instruc-
tion in Bombay : Director of Botanical
Survey of Western India, and Director of
Agriculture : Fellow of the Bombay
University : retired in 1893, and was
Sub-Director of the Imperial Institute :
author of Manual of Heat, Manual of
Geology, Flora of Bombay Presidency :
CLE. in 1891.
COOPER, MANACKJI BEJONJI (1845-
1904)
Born Sep. 15, 1845 : educated at Sir
Jamsetji Jijibhai's Institution and the
Elphinstone College, Bombay : head-
master of the Fort High School, Bombay,
for nearly 20 years : the pioneer of higher
education by private non-missionary enter-
prise in Western India. Sir W. W.
Hunter, President of the Education
Commission of 1882, stated that had there
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
93
been others like Cooper in the chief
centres of India, the Commission would
never have been appointed, because his
work had solved the problem of the Com-
mission : the first Parsi schoolmaster to
visit England, 1875, to study the educa-
tional systems of the West and apply them
to his work in India. He was a house-
hold word among Bombay students :
was popularly known as Manackji Master :
his High School officially bore the highest
reputation : he edited Pope's Homer's
Iliad : died Aug. 4, 1904.
COOPER, THOMAS THORNVILLE
(1839-1878)
Traveller: son of John J. Cooper:
born Sep. 13, 1839 : educated at Bishop-
wearmouth. When he was on a voyage
to Australia for his health, the crew
mutinied : he went to India, 1859: joined
the firm of Arbuthnot & Co. at Madras :
travelled to Rangoon and on to Shanghai :
fought against the Taiping rebels : in
1868, he tried to travel from Hankow,
through Tibet, to India, was stopped at
Batang and near Weisi and imprisoned,
and, vid the Yangtsze, reached Hankow
in Nov. 1868: in 1869, trying to reach China
from Sadiya in Assam was stopped at Prun.
The India Office employed him with the
Panthay mission to London : he was then
made Political Agent at Bhamo : returned
home for his health : attached to the India
Office : reappointed in 1876 to Bhamo,
and was murdered there by one of his own
guards, April 24, 1878. He wrote Travels
of a Pioneer of Commerce in Pigtail and
Petticoats, 1871 : and Mishmee Hilh, 1873.
COOTE, SIR EYRE (1726-1783)'
Born in 1726: fourth son of the Rev.
Dr. Chidley Coote : entered the Army
in 1745 : went to India in 1754 with the
39th regt. and became Captain on June
18, 1755. Part of this regiment was
included in the force dispatched from
Madras to Bengal in 1756 against the
Nawab Surajuddaula, after his capture
of Calcutta. Coote was present at its
recapture, at the taking of Chander-
nagore, and at the victory of Plassey, on
I June 23, 1757 : Clive, it is said, acted
on his advice among others to give im-
mediate battle. In Jan. 1759, he was
gazetted Lt-Colonel of the 84th regt.,
and to command the troops in Madras.
In the war with the French, under
Lally, he took Wandiwash, Nov. 30,
1759, and the fort of Carangooly, relieved
Trichinopoly, defeated the French at
Wandiwash, Jan. 22, 1760, and took
Arcot. He besieged Lally in Pondicherry,
while a naval force attacked it by sea. On
its surrender in Jan., 1761, the French
power in India completely collapsed :
Coote returned to England in 1762, and
was received with honour : became a
Colonel on April 4, 1765, and M.P. for
Leicester. In 1769 he was reappointed
to command the troops in Madras, but
resigned and returned to England in
Oct. 1770, where he was made K.B.
Aug. 31, 1771 : Maj-General Sep. 29,
1775 : Lt-General on Aug. 29, 1777 : and
Commander-in-Chief in India, on April 17,
1777. He succeeded General Clavering
as Member of the Supreme Council at
Calcutta on March 24, 1779. When
Hyder Ali of Mysore declared war, invaded
the Carnatic in 1780 and defeated Colonel
Baillie at Perambakam, Warren Hastings
despatched Coote to Madras, which he
reached on Nov. 5, 1780. Early in 1781
Coote took the field against Hyder, raised
the siege of Wandiwash, marched on
Cuddalore, attacked Chelambakam and
won a decided victory at Porto Novo, July
I, 1 78 1, besides defeating Hyder at
Perambakam, Aug. 27, effecting the
relief of Vellore and the capture of Chittore.
His last encounter with Hyder was the
indecisive skirmish at Arnee, June 2, 1782.
Coote's failing health compelled him to
resign the command in Madras and take
a change to Calcutta. Only partially
recovered, he rettu:ned to Madras early
in 1783, but on the voyage was chased by
the French. The anxiety and exposure
produced a relapse, which proved fatal on
April 28, 1783, two days after his arrival
at Madras. His body was taken to
England and interred at Rockburne, in
Hampshire. A monument in Westmin-
ster Abbey was erected to him by the East
India Company. His military capacity
has been highly praised, as also his patience,,
temper, activity and energy, valour and
coolness. His enforcement of discipline
was tempered by kindness, which endeared
him to his soldiers.
COPLESTON, RIGHT REV. REGIN'ALD
STEPHEN (1845- )
Son of Rev. R. E. Copleston : educated,
at Merton College, Oxford : married a.
94
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
•daughter of the late Archbishop Trench :
Fellow and Tutor of St. John's College,
Oxford : was appointed Bishop of Colombo
in 1875 : translated to Calcutta and became
Metropolitan of India in 1902. Author
■of Buddhism : Primitive and Present.
CORBETT, SIR STUART ( ? -1865)
Commanded the 25th N.I. in the Pan-
jab campaign of 1848-9, at Sadulapur,
Chilianwala and Gujarat : C.B. : in the
mutiny was Brig-General commanding
at Mianmir : co-operated boldly and
•successfully with the civil authorities in
totally disarming the native troops there
•on parade, May 13, 1857, seizing the Fort
at Lahore, and sending English troops
!to secure Umritsar : K.C.B. : died at
Naini Tal, Aug. i, 1865.
CORDERY, JOHN GRAHAM (1833-
1900)
I.C.S. : educated at Rugby and Balliol
•College, Oxford : went out to the Panjab
in 1856 : while at Peshawar, he translated
the Iliad into English verse : served in
Berar : was D.P.I, in the Panjab in 1872 :
Commissioner of Peshawar : Resident at
Hyderabad, 1883 : C.S.I. : retired, 1888 :
•translated the Odyssey : died April 8, 1900.
CORNISH, HUBERT (1757-1823)
Son of James Cornish of Teignmouth :
born 1757 : was Private Secretary (1793-8)
to his brother-in-law. Sir John Shore
(Lord Teignmouth), during the whole
term of his Governor-Generalship (a
younger brother, George Cornish, being
at the same time A.D.C.) : they both re-
turned to England with Sir J. Shore in
1798 : Hubert settled at Exeter : a
lawyer by profession and an accomplished
artist and musician : died 1823.
CORNISH, HUBERT (1776-1832)
Son of James Cornish, M.D. : born
1776 : a nephew of Sir John Shore (q.v.) :
went to India in the Civil Service, 1797 :
was stationed at Benares in 1797. when
Cherry {q.v.) the A.G.G., and other officers
and Europeans were murdered treacher-
ously by the orders of Wazir Ali [q.v.) : he
jumped upon a horse which Sir J. Shore
had given him, and was one of the few
civilians who escaped : became a Judge
in Bengal : retired about 1830 to his estate
near Totnes : died Aug. 25, 1832.
CORNISH, WILLIAM ROBERT (1828-
1897)
Educated at St. George's Hospital :
entered the Madras Army as Assistant
Surgeon, 1854 : Secretary to the Director- 1
General, Medical Department, 1860-70 :
Sanitary Commissioner to Madras Govern-
ment, 1870-80 : did good service during
the famine of 1877 : CLE. : Surgeon-
General in 1880 : retired, 1885 : Member
of the Legislative Council, Madras, 1883 :
Fellow of the Madras University, 1867 :
wrote on medical subjects : died Oct.
19, 1897 : F.R.C.S.
CORNWALLIS, CHARLES, FIRST
MARQUIS (1738-1805)
Governor-General : son of Charles,
first Earl : born Dec. 31, 1738 : educated
at Eton : entered the Guards, 1756 :
studied at the Military Academy, Turin :
served in Germany, 1758-62 : at Minden :
M.P. for Eye : became Earl in June,
1762 : Lord of the Bedchamber : Con-
stable of the Tower, 1770 : Maj-General,
1775 : served in the American war, 1776 :
second in command in 1778 to Sir H.
Clinton : forced to capitulate at Yorktown
on Oct. 19, 1781, no blame attaching to
him : in 1782, and 1785, he refused to go
to India, but, against his will, accepted
the Governor-Generalship in 1786 : held
the appointment from Sep., 1786, being
also C. in C. : and K.G. : he reformed
both the civil and military services : in
Dec. 1790, he took the command in Madras
against Tippoo : captured Bangalore,
March 21, 1791 : defeated Tippoo near
Seringapatam : took Nandidrug, Oct. 19 :
Savandrug, Dec. 21 : besieged Seringapa-
tam, Feb. 1792, when Tippoo submitted,
and signed peace, ceding territory and
paying a large indemnity : Cornwallis
created a Marquis, Aug., 1792- He
then announced the permanent settlement
of the land revenue to be paid by the
zamindars in Bengal, 1793, acting against
the advice of Sir J ohn Shore : he reformed
the Law Courts : he sailed for Madras to
attack Pondicherry, but it had surrendered
before his arrival : he left Madras, home-
wards, on Oct. 10, 1793- From England,
he was sent to military service on the
continent : was Master-General of the
Ordnance from i795 = when military
questions caused anxiety in Bengal, Corn-
wallis was re-appointed Governor-General
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
95
on Feb. i, 1797 : did not proceed to
India : his services were required as
Viceroy and C. in C, Ireland, to crush the
rebellion of 1798 : defeated the French
there under General Humbert : supported
the Act of Union, but resigned the Vice-
royalty in 1 801, when the King declined
to agree to Catholic Emancipation : de-
puted to negotiate the Peace of Amiens,
1802. In 1805 he was re-appointed
Governor-General and C. in C. in India,
and assumed charge on J uly 30 : sent
out to inaugurate a pacific regime instead
of the expansive policy of Lord Wellesley.
But it was too severe a tax on his age and
health. On his way up-country, in pursuit
of his pacific policy, he died at Ghazipur,
Oct. 5, 1805. Statues were erected in his
honour at Calcutta and Madras.
CORNWALLIS, SIR WILLIAM (1744-
1819)
Son of Charles, first Earl Cornwallis :
entered the Navy, i755 = engaged con-
stantly during his service, in N. America,
the Mediterranean, W. Indies, etc., until,
in 1789, he went out to India as naval C. in
€. : in 1 79 1, when there was war against
Tippoo, he insisted on searching French
ships for contraband of war, and, when
war against France broke out, he seized
French ships, Chandernagore and Pondi-
cherry: returned to England, i794» and
!■ saw fiurther service in the Channel and
I the W. Indies : G.C.B. : died July 5. 1819-
CORRIE, THE RIGHT REV. DANIEL
(1777-1837)
Bishop : son of John Corrie : born
April, 1777 : educated privately, at Clare
Hall, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge (Ex-
hibitioner) : ordained, 1802 : went to Cal-
"Cutta as a Bengal chaplain, 1806 : appointed
to various chaplaincies up-country, and did
mission work also : was Senior Chaplain
in Calcutta, 1817 : Archdeacon in 1823 :
thrice, as Commissary, carried on the
administration of the diocese on the
deaths of Bishops : was the first Bishop
•of Madras from 1835 to his death on Feb.
5, 1837 : was LL.D. ; Bishop Corrie's
Grammar School in Madras, and his
•statue in the Cathedral there perpetuate
his memory. He was a friend of Charles
Simeon and Henry Martyn at Cambridge.
COSBY, SIR HENRY AUGUSTUS
MONTAGU (1743-1822)
Son of Captain Alexander Cosby : born
in 1743 : was a volunteer at the capture
of Gheria, the fort of the pirate Angria,
in 1756 : was in Coote's attack on Pondi-
cherry, 1 760-1 : at the captures of Vellore
and Madura, at Rajamundry, at the Chen-
gama Pass, Errore, Arlier, and Vellore
again : Adjutant-General : at the siege
of Tanjore in 1773 : served against the
Chitore Poligars, 1777 : commanded, in
1778, the Nawab of Arcot's cavalry, and
led it against Hyder Ali with success :
made prisoner at the Cape on his way to
England, 1782, but soon released : knight-
ed in 1782 : Brig-General in India, 1784-6 :
held commands at Trichinopoly and
Tinnivelly : to England, 1786 : Lt-
General : died Jan. 17, 1822.
COTES, SARA JEANETTE ( ? - )
Born in Canada : daughter of Charles
Duncan, merchant : married Everard
Cotes, Press Correspondent with Govern-
ment of India, Simla : was on the staff of
Washington Post, Toronto Globe, and
Montreal Star. Author of A Social
Departure (Letters from Japan), An
American Girl in London, The Simple
Adventures of a Mem-Sahib, The Story of
Sonny Sahib, On the other Side of the
Latch, Those Delightful Americans, His
Honour and a Lady, etc., etc.
COTTON, SIR ARTHUR THOMAS
(1803-1899)
Irrigation Engineer : son of Henry
Calverley Cotton : born May 15, 1803 :
educated at Addiscombe : entered the
Madras Engineers, arriving there 1821 :
in the first Burmese war, 1825-6 : led
storming parties : from 1828 employed
upon irrigation works in Southern India,
in the Cavery, Coleroon, Godavery and
Krishna rivers, making anicuts (dams)
on the Coleroon (1835-6), for the irriga-
tion of the Tanjore, Trichinopoly, and
South Arcot Districts : the anient on the
Godavery, below *Rajamimdry, for the
irrigation of the Godavery district, 1847-
52 : he projected the anient on the
Krishna, which other officers carried out.
These works have been found invaluable
in improving the condition of the people
and the food supply, and averting famine,
besides being very successful financially :
96
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
other smaller works have followed them.
Chief Engineer, 1852 : Commandant of
Engineers, 1856 : he was knighted in
1861, made K.C.S.I. in 1866 : retired in
1862, and continued to advocate irrigation
and canals as preferable to railway com-
munication. He had a controversy with
Sir Proby Cautley {q.v.) about the latter' s
Ganges Canal. He was admittedly the
greatest Indian authority of his age on the
subject of irrigation : he founded, it has
been said, a School of Indian Hydraulic
Engineering in the officers trained under
him : General in 1877 : died July 24,
1899 : wrote a book on Public Works in
India.
COTTON, SIR GEORGE (1842-1905)
Born in Ireland, 1842 : educated in
England : went to Bombay in 1863, as
Manager of East Indian Cotton Agency.
In partnership with Mr. James Greaves
commenced the firm of Greaves, Cotton
& Co., Bombay, and James Greaves &
Co., Manchester : Fellow of the Bombay
University, Chairman of the Municipal
Corporation, and Sheriff of Bombay in
1897 : knighted in 1897 : died Feb. 5,
1905.
COTTON, RIGHT REV. DR. GEORGE
EDWARD LYNCH (1813-1866)
Bishop of Calcutta and Metropolitan of
India and Ceylon : son of Captain T.
Cotton : born Oct. 29, 18 13, his father
dying about the same time : educated at
Westminster, and Trinity College, Cam-
bridge : took his degree in 1836 as a Senior
Optime in mathematics, and eighth in the
Classical Tripos : appointed in 1837 by
Dr. Arnold to a mastership at Rugby :
became Fellow of Trinity : left Rugby in
1852 to become Head Master of Marl-
borough College, where he effected numer-
ous improvements : consecrated Bishop
of Calcutta on May 13, 1858 : reached
Calcutta that year. He acquired universal
confidence and respect besides influence
with the Government, so that he was able
to do much for the Church of England and
for Anglo-Indian education. He succeed-
ed in establishing schools at the chief hill-
stations for the education of Anglo-Indian
and Eurasian children, whose parents
could not afford to send them to England.
He maintained his position and principles
as Bishop of the Church of England, while
assisting missionary work and other
Christian developments. His capacity
as an administrator, organizer and educator
was acknowledged. He made the long
tours required by the size of his metropo-
litan charge and the paucity of Bishops.
Returning from one of them, he was
drowned at Kushtia on the Gorai River in
Bengal, on Oct. 6, 1866, while re-embark-
ing on a steamer. He lost his footing on
a badly constructed platform, fell into the
river and disappeared. His loss was
regarded as a public calamity, which the
Government officially announced.
COTTON, SIR HENRY JOHN STED-
MAN (1845- )
I.C.S. : son of J. J. Cotton, Madras
Civil Service : born Sep. 13, 1845 : edu-
cated at Magdalen College School, Brighton
College, and King's College, London :
entered the Bengal Civil Service, 1867 :
held numerous appointments until he be-
came Secretary to the Bengal Government,
Revenue Department, 1888; Secretary in
the Financial Department, 1889 ; Chief
Secretary, 189 1-6; acting Home Secretary
to the Government of India, 1896 : Chief
Commissioner of Assam, 1 896-1902, when
he retired: K.C.S.I., 1902 : has since sought
to influence the public mind by his letters
to the Times in opposition to Lord Curzon's
policy in Tibet : author of Neiv India, or
India in Transition, besides official publi-
cations.
COTTON, JAMES SUTHERLAND
(1847- )
Son of J. J. Cotton, Madras Civil Ser-
vice : born July 17, 1847 : educated at
Magdalen College School, Brighton College,
Winchester, and Trinity College, Oxford
(Scholar) First Class in Moderations and
Final Classical School : was Editor of the
Academy : is now employed as editor in
England of the forthcoming revised
edition of the Imperial Gazetteer of India :
author of India (Citizen Series), Mount-
stuart Elphinstone (" Rulers of India "
Series), Decennial Report on the Moral and
Material Progress of India, 1885 : Quin-
qennial Report on Education in India, 1898.
COTTON, JOHN (1783-1860)
I.C.S. : went to Madras : many years
Collector of Tanjore : after retirement
from India he was Director of the E.I~
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
97
Co., 1833-53 : Chairman of the Court,
1843 : died i860.
COTTON, JOSEPH (1745-1825)
Son of Dr. Nathaniel Cotton : born
March 7, 1745 : entered the Royal Navy
in 1760, which he left for the E.I. Co.'s
marine service : commanded an East
Indiaman in two voyages : made his for-
tune and retired : was Deputy Master of
the Trinity House for 20 years, and
Director of the E. I. Co. from 1795 to 1823,
and of the E.I. Docks Company : died
Jan. 26, 1825.
COTTON, SIR SYDNEY (1792-1874)
Son of Henry Calverley Cotton, and
brother of Sir Arthur T. Cotton {q.v.) : born
Dec. 2, 1792 : arrived in India in a regi-
ment of Dragoons, 1810 : served in the
Madras, Bombay, and Bengal Presiden-
cies for many years : in the Pindari war,
1817-8 : in Burma, 1828 : in Sind, under
Sir C. Napier, 1842-3 : in the Carnatic
and Mysore : on the Staff in Madras and
Bangalore : commanded in various sta-
tions and was A.D.C. to Lord Combermere
and Military Secretary : commanded on
the N.W. frontier in 1853, in the Kohat
Pass, against the Afridis and, later, the
Mohmands : was, in the mutiny, Brig-
General at Peshawar and, owing to his
foresight and decision, there was no serious
disturbance there — " the right man for the
place " : commanded an expedition against
the fanatical colony of Sitana : Maj-
General and K.C.B., 1858 : commanded
the N.W. district in England : Lt-General,
1866 : Governor of Chelsea Hospital,
1872 : G.C.B., 1873 : died Feb. 20, 1874 :
he was " a thorough soldier, an ofi&cer of
unuadal energy and activity " : he wrote
Nii4 Years on the N.W. Frontier, 1854-63,
andlon The Central Asian Question.
COWON, SIR WILLOUGHBY (1783-
1860)
Son of Admiral Rowland Cotton : cousin
of Lord Combermere : born in 1783 :
educated at Rugby (where he led a re-
bellion): entered the Guards, 1798 : served
in Hanover, 1805: Copenhagen, 1807;
in the Peninsula, 1809-14 : went to India
in 1821 : commanded a Brigade in the
first Burmese war, 1825-6 : Maj -General
and K.C.H., 1830 : commanded in
Jamaica, 1829-34 "• commanded the Bengal
■Division of the Army of the Indus, 1838-
9 : K.C.B., 1838 : at Ghazni : left Kabul
in 1839 for another command : G.C.B.,
1840 : Lt-General, 1841 : C. in C. at
Bombay, April, 1847, to Dec. 1850 :
General, 1854 : Colonel of the 98th foot :
and later of the 32nd foot : died May 4,
i860.
COUCH, SIR RICHARD (1817- )
Son of Richard Couch : born July 11,
1817 : educated privately : called to the
bar from the Middle Temple, 1841 :
Recorder of Bedford, 1858-62 : Puisne
Judge of the High Court, Bombay, 1862- 6:
Chief Justice, 1866-70: Chief Justice
of Bengal, at Calcutta, 1870-5 : presided
at the trial of the Gaekwar of Baroda,
1875 : Member of the Judicial Committee
of the Privy Council, 1881-1901 : Privy
Councillor, 1875,
COUGHLAN, CORNELIUS (1828- )
Son of Edward Coughlan : born June,
1828 : educated at Eyrecourt, Co. Gal-
way : served as Private, Corporal, Ser-
geant, Colour-Sergeant and Serg-Major
in the 75th regt. for 21 years : and as Serg-
Major in the Connaught Rangers for 21
years : was present at the siege of Delhi
(when he won his V.C. for several acts of
bravery), and relief of Lucknow.
COUPER, SIR GEORGE EBENEZBR
WILSON, BARONET (1824- )
I.C.S. : son of Colonel Sir George
Couper, Bart., Comptroller of the House-
hold of H.R.H. the Duchess of Kent :
born 1824 : educated at Sandhurst and
Haileybury : entered the Bengal Civil
Service in- 1846 : joined the Panjab Com-
mission in 1849 : served in the Indian
mutiny, through the siege of Lucknow
under Sir Henry Lawrence, and after his
death under Brig-General Inglis and Sir
J ames Outram : Chief Commissioner in
Oudh, 1871-6 : Lieutenant-Governor
of the N.W. Provinces, 1876 : retured
1882 : C.B. : K.C.S.I. : CLE.
COURT, CLAUDE AUGUSTE (1793- ? )
General : born Sep. 26, i793 ' educated
at the Ecole Poly technique, Paris, 1812-3 :
entered the French Army, 181 3: saw
active service, 181 3-5 : left the Army,
1818 : served in Persia, and joined Ranjit
Singh's forces, with Avitabile {q.v.) in
98
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
1827 : improved Ranjit's Sikh Artillery
greatly : paid much attention to archaeo-
logy and coins : after Ranjit's death, the
Sikh troops attacked Court, who was pro-
tected by Ventura {q.v.) : retired from
Lahore to France.
COURTIN, JACQUES IGNACE ( ? - ? )
Son of Franpois Courtin, Chevalier :
Chief of the French Factory at Dacca :
received for two months the members of
the English Factory at Dacca, when it was
seized by the Nawab of Dacca, after the
capture of Calcutta by the Nawab Surajud-
daula, 1756 : and sent them to the English
at Fulta, 1756 : he left Dacca, with 35
boats, on June 22, i757. and wandered
about the districts of Rangpur, Dinajpur,
Jalpaiguri: received an Embassy from the
King of Tibet : fought with the Faujdar of
Rangpur : arrived at Murshidabad, March
10, 1758, to surrender to the English :
allowed by Clive to go to Chandernagore
and Pondicherry : Member of the Supreme
Council there : in the capitulation there,
Jan. 1 761 : went to France, and probably
became the Conseiller au Conseil des
Indes.
COWELL, EDWARD BYLES (1826-
1903)
Born Jan. 23, 1826 : son of Charles
Cowell : educated at Ipswich : early
attracted to Sir W. Jones' works : studied
Persian : entered a merchant's office :
went to Magdalen Hall, Oxford : first
class, 1854 : studied from 1853, under
H. H. Wilson (q.v.) : joined the Education
Department and became Professor of
History and Political Economy at the
Presidency College, Calcutta, 1856 : also
Principal of the Sanskrit College, in 1858 :
left India, 1864 : was the first Professor
of Sanskrit at Cambridge, 1867 : Fellow
of Corpus Christi * College, Cambridge :
LL.D. of Edinburgh : D.C.L. of Oxford.
After he was elected Professor of Sanskrit,
the study of Oriental languages increased
at Cambridge : the Semitic Languages
Tripos was established, 1878 : the Indian
Languages Tripos, 1903 : the Oriental
Languages Tripos, 1895 : a Board of
Oriental studies was formed, and a Board
of I.C.vS. studies : he taught Sanskrit,
Indian philosophy, comparative philology,
Persian, Pali, Zend, etc. : his publications
were numerous. From early days, he
wrote on Persian poetry, the Hindu
drama, etc., in the Westminster Review,
also in the Asiatic Journal, Journal of
Philology, Gentleman's Magazine, J.A.S.
Bengal, Calcutta Review : on Prakrit
Grammar : translated and edited many
Sanskrit works, both at Calcutta and
Cambridge : knew also modern languages,
including Welsh, and the classics : D.C.L.,
1896 : received the Gold Medal of the
Royal Asiatic Society, 1898 : died Feb. 9,
1903.
COWLEY, HENRY WELLESLEY,
FIRST BARON (1773-1847)
Born Jan. 20, 1773 : youngest son of
the first Earl of Mornington : brother of
Marquess Wellesley [q.v.), and Duke of
Wellington {q.v.) : served in the Army,
before going as Secretary of legation to
Stockholm, 1792 : Private Secretary to
his brother. Marquess Wellesley, when
Governor-General, 1798-1801 : a Com-
missioner for the settlement of Mysore
after its capture, 1799 : sent to England to
explain the war with Tippoo in 1 799-1 800 :
sent on a mission to Oudh, negotiated
treaty for cession of certain districts by
the Nawab : Lieutenant-Governor of the
ceded districts of Oudh, 1801-3 : left
India, 1803 : M.P. for Eye, 1807-9 :
Secretary to the Treasury, 1808-9 = P-C.,
1809 : Secretary to Embassy to Spain,
1809, and Ambassador, 181 1-22 : knighted
1812 : G.C.B., 1815 : Ambassador to
Vienna, 1823-31 : to Paris, 1841-6 : made
Baron Cowley, 1828 : died April 27,
1847.
COX, CHARLES VYVYAN (1819- )
Maj -General : son of the Rev. John
Cox, Rector of Cheddington and Vicar of
Stockland : born Sep. 24, 1819 : educated
at King's School, Sherborne, and ^Military
Academy, Addiscombe : entered the
Bengal Artillery, 1838 : served in the
Gwalior campaign, 1843-4 = Satlaj cam-
paign, 1845-6 : present at the battles of
Mudki, Firozshahr and Sobraon : Pan jab
campaign, 1848-9 : present at battles of
the Chenab, Chilianwala and Gujarat :
throughout the Indian mutiny, 1857 :
retired in 1872 : C.B. in 1871.
COX, SIR EDMUND C, FIFTEENTH
BARONET (1856- )
Son of the 14th Baronet : born 1856 :
educated at Marlborough and Trinity
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
99
College, Cambridge : appointed Assistant
Inspr-General of Police in Bombay, 1877 :
author of Skort History of the Bombay
Presidency, Tales of Ancient India.
COX, PERCY ZACHARIAH (1864- )
Major : son of Arthur Cox : born Nov.
20, 1864 : educated at Harrow and Sand-
hurst : joined the Army in 1884, and the
Indian Staff Corps in 1889 : employed
in the Political Department at Zaila,
Somali coast, 1893 : Berbera, 1894-5 :
H.B.M.'s Consul and Political Agent,
Muscat, since 1899 : CLE. in 1902 :
F.R.G.S. : F.Z.S.
COXHEAD, JAMES ALFRED (1851- )
Colonel : born 185 1 : son of John Cox-
head : educated at Merchant Taylors,
Henley, and R.M.A., Woolwich : entered
the Royal Artillery, 1872 : was Private
Secretary and A.D.C. to Sir Henry Nor-
man when Governor of Jamaica, 1883-7 :
served at the Malakand Pass, 1895, and
relief of Chitral : commanded the R.A.
Indian Contingent in S. Africa till relief of
Ladysmith : C.B. in 1900.
CRAIG, SIR JAMES HENRY (1748-1812)
Son of Henry Craig : born 1748 : entered
the 30th regt. at 15, completed his military
education on the Continent : served in N.
America, 1774-81, was at Bunker's Hill
and other actions : Adjutant-General in
the Netherlands, 1794 : Maj -General :
commanded a force to capture the Cape
of Good Hope : on the arrival of Sir
Alured Clarke's force from India the
Dutch surrendered : Craig commanded at
the Cape, 1795-7 : K.C.B., 1797 : com-
manded the Division at Benares, 1797-
1802, in a difficult time, during the mas-
sacre there : Lt-General, 1801 : command-
ed in Italy and Sicily, 1805-6 : Governor-
Xjeneral of Canada, 1 807-11 : General,
1812 : died Jan. 12, 1812.
CRANBROOK, GATHORNE GA-
THORNE-HARDY, FIRST EARL OF
(1814- )
Born Oct. i, 1814 : son of John Hardy,
M.P. : educated at Shrewsbury and
Oriel College, Oxford : Hon. Fellow of
Oriel : called to the bar at the Inner Tem-
ple, 1840 : M.P. for Leominster, 1856-65 :
for Oxford University, 1865-78 : made a
Viscount, 1878 : an Earl, 1892 : Under
Secretary for the Home Department,
1858-9, Secretary, 1867-8 : Secretary for
War, 1874-8 : Secretary of State for
India, March 30, 1878, to April 28, 1880 :
President of the Council, 1885 and 1886-
92 : G.C.S.L : P.C. : D.C.L. : LL.D. :
D.L. : J. P.
CRAWFORD, SIR THOMAS (1824-1895)
Son of George Crawford : educated at
Edinburgh : M.D. : entered the Army
Medical Service, 1848 : in the Burmese
war, 1852-3, at the capture of Rangoon
and Bassein, and other actions : served in
the Crimea : P.M.O. in the N. Mahratta
country and the Dekkan in 1857-8 :
Superintending Surgeon of the Sirhind
circle : head of the A. M.D. in Ireland :
Surgeon-General in India, in the second
Afghan war : Director-General of the
Army Medical Service, 1882-9 '• K.C.B.,
1885 : LL.D., Edinburgh : died Oct. 12,
1895.
CRAWFURD, JOHN (1783-1868)
Son of Samuel Crawfurd : born Aug. 13,
1783 : educated at Bowmore, and in
medicine at Edinburgh : from 1803,
served as an Army medical officer, for 5
years, chiefly in Upper India : transferred
to Penang : studied the Malays : was
with Lord Minto in the expedition to
Java, 181 1 : employed in diplomatic
offices there, 181 1-7 : wrote a History of
the Indian Archipelago, 1820 : sent, in
1 82 1, as Envoy to Siam and Cochin China :
administered the Government of Singa-
pore, 1823-6 : Commissioner of Pegu,
1826 : Envoy to the Court of Ava : re-
tired to England, 1827 : wrote narratives
of his missions, A Grammar and Dictionary
of the Malay Language, 1852 : A Descrip-
tive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and
adjacent Countries, 1856 : also, papers on
ethnology for scientific journals : took an
active part in Geographical and Ethnologi-
cal Societies : was an unrivalled authority
on the Eastern Archipelago : died May 11,
CREALOCK, HENRY HOPE (1831-
1891)
Son of William Arthur Crealock : born
March 31, 1831 : educated at Rugby
entered the Army in the 90th regt., 1848
served in the Crimea, 1854-5 : D.A.Q.M.G.
and in China, 1857-8 : was in the Indian
lOO
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
mutiny campaigns of 1858-9, on the staff
of Sir W. R. Mansfield : present at Bareli
and Shahjahanpur : served again in China,
Military Secretary to the Earl of Elgin,
i860 : at St. Petersburg and Vienna :
and commanded a Division in Zululand,
1879 : C.M.G. : was a Lt-Generalin 1884 :
died May 31, 1891 : he was an excellent
artist and made many drawings of Indian
and Chinese warfare and scenery.
CROFT, SIR ALFRED WOODLEY
(1841- )
Son of C. H. Croft : born Feb. 7, 1841 :
educated at Mannamead School, Ply-
mouth, and Exeter College, Oxford :
entered the Bengal Educational Depart-
ment, 1866 : Director of Public Instruction
in Bengal, 1877-97 : Member of the
Education Commission, 1882-3 • Member
of the Bengal Legislative Council, 1887-
92 : President of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal, 1892-3 : Vice-Chancellor of the
Calcutta University, 1894-6 : Hon.
LL.D., 1897 : K.C.I.E., 1887.
CROMER, EVELYN BARING, FIRST
EARL (1841- )
Son of Henry Baring, M.P. : born
Feb. 26, 1 841 : educated at Ordnance
School, Carshalton, and R.M.A., Wool-
wich : entered the Roj^al Artillery,
1858 : Major in 1876 : Private Secretary
to Lord Northbrook, Viceroy of India,
1872-6 : Financial Member of the
Supreme Council of the Governor-General,
1880-3 ' has since been employed in
Egypt, and is now Minister Plenipoten-
tiary in the Diplomatic Service : Agent
and Consul General in Egypt since 1883
P.C. : G.C.B. : G.C.M.G. : K.C.S.I.
CLE. : Baron, 1892 : Viscount, 1898
Earl, 1901.
CROMMELIN, CHARLES ( ? - ? )
Governor : son of Marc Antoine Crom-
melin, of a Huguenot family : joined the
E. I. Co.'s service in Bombay, 1732 :
Governor of Bombay, 1760-7 : returned
to England, had great losses in trade,
returned to India, 1772, as a free mer-
chant : was residing at Canton, 1777 :
was British Consul at Goa, 1784 : it has
been suggested that this was the Charles
Cromelin {sic) who died Dec. 25, 1788, aged
81, and was buried at the old English
Cemetery, Kalkapur, Murshidabad.
CROOKE, WILLIAM (1848- )
I.C.S. : born Aug. 6, 1848 : educated
at the Grammar School, Tipperary, and at
Trinity College, Dublin : arrived in India,
1871 : served in the N.W.P. and Oudh :
Magistrate and Collector : retired, 1896 :
author of Rural and Agricultural Glossary,
N.W.P. and Oudh, 1888 : an Ethno-
graphical Handbook for the N.W.P. and
Oudh, 1890 : The N.W.P. of India, their
History, etc., 1897 : The Popular Religion
and Folklore of Northern India, 1896 : and
a Gazetteer of Jalesar : The Tribes and
Castes of the N.W.P. and Oudh, 1896 :
also of a revised edition of Burnell's and
Yule's Hobson-Jobson, and numerous
papers in the Journal of the Anthropological
Institute and Folklore Society.
CROSS, JOHN KYNASTON (1832-1887)
Son of Thomas Cross : head of the
Firm of Crosses, Winkworth & Co. :
Under Secretary of State for India, Jan.,
1883 to June, 1885 : died March 20, 1887.
CROSS, RICHARD ASSHETON, FIRST
VISCOUNT (1823- )
Born May 30, 1823 : son of William
Cross : educated at Rugby and Trinity
College, Cambridge : called to the bar at
the Inner Temple, 1849 : M.P. for Preston,
1857-62, and S. Lancashire, 1868-86 :
Home Secretary, 1874-80 and 1885-6 :
Secretary of State for India, Aug. 4, 1886,
to Aug. 19, 1892 : Lord Privy Seal,
1895-1900 : made a Viscount, 18S6 :
P.C. : G.C.S.L, 1892 : D.C. L. : LL.D.,
Cambridge, 1878 : G.C.B. , 1880 : F.R.S. :
author of legal works.
CROSTHWAITE, SIR CHARLES
HAWKES TODD (1836- )
I.C.S. : son of Rev. John Clarke Cros-
thwaite : born Dec. 25, 1835 : educated at
Merchant Taylors' and St. John's College,
Oxford : entered the Bengal Civil Service,
1857 : served chiefly m the N.W.P. :
Chief Commissioner of British Burma,
1883-4 '• Chief Commissioner of Central
Provinces, 1885-6 : Chief Commissioner
of Burma, 1887-90 : Member of the
Governor - General's Supreme Council,
1890-1, and in 1892 : Lieutenant-Governor
of N.W.P. and Oudh, 1892-5 : Member
of the Council of India, 1895-1905 :
author of Notes on the N.W. Provinces of
India, 1870: K.C.S.I., in 1888.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
lOI
CROSTHWAITE, SIR ROBERT JOSEPH
(1841- )
I.C.S. : son of Rev. JohnC Crosthwaite :
born Jan. 17, 1841 : educated at Merchant
Taylors and Brasenose College, Oxford :
entered the Bengal Civil Service, 1863 :
served chiefly in the N.W.P. : was Judi-
cial Commissioner of Burma and Central
Provinces : Agent to the Governor-
General in Central India and in Rajputana:
called to the bar from the Middle Temple,
1868 : K.C.S.I. in 1897.
CROWE, SIR JOSEPH ARCHER (1825-
1896)
Journalist, art-critic, and diplomatist :
son of Eyre Evans Crowe : born Oct. 20,
1825 : artist of Illustrated London News
in the Crimea : present at the engage-
ments : appointed Superintendent of the
" Sir Jamsetji Jijihbai's School of Design "
at Bombay, 1857 : Editor, successively,
of the Bombay Gazette and Bombay Stand-
ard, and correspondent of the Daily News
and Times during the mutiny : Secretary
of the Bombay Chamber of Commerce :
left India owing to ill-health, 1859 :
Times' correspondent in Italian war of
1859 : present at Solferino : appointed
Consul- General for Saxony, i860 : entered
diplomatic service, 1880 : Commercial
Attache for Europe, 1 882-1 895 : joint
author with Cavalcasella of Histories of
Flemish and Italian Painters, Lives of
Titian and Raphael : published a volume
of Reminiscences : died Sep. 6, 1896.
CSOMA, DE KOROS, ALEXANDER
(1784-1842)
Traveller and student of philology : son
of Andrew Csoma : born April 4, 1784,
at Koros in Transylvania : educated,
1815-8, at the College of Novo Enyed :
Doctor of Medicine at Gottingen. To
ascertain the origin of his countrjonen,
the Hungarians, whose primitive seat he
expected to discover in the heart of Cen-
tral Asia, he left Bucharest, Jan. i, 1820 :
travelled to Constantinople, Alexandria,
Syria, Bagdad, Teheran, Mashad, Bokhara,
Kabul, Lahore, Kashmir, Leh : studied
Tibetan thoroughly in monasteries in
Ladak, chiefly at Yangla, in Zanskar,
1823-6 : was at Sabathu, 1824-5 = al-
lowed Rs. 50 a month by the Government
of India : made a third journey to Kanum
in Kunawar, studying Tibetan at a
Buddhist monastery till 1830 : reached
Calcutta, April, 1831 : published a
Tibetan grammar and dictionary, vocabu-
lary, etc. : made Honorary Member of
the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1834 :
studied Sanskrit, and was appointed
Librarian of the Society : travelled,
1836-7, to study Oriental languages, to
Jalpaiguri and Titalya : at Calcutta 1837-
42 : started for Lhasa in 1842 : reached
Darjeeling, March 24 : died April 11 :
and was buried there : "an indefatigable
and unpresuming student " a scholar of
extreme modesty : knew 17 languages,
ancient and modern.
CUBBON, SIR MARK (1785-1861)
Born Sep. 8, 1785 : went to India in
the Madras Infantry in 1800 : Captain in
1816 : in the Commissariat Department
in the Pindari war, 1817-8, and in
Madras. When the people of Mysore
rebelled, in 1831, against the oppression
and bad government of their Hindu
Raja, Lt-Colonel Cubbon was a member
of the Commission of Enquiry : after
which the Government of India assumed
the administration of the province and
Cubbon was made Commissioner, first
joint, and in 1834 sole, of Mysore : and
soon afterwards of Coorg also : this post
he held for 27 years, governing the pro-
vince despotically but successfully, through
native agency, and exercising a profuse
hospitality : Lt-General, 1852 : C.B.,
1856 : K.C.B., 1859. He never married
or left India until he retired in 1861, after
60 years' service in India, when he died at
Suez, on April 23. His equestrian statue
is in the Cubbon Park at Bangalore : when
unveiled, it had been daubed with the
three Brahmanical marks on the fore-
head.
CUBITT, WILLIAM GEORGE (1835-
1903)
Colonel : son of Major W. Cubitt of the
Bengal Army: educated at Laleham :
joined the 13th Bengal N.I., 1853 ^
served in the Sonthal campaign, 1855 :
in the Dafla expedition, 1874-5 : Afghan
war, 1878-80 : Akha expedition, 1883-4 :
Burmese expedition, 1886-7 •• in the
mutiny won the Victoria Cross at Chinhut
on June 30, 1857, for saving the lives of
three men at the risk of his own : in the
defence of the Residency at Lucknow :
102
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
wounded : D.S.O. for his services in
Burma : retired 1892 : died Jan. 25, 1903.
CUNINGHAM, SIR WILLIAM JOHN
(1848- )
I.C.S. : born Nov. 20, 1848 : son of
Alexander Cuningham : educated at
Edinburgh Academy and privately : went
out to Bombay, 1870 : served as Assistant
to the Chief Commissioner of Mysore :
Under Secretary to the Government of
India, Foreign Department, 1885 : Secre-
tary in the Foreign Department, 1894-
1901 : C.S.I. , 1894 : K.C.S.I., 1897.
CUNNINGHAM, SIR ALEXANDER
FREDERICK DOUGLAS (1862- )
I.C.S. : son of Sir Alexander Cunning-
ham, K.C.I.E., C.S.I, {q.v.) : educated at
Kensington Grammar School and King's
College, London : went to the Panjab in
1872 : Political officer in the Khyber,
1879 : Under Secretary to the Panjab
Government, 1884 : Commissioner and
Superintendent of the Peshawar Division,
1892, and from 1894 : K.C.I.E., 1901 :
retired.
CUNNINGHAM, SIR ALEXANDER
(1814-1893)
Son of Allan Cunningham : born Jan.
23, 1814 : educated at Christ's Hospital
and Addiscombe : obtained an Indian
cadetship, through Sir Walter Scott :
reached India in June, 1833 : A.D.C. to
Lord Auckland, 1836 : Executive Engin-
eer to the King of Oudh, 1840 : engaged
in^suppressing the rebellion in Bundelkund :
was at Punniar, Dec. 19, 1843 : Executive
Engineer at Gwalior, 1844-5 : was in the
first Sikh war, 1846, as field engineer :
occupied Kangra and Kulu : demarcated
boundaries : was at Chilian wal a and
Gujarat in the second Sikh war, 1848-9 :
Chief Engineer in Burma, 1856-8 : and in
the N.W.P., 1858-61 : retired from the
Army as Maj-General in 1861 : he v/as
then made the first Archseological Sur-
veyor to the Government of India, 1 861-5 '•
the department was abolished in 1865,
but revived in 1870, with Cunningham
as Director : he held the post until he
retired in 1885 : C.S.I. : CLE. : and
K.C.I.E. in 1887. Apart from his official
reports of his annual tours and his occa-
sional contributions to the Asiatic Society
of Bengal's journals, he wrote, inter alia.
on Ladak, The Bhilsa Topes, The Ancient
Geography of India, The Buddhist Period,
Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, The
Stupa of Bharhat, The Book of Indian
Eras, Mahahodhi. After retirement, he
paid much attention to numismatics, on
which he was an eminent authority :
parted with his coins at cost price to the
British Museum : died Nov. 28, 1893.
CUNNINGHAM, FRANCIS (1820-1875)
Son of Allan Cunningham, and brother
of Sir Alexander {q.v.) : born 1820 :
educated at Addiscombe : joined the
Madras Army, 1838 : was distinguished as
an engineer in the defence of Jalalabad,
1842 : served in the Civil Commission in
Mysore under Sir Mark Cubbon, and re-
tired in 1 861. He edited Marlowe,
Massinger and Ben Jonson, by which he
is best known : also wrote for the Saturday
Review : he died Dec. 3, 1875.
CUNNINGHAM, SIR HENRY STEW-
ART (1832- )
Born 1832 : son of Rev. J. W. Cunning-
ham, Vicar of Harrow : educated at
Harrow and Trinity College, Oxford :
called to the bar, 1859 : Advocate-General
in Madras, 1872 : Judge of the Calcutta
High Court, 1877-87 : Member of the
Indian Famine Commission, 1878-9 :
author of The Chronicles of Dustypore,
The Heriots, The CcBruleans, Sybilla, and
other novels : also Earl Canning (" Rulers
of India " series). He married in 1877 a
daughter of Lord Lawrence : K.C.I.E. in
1889.
CUNNINGHAM, JAMES MACNABB
(1829-1905)
Educated at Edinburgh University :
M.D. : entered the Bengal Medical Ser-
vice, 185 1 : Secretary to the Sanitary
Commissioner, 1866 : Professor of Hy-
giene, Calcutta Medical College, 1866 :
Sanitary Commissioner, Bengal, 1869 :
Sanitary Commissioner with the Govern-
ment of India, 1875-85, and Surgeon-
General, 1880-5 : retired, 1885 : Member
of the Army Sanitary Committee, 1891-
96 : author of Cholera — what can the
State do to Prevent it ? represented the
Government of India at the Paris Inter-
national Sanitary Congress, 1894 : C.S.I.,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
103
1885 : Honorary Surgeon to the Queen,
1888: died June 26, 1905.
CUNNINGHAM, JOSEPH DAVEY
(1812-1851)
Son of Allan Cunningham and brother
of Sir Alexander {q.v.) : born June 9, 1812 :
educated at private schools and at Addis-
combe, where his career was very dis-
tinguished : Sir Walter Scott obtained a
cadetship for him : he went to Chatham
and to India in the Bengal Engineers in
1834 : appointed assistant to Colonel
Claud Wade {q.v.), the Agent on the Sikh
frontier : fortified Firozpur, 1837 : was
for 8 years in political employ : at the
interview with Ranjit Singh, in the
Khyber, at Ludiana, at Peshawar, with
the Amir Dost Muhammad at Jammu,
agent at Bahawalpur : Captain, etc.
1845 : in the first Sikh war was at Badiwal,
Aliwal, and Sobraon : was Political
Agent at Bhopal, 1846 : published the
History of the Sikhs. This work, though
favourably received in general, gave
offence to some of Cunningham's superiors,
as he stated that in the Sikh war two of
the Sikh generals were bought : this was
strenuously denied by high officers : the
result to Cunningham was the loss of his
political appointment and relegation to
ordinary duty, on the ground of having
used in his History information confiden-
tially known to him in his official capacity.
He died at Umbala, Feb. 28, 185 1.
CURETON, SIR CHARLES (1826-1891)
Son of Charles Robert Cureton : bom
Nov. 25, 1826 : joined the E.I. Co.'s
Army, 1843 : eventually became General
in 1888 : served in the first Sikh war, was
at Aliwal, Jan. 28, 1846 : in the Panjab
campaign, 1848-9, was A.D.C. to his
father : and in the N.W. frontier opera-
tions of 1849-52 and i860 : helped to
subdue the Sonthal rebellion, 1856 : in
the Indian mutiny he raised and com-
manded Cvureton's regiment of Multani
native cavalry, was present at an action
against Sealkot rebels at Trimmu Ghat,
and a number of actions in 1858-9, show-
ing great personal bravery : in charge of
Intelligence Department in Rohilkund
and Oudh, 1858-9 : commanded the
Oudh Division of the Bengal Army,
1879-S4 : C.B., 1869 : K.C.B., 1891 :
died July 11, 1891.
CURETON, CHARLES ROBERT ri789-
1848)
Brig-General : born in 1789 : entered
the Shropshire Militia, 1806 : disguised
as a sailor, he fled from creditors, and
enlisted in a dragoon regiment in 1808 :
served in the Peninsula, was in many
actions, Talavera, Badajos, Salamanca,
Madrid, Vittoria, etc.: gazetted as Ensign,
1814 : worked up to Lt-Colonel in 1846 :
went to India in 1822 : was at the siege
of Bhartpur, Jan. 19, 1826 : was in the
Afghan war, 1839, under Sir J. Keane,
at Ghazni, July 23, 1839, and the occupa-
tion of Kabul : was at Maharajpur on
Dec. 29, 1843 : C.B., 1844 : in the Satlaj
campaign was under Sir Harry Smith :
commanded the cavalry at Aliwal, and a
Brigade of cavalry at Sobraon, gaining
the highest praise as a cavalry commander :
made A.D.C. to the Queen : and Adjutant-
General to the Queen's forces in India,
1846 : in the second Sikh war he was
killed at Ramnagar, Nov. 22, 1848.
CURETON, EDWARD BURGOYNE
(1822-1894)
Born May, 1822 : son of Brig-General
C. R. Cureton (q.v.) : Ensign, 13th foot,
1839 : in the i6th Lancers in the battle
of Maharajpur, Dec. 29, 1843 : at Mudki,
Dec. 18, 1845 : at Sobraon, Feb. 10, 1846 :
in the Kafir war, 185 1-3 : in the Crimea
from July, 1855: Lt-General : retired,
1881 : died Feb. 9, 1894.
CURRIE, BERTRAM WODEHOUSE
(1827-1896)
Born 1827 : son of Raikes Currie :
educated at Eton: entered his father's
banking business, which, in 1864, was
amalgamated and became Gl^m, Mills,
Currie & Co. : in Dec. 1880, was ap-
pointed a Member of the Council of India,
re-appointed 1890, served till 1895 : in
1892, represented England at the Inter-
national monetary conference at Brussels :
in 1893 was member of Lord Herschell's
Committee, which decided on closing the
Indian Mints to the free coinage of silver :
was on other financ ial Commissions :
initiated in 1895 the Gold Standard Defence
Association : died Dec. 29, 1896.
I04
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
CURRIE, SIR FREDERICK,
BARONET (1799-1875)
I.C.S. : son of Mark Currie : born Feb. 3,
1799 : educated at Charterhouse and
Haileybury : reached India, 1820 : was
a Judge of the Sadr Adalat (court) in the
N.W.P., 1840 : Foreign Secretary to the
Government of India, 1842 : with Sir
Henry Hardinge in the first Sikh war,
1845-6, and, after Sobraon, drew up the
treaty with the Sikhs : made Baronet in
Jan. 1847 : officiated as Member of the
Supreme Council, April, 1847 to Jan.
1848 : resigned his seat, and succeeded
Sir Henry Lawrence as Resident at Lahore
in 1848 : accepted the resignation of
Mulraj, the Governor of Multan : con-
firmed as Member of Supreme Council,
resuming his seat, March, 1849 : retired
in 1853 : was elected a Director of the
E.I. Co. in 1854, Chairman, 1857 : Member
of the Council of India from 1858 : D.C.L.,
Oxford in 1866 : died Sep. 11, 1875.
CURWEN, HENRY (1845-1892)
Journalist and writer : born in 1845 :
son of Henry Curwen : educated at
Rossall : followed a literary career in
London until he went to India in 1876,
as Assistant-Editor of the Times of India,
Bombay, of which he became Editor in
1880 and joint-proprietor in 1889 : died
on board ship, Feb. 22, 1892, on his way
homewards : wrote several novels, and
translations of French poetry, and con-
tributed articles to periodical literature :
described his tour in the famine districts
of 1876-7: under his editorship the Times
of India was well conducted and favour-
ably regarded.
CURZON OF KEDLESTON, GEORGE
NATHANIEL, FIRST BARON
(1859- )
Viceroy and Governor-General : born
Jan. II, 1859, son of Rev. fourth Baron
Scarsdale : educated at Eton and Balliol
College, Oxford : President of the Union
Society, 1880 : Fellow of All Souls' College,
1883 : gained the Arnold Essay Prize,
1884 : Assistant Private Secretary to the
Marquis of Salisbury, 1885 : Under Secre-
tary of State for India, 1891-2 : for
Foreign Affairs, 1895-8 : travelled in
Central Asia, Persia, Afghanistan, the
Pamirs, Siam, Indo-China, the Korea :
M.P. for Southport Division, 1886-98 :
published Russia in Central Asia, 1889 :
Persia and the Persian Question, 1892 :
Problems of the Far East, 1894 : Viceroy
and Governor-General of India from Jan.
6, 1899, to April, 1904 : paid much atten-
tion to the control and defence of the
frontiers of India, changing the policy on
the N.W. frontier : created a Chief
Commissionership of the Trans-Indus
districts : enforced the blockade of Wazir-
istan : showed distrust of Russian
objects and Russian methods : visited the
Persian gulf, with a view to prevention of
any enroachment on British interest, to
increase trade and maintain sphere of
influence in Persia : despatched Tibet
mission to carry out Anglo-Chinese con-
vention of 1890 and trade regulations of
1893, and check Russian influence in
Tibet : the mission leading to war with
Tibet and the treaty of Lhasa, Sep. 1904 :
examined into every branch of the admin-
istration, to introduce improvements :
" it has not always been a popular policy " :
appointed several Commissions, on the
Universities, to reform Higher Education,
on Irrigation, on the Police : had to deal
with a famine in Bombay : aimed at
improving relations with the native Chiefs,
and the character of their rule : reformed
the four Chiefs' colleges : founded the
Imperial Cadet Corps : settled the ques-
tion of the Berars : set on foot the Vic-
toria Memorial Hall, obtaining large sub-
scriptions from wealthy natives : held the
Delhi Coronation Darbar of Dec. 1902-
J an. 1903 : reduced Lower Bengal by three
Divisions, adding them to Assam to make
a new Lieutenant -Governorship : had large
financial surpluses, twice reduced the Salt
Tax, and removed the Income Tax on the
lowest incomes : passed some important
legislative measures, such as the Universi-
ties Act, the Oflicial Secrets Act, the
Indian Mines Act, the Ancient Monuments
Preservation Act, the Co-operative Credit
Societies' Act : G.M.S.I., G.M.I.E., P.C,
F.R.S., J.P., D.C.L. : re-appointed Viceroy
and Governor-General in 1904 : returned
to India, Dec. 1904 : Lord Warden of the
Cinque Ports, 1903-4 = in Aug., 1905, re-
signed the Viceroyalty on a point arising
out of an adverse decision of the Cabinet
on a difference of opinion between the
C. in C. (Lord Kitchener) and the rest of
the Government of India regarding mili-
tary affairs in India.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
105
OUST, ROBERT NEEDHAM (1821
I.C.S. : son of Hon. and Rev. H. C-
Cust, brother of Earl Brownlow : born
Feb. 24, 1821 : educated at Eton and
Haileybury : entered the Bengal Civil
Service, 1843, and retired in 1867 : served
in the N.W.P. and Panjab : present at
the battles of Mudki and Firozshahr,
1845, and Sobraon, 1846 : called to the
bar from Lincoln's Inn, 1855 : took part
in the settlement of the Panjab after the
mutiny, 1858 : Home Secretary to the
Government of India, 1864-5 : is now
Hon. Secretary of the Royal Asiatic
Society, and has published many books
on the religions and languages of the world,
the two last being Five Essays on Religious
Conceptions, 1897, and Life Memoir,
1899: LL.D. of ' Edinburgh, 1885.
D'ACHE, COMTE'(1700? or 1716?-
1775)
Vice- Admiral : served with distinction,
but without important command, up to
1757. when he was made Commander of
the French Naval forces in Indian seas :
reached the Coromandel coast, April,
1758, commanding the squadron which
took Lally's expedition to India : beaten,
off Negapatam., by the English Fleet
under Admiral Pocock : declined to co-
operate with Lally against Madras :
again defeated off Tranquebar, Aug. i,
1758 : sailed for the Isle of France : took
for his fleet a million francs, intended for
Pondicherry : returned after a year from
Isle of France : defeated off Fort St.
David, Sep. 10, i759, ^Y Pocock : went
to Pondicherry, but abandoned it Sep.
17, and never returned, staying at the Isle
of France : thus, inefficient and constantly
defeated, he lost in a few months the
French cause in South India : the com-
merce of the Compagnie des Indes was
irretrievably destroyed : on his return to
France, he received promotion in the
Navy and honours, without restoring his
reputation by any distinguished action :
became an accuser of Lally : died, 1775.
DA CUNHA, J. GERSON (1842-1900)
Doctor : born in Arpora, Goa : claimed
to belong to a family of Brahman converts
to Christianity: educated at Goa,
Bombay, and in Europe : returned to
Bombay as a medical practitioner : a
man of letters and antiquarian research :
Vice-President of the R.A.S., Bombay,
1892 : Knight of several foreign orders :
read many valuable papers on history,
archaeology, languages, numismatics be-
fore the R.A.S. : also wrote largely : a
history of Chaul and Bassein, and the
Origin of Bombay, 1900 : on the subject
of Buddha's Tooth : a man of great cul-
ture and a keen numismatist : his collection
of Indian coins, said to number 15,000,
was considered one of the finest in the
world, and was valued at several lakhs of
rupees : he died July 3, 1900.
D'AGUILAR, SIR CHARLES
LAWRENCE (1821- )
Born 1821 : son of Lt-General Sir
George D'Aguilar, K.C.B. : educated at
R.M.A., Woolwich : entered the Royal
Artillery, 1838 : Military Secretary to the
Commander of the China Forces, 1843-8 :
served in the Crimea and in the Indian
mutiny : General commanding Woolwich
District, 1874-9 '■ Lt-General, 1877 :
Col. Commandant R.H.A. : G.C.B., 1887.
D'AGUILAR, SIR GEORGE CHARLES
(1784-1855)
Son of Capt. Joseph D'Aguilar : born
Jan. 1784 : joined the 86th regt. in
India, 1799 : served in the Mahratta war
of 1803-5 : at Bhartpur in 1806 under
Lord Lake : to England in 1809 : in the
Walcheren expedition : in Sicily : on a
special mission to Constantinople : in
Spain : in Flanders : C.B. in 1834 : com-
manded in China, and in 1847 Canton
submitted to him : K.C.B. in 1851 : Lt-
General : died May 21, 1855 : wrote
military manuals and treatises.
DALGLEISH, ANDREW ( ? -1888)
An energetic pioneer of trade : for
years he journeyed for commercial pur-
poses between Kashmir and Yarkand :
joined a Central Asian Trading Company :
went with a party to Yarkand, and after-
wards made frequent journeys to Kashgar :
in 1883 he had a free passport from the
Chinese to enter Chinese Turkistan : went
as Turkish interpreter with A. D. Carey
(q.v.) in 1885 from Kashmir round Chinese
Turkistan and along the frontier of Tibet :
was killed near the Karakoram, en route to
Yarkand, by a Kakar Pathan in 1888 :
his map specially acknowledged by the
Geographical Society.
io6
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
DALHOFF, RIGHT REV. THEODORE,
D.D. (1837- )
Second Catholic Archbishop of Bom-
bay : a German, born in Westphalia,
April 20, 1837 : entered the Society of
Jesus, April 14, 1859 : arrived in India,
Jan. 28, 1866 : ordained priest, Dec. 25,
1868 : held several posts of Superiorship
at Bandora, St. Xavier's College, Bombay,
and St. Vincent's High School, Poona :
as Vicar-General, on the death of Arch-
bishop Porter, administered the diocese :
Archbishop of Bombay, Dec. 6, 1891 :
consecrated in Bombay Cathedral, Jan.
31, 1892 : in 1891 visited Europe, and
again in 1895 ; built the Church of the
Holy Name, Bombay (opened Jan. 15,
1905), with Archiepiscopal Residence and
Convent School attached : is proprietor
of the Bombay Catholic Examiner (now
called the Examiner), a weekly religious
paper of wide circulation, nov/ in its
fifty-fifth year : still at work in his 69th
year.
DALHOUSIE, GEORGE RAMSAY,
NINTH EARL OF (1770-1838)
General : son of the eighth Earl : born in
1770, entered the Army in the Dragoon
Guards in 1789, was in several regiments :
became Maj-General in 1805, Lt-General,
1813 : G.C.B. : General, 1830 : served
at Martinique, 1792 : in the Irish rebellion
of 1798 : in Holland, Egypt, the Peninsula
and France : created Baron Dalhousie in
the Peerage of the United Kingdom in
Aug. 181 5 : Lt-Governor of Nova Scotia,
1816 : Captain-General and Governor of
Canada, Nova Scotia, etc., 1819-28 : and
commanded the forces from 1819 : was
C. in C. in the East Indies, 1829-32 :
father of the first Marquis of Dalhousie
{q.v.) : died March 21, 1838.
DALHOUSIE, JAMES ANDREW
BROWN-RAMSAY, FIRST MAR-
QUIS OF (1812-1860)
Governor-General : third son of the
ninth Earl, C. in C. in India [q-v.) : born
April 22, 1812 : educated at Harrow and
Christ Church, Oxford : M.P. for Hadding-
tonshire, 1837 : succeeded his father,
March, 1838 : Vice-President of the Board
of Trade in Peel's administration, 1843 :
Privy Councillor, 1843 : President of the
Board and in the Cabinet, 1845 : declined
a seat in the Cabinet offered him in July,
1846, by Lord John Russell, who ap-
pointed him Governor-General of India
in 1847 : assumed office, Jan. 12, 1848.
After the rebellion of Mulraj at Multan,
the second Sikh war broke out : Dal-
housie went up to the Panjab-Satlaj
frontier and supervised the operations :
annexed the Panjab in March, 1849 : was
made a Marquis : made Sir Henry
Lawrence President of the Board of Ad-
ministration, and, in 1853, made Sir
John Lawrence Chief Commissioner of
the Panjab : his controversy with Sir
C. J. Napier, the C. in C, regarding cer-
tain new regulations affecting the grant
to the Sepoys of compensation for dear-
ness of provisions, led to the latter's
resignation. Dalhousie's internal adminis-
tration of the country was thorough and
comprehensive : he introduced and laid
down a system for the construction of
railways ; joined the provinces by tele-
graphs ; organized the imperial postal
system ; created the Departments of Public
works. Jails, Forests, Survey, and Edu-
cation; dealt with the strength and com-
position of the Army in India ; reorganized
and expanded the Legislative Council ;
created a separate Lieutenant-Governor-
ship of Lower Bengal (to relieve the
Governor-General of his direct personal
charge of that Province) : he declared
war on the King of Burma in 1852, and
supervised it himself, visiting the country
and annexing Pegu : made treaties with
the Khan of Kelat and Amir of Afghanis-
tan : the Berars were assigned for the
payment of the Hyderabad debts. Dal-
housie has been blamed for the annexation
of Satara, Nagpur, Tanjore, Jhansi,
Oudh, for reducing the title of the Nawab
of the Carnatic to Prince of Arcot, for
terminating the ex-Peshwa's pension
the fact is, that where annexations were
effected, according to the doctrine of
lapse, i.e. on the failure of natural heirs,
that policy was not Dalhousie's, but a
policy which had been previously declared
and acted upon and was, in each case,
sanctioned by higher authority : in the
case of Oudh, he personally was opposed
to annexation, but his Council advocated
it and the authorities in England ordered
it, on account of the continued malad-
ministration by the King, after repeated
warnings : Dalhousie restricted the ap-
plication of the doctrine of lapse to cases
of Hindu dependent states. He was also
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
107
blamed for weakening the European
Army in India : in fact, he had protested
against reduction of the EngUsh Army in
India for the Crimean and Persian wars,
and had given full attention to military
affairs : he abolished numerous Boards
and established responsible Departments
in their places : his despatches were not
attended to at the India House, and he
was never able to defend himself and his
administration. He suffered from ill-
health, during the prolongation of his ap-
pointment in India, and was too ill after
his retirement, on Feb. 29, 1856, to defend
his policy : and the English Governments
failed to support him. Thus the out-
break of the mutiny was unjustly attri-
buted to his alleged policy in respect of
annexation, neglect of military matters,
and the reduced strength of the English
Army in India. His assailants have been
amply refuted by his later biographers,
especially in Sir W. Lee Warner's Life of
the Marquis of Dalhousie, 1904. The
death, from exhaustion after sea-sickness,
of Lady Dalhousie in 1853, in sight of
England, affected him deeply. Always
a very hard worker, he sought distraction
in " work, work,"' and in his public duties.
His final minute of Feb. 28, 1856, contains
a summary of his administration. He was
masterful in character and impatient of
opposition. " In the three words, con-
quest, consolidation and development,
his work may be summed up " (Sir
W. W. Hunter). He stands out as " the
great Proconsul " of modern times. After
retirement he held no office but that of
Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1852-60.
He died Dec. 19, i860. His statue is in
Calcutta, where the Dalhousie Institute
was erected in his memory.
DALLAS, SIR GEORGE, BARONET
(1758-1833)
Son of Robert Dallas : born April 6, 1758 :
educated at Geneva : entered the E. I. Co.'s
civil service at eighteen, was noticed by
Warren Hastings, appointed Collector of
Rajshahi : returned to England for ill-
health, 1788: deputed by Calcutta resi-
dents to present a petition against Pitt's
East India Bill : made a Baronet in
1798 : M.P., 1800-2, for Newport : wrote
a poem The India Guide : a pamphlet in
vindication of Warren Hastings, 1789 :
a vindication of the Marquis Wellesley's
wars in Hindustan and the Dekkan, 1806,
besides papers on Ireland and France,
and on Trade between India and Europe,
in which he advocated a greater freedom
and liberality in trade between the
countries : died Jan. 14, 1833.
DALLAS, SIR THOMAS ( ? -1839)
Was a cavalry officer in the Carnatic,
and under Colonel Arthur Wellesley, and
at the siege of Seringapatam : distin-
guished himself : K.C.B. : died Aug. 12,
1839.
DALRYMPLE, ALEXANDER
(1737-1808)
Son of Sir James Dalrymple, Bart. : born
July 24, 1737 : went out to Madras in the
E.I. Co.'s Civil service, in May, 1753 '•
Lord Pigot, to whom he had been reco-
mended, put him into the Secretariat and
taught him to write : the historian Orme
also befriended him : he became Deputy
Secretary : in 1759-62 he made a voyage
to the Eastern Archipelago in the interest
of commerce : after returning to Madras
he sailed again to the islands and reached
Canton in 1764. He returned to England
in 1765 to push his schemes of extending
commerce to the East, but received no
encouragement : failed to obtain the
command of an expedition to observe the
transit of Venus in 1769 : then turned his
attention to geography and hydrography,
and published a Chart of the Bay of
Bengal in 1772 : appointed Member of
Council in Madras, 1775, but in 2 years was
recalled on an unfounded charge of mis-
conduct : in 1779 made hydrographer
to the E.I. Co., and in 1795 also to the
Admiralty : dismissed from this appoint-
ment in May, 1808: died of vexation,
June, 19, 1808 : published a number of
works, chiefly on voyages, charts, his-
torical and political papers, including
the Oriental Repertory, 179 1-4.
DALRYMPLE, JAMES ( ? -1800)
Commanded the 29th battalion in
Madras, 1788 : at the storming of Gurrum-
condah in Nov. 1791 : took Raichur for
the Nizam from insurgents, March, 1796 :
in the Nizam's contingent under General
A. Wellesley, 1799 : in the assault of
Seringapatam, May 4, 1799 : after the
capture commanded the Hyderabad Sub-
sidiary Force : took several forts from
Dhoondia Waugh, the freebooter, and
io8
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
defeated him, Aug. 17, 1799, at Shikarpur,
expelling him from Mysore : died, much
regretted by General Wellesley, at Hydera-
bad, Dec, 1800.
DALRYMPLE. WILLIAM LISTON
(1816- )
Born June 29, 1845 : educated at High
School, Edinburgh, Wimbledon and Sand-
hurst : joined 44th regt., 1863, and 88th
Connaught Rangers, 1864 : passed Staff
College, 1873 : served at Ashanti, Ber-
muda, D.A.A., and Q.M.G., Northern
District : A.A.G., Colonial Forces, South
Africa, 1878 : Brig-Major S. Africa
Field Force, 1879 : Military Secretary to
Lord Lytton when Viceroy of India, 1880 :
A.Q.M.G. of India, 1883-4 : D.Q.M.G.,
India, 189 1-3 : Brig-General. India,
1893-8 : C.B., 1893 : retired.
DALTON, EDWARD TUITE (1816-1880)
Entered the Army, 1835 : in expedi-
tions against frontier tribes of Assam,
1839-40, and 1842 : commanded an
expedition and captured the Mishmi chief
who had murdered the French missionaries
Kirk and Bourry on the Tibetan frontier :
Commissioner of Chota Nagpur in 1858 :
with the Field Force against the Palamau
rebels, and in 1858-9 against the Singbhum
insurgents : C.S.L : Maj-General, 1877 =
died Dec. 30, 1880 : wrote The Descriptive
Ethnology of Bengal, 1872.
DALTON, JOHN (1725-1811)
Son of Capt. James Dalton of the 6th
regt. : born 1725 : appointed to Hanmer's
Marine regt., 1741 : 2nd Lt. of Marines
on the Preston, 1743 ' to Fort St. David,
1745 : the French took Madras, 1746 :
the Marine regts. being reduced at the
peace with France, Dalton joined the
Independent Companies under Admiral
Boscawen {q.v.) : became a Captain in
the E.I. Co.'s service : in the expedition
to Devikota, 1749 '• Muhammad Ali, son
of Anwaruddin, late Nawab of the Car-
natic, fled on his father's death to Trichino-
poly and applied to the English for help :
Dalton was in the force sent to his aid :
was in the retreat at Volkonda, June, 19,
1751 : at Wootatoor and at Kistnavaram :
in the fighting on behalf of Muhammad
Ali against Chanda Sahib {q.v.) near
Trichinopoly : Dalton made Commandant
there, Jime, 15, 1752, to keep it for
Muhammad Ali against the Dalwai (the
Regent of Mysore), and Morari Rao the
Mahratta : defended it with great skill
and coiurage against famine, treachery,
blockade and the French also : relieved
by Major Stringer Lawrence, May, 6,
1753, and again Sep. 21 : resigned the
E.I. Co.'s service March i, i754. and re-
turned to England : died July 11, 181 1.
D'ALVIELLA, COUNT GOBLET
(1846- )
Born Aug. 10, 1846 : educated at
Brussels and Paris : LL.D. of the Univer-
sity of Glasgow : Hibbert Lecturer at
Oxford, 1891 : accompanied H.M. King
Edward VII, then H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, on his Indian tour in 1875-6 :
Author of Inde et Himalaye, 1877 : Cdn-
temporary Evolution of Religious Thought
in England, America and India, 1885 :
Ce que VInde doit a la Grece, 1897, etc.
DALY, SIR HENRY DERMOT (1821-
1896)
Son of Lt-Colonel Francis Dermot
Daly : born Oct. 25, 1821 : joined the
first Bombay European regt. in 1840,
became Adjutant, was present at the
fighting at Multan in 1848, in the second
Sikh war, at Gujarat on Feb. 22, 1849,
and in the pursuit of the Sikhs : in 1849
he raised the first Panjab Cavalry and saw
service on the frontier, against the Afridis,
and under Sir Colin Campbell in 1852.
In the mutiny he commanded the Guides'
Cavalry in their march of 580 miles in 22
days from Mardan to Delhi : was at the
siege of Delhi, at the capture of Lucknow
in March, 1858, and in the Oudh campaign :
in 1 861 he commanded the Central India
Horse, and in 1871 was made Agent to the
Governor-General for Central India :
K.C.B., 1875 : CLE., 1880 : General
in 1888 : G.C.O., 1889 : retired in 1882 :
died July 21, 1895.
DALY, HUGH (1860- )
Born i860 : son of Sir H.D. Daly {q.v.) :
entered Gloucestershire regt. 1881 : joined
the Indian Staff Corps : Captain, 1892 :
served in Burmese expedition, 1886-7 =
Superintendent of the Northern Shan
States, 1888 : CLE. : Assistant, and,
later, Deputy-Secretary to the Govern-
ment of India, Foreign Department :
Major and C.S.L, 1903 : Agent to the
Governor-General for Central India, 1905-
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
109
DALYELL, SIR ROBERT ANSTRU-
THER (1831-1890)
I.C.S. : born Oct. 7, 1831 : son of Colonel
John Dalyell : educated at Cheltenham
and Haileybury : went to Madras in Jan.,
1851 : became Secretary to the Board of
Revenue in 1867, Secretary to Govern-
ment, Revenue Department, in 1868 :
Chief Secretary, 1870 : Member of the
Board of Revenue, 1873 : made a special
report on the Excise administration in
1874 : Chief Commissioner of Mysore in
1875-6, and additional Member of the
Governor-General's Legislative Council,
1873-7 : retired from India, 1877 :
Member of the Council of India, 1877-87 :
C.S.I. , in 1879 : K.C.I.E., 1887 : LL.D.
of St. Andrews, 1885 : died Jan. 18, 1890.
DAMANT, GUYBON HENRY (1846-1879)
I.C.S, : born May 9, 1846 : educated
at St. Paul's School, London, and Christ's
College, Cambridge : Scholar and Ex-
hibitioner : went out to Bengal, 1869 :
served in Cachar, Assam, and on special
duty to Manipur, 1876 : was Deputy
Commissioner of the Garo Hills, 1877, and
Political Agent in the Naga Hills, Assam,
1878 : on his way to Khonoma, to seize
some ammunition which the Nagas had
stored, was killed by them, Oct. 14, 1879 :
took keen interest in literature and
philology : wrote on folk-lore, and the
Manipuri language in the J.A.S.B.,
J.R.A.S., and the Indian Antiquary:
most of the MSS. of his Manipur Dic-
tionary were destroyed by the Nagas in the
stockade at Kohima.
D AMPIER, HENRY LUCIUS (1828- )
I.C.S. : born 1828 : son of W. Dampier,
I.C.S. : educated at Eton : entered the
B.C.S., 1848 : Member of the Orissa famine
Commission, 1 867: Secretary to the Govern-
ment of Bengal : officiating Home Secre-
tary to the Government of India, 1872 :
Member of Bengal Legislative Council,
1867-84 : Member of the Board of Rev-
enue, 1877 : President of Rent Law
Commission, 1881 : retired, 1884 : CLE.
DANCE, SIR NATHANIEL (1748-1827)
Son of James Dance: born June 20,
1748, entered the E. I. Co's naval service,
1759 '• was in command of a ship in 1787.
As Commodore of a fleet of 16 Indiamen
and some country ships in 1804, homeward
bound from Canton, he fell in with a
French squadron off Pulo Aor, near the
S. end of the straits of Malacca, and by his
skill and boldness deceived them and put
them to flight on Feb. 15, saving his own
fleet and its valuable cargo. He was
knighted and pensioned by the E. I. Co. :
died March 25, 1827.
DANE, SIR LOUIS WILLIAM
(1856- )
I.C.S. : born March 21, 1856 : son of
Richard Martin Dane, M.D., C.B. :
arrived in India, 1876 : served in the
Panjab : Private Secretary to the Lieuten-
ant-Governor, 1S79-82 : Officiating Regis-
trar of the Chief Court, 1886 : Settle-
ment Officer, Gurdaspur, 1887 : Deputy
Commissioner, Peshawar, 1892 : Chief
Secretary to the Panjab Government, 1898:
Resident in Kashmir, 1901 : Foreign
Secretary to the Government of India^
1903 : C.S.L, 1904 : Head of the^Mission
to Kabifl, 1904-5, to negotiate a" Treaty
with the Amir of Afghanistan : made
K.C.I.E. on his return.
DANIELL, THOMAS (1749-1840)
Painter : son of an innkeeper : born in
1749 = was in India painting for ten years^
from 1784, with his nephew William (q.v.),
and published his pictures : brought out
their Oriental Scenery in 1808 : Royal
Academician in 1799 : F.R.S., F.R.A.S.,
and F.S.A. : exhibited his pictures at
the Academy and at the British Institute :
published other collections of pictures 1
died March 19, 1840.
DANIELL, WILLIAM (
■1837)
Artist, R.A : at 14 accompanied his
uncle, Thomas Daniell (q.v.), also an artist,
to India : in 10 years they travelled many
thousand, miles, from Cape Comorin to
Srinagar, and on their return published
Oriental Scenery, in 6 volumes, completed
in 1808. He exhibited largely at the
Academy and the British Institute r
published also A Picturesque Voyage to
India, Zoography, The Panorama of
Madras, 1832, the City of Lucknow, and
the Oriental Annual, besides other pic-
tures of British scenery. He was made a
Royal Academician in 1822 : died Aug. i6>.
1837. 1 ,
no
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
DANVERS, FREDERICK CHARLES
( ? - )
Educated at Merchant Taylors' School
and King's College, London : joined the
East India House as a writer, 1853 : and
the India Office, 1858 : Registrar and
Superintendent of Records, 1884 : deputed
to Lisbon, 189 1-2, to examine the Portu-
guese records relating to India, and to the
Hague, 1893-4 : wrote extensively on
Indian questions, including public works,
famines, coal, statistics, agriculture, on
Chiefs, Agents, and Governors of Bengal,
1888 : The India Ofice Records, 1889 :
on the Portuguese records and A History
of the Portuguese in India, 1894.
DANVERS, SIR JULAND (1826-1902)
Born March 19, 1826: son of Frederick
Dawes Danvers : educated at King's
College, London : entered the E.I. Co.'s
home service, 1842 : Private Secretary
to two Chairmen of the Court, 1848-53 :
on the transfer of India to the Crown,
Danvers became, at the India Office, Secre-
tary in the Railway and Telegraph Depart-
ment, and Deputy Director of Indian
Railways, 1858-61 : Government Director
of Indian Railways, 1861-92 : Secretary in
the Public Works, Railway and Telegraph
Departments, 1880-92 : visited India,
1875-6 : wrote the annual official reports
on Indian railways presented to Parlia-
ment, 1859-82 : was constantly examined
before Parliamentary Committees on Rail-
way and Finance questions : K.C.S.I.,
1886: retired 1892 : died Oct. 18, 1902.
DARBHANGA, MAHARAJA
BAHADUR SIR LACHMESWAR
SINGH, OF (1856-1898)
Elder son of Maharaja Maheswar Singh
of Darbhanga : born 1856 : educated by
an English tutor, Chester Macnaghten
{q.v.) : occupied, as head of the Maithili
BrahminSj a Hindu of Hindus, and the
possessor of very large estates in Bihar, a
very important position in Bihar and Ben-
gal : sincerely devoted to religion : largely
directed the management of his property
and effected great improvements : made
Maharaja Bahadur and K.C.I.E. : a Mem-
ber of both the Legislative Councils of
Bengal and the Governor-General : con-
tributed handsomely to all objects of
charity, medical aid, educational endow-
ments and objects of general public
utility : as President of the British Indian
and other Landowners' Associations, his
influence was chiefly felt in questions
affecting landed property : died Dec. 17,
1898.
DARBHANGA, MAHARAJA BAHADUR
SIR RAMESWAR SINGH OF
(1860- )
Born Jan. 16, i860 : younger son of
Maharaja Maheswar Singh : educated at
the Queen's College, Benares, and at
home by Chester Macnaghten (q.v.) : in
1878 was appointed by Lord Lytton to the
Statutory Civil Service : served as Assist-
ant Magistrate of Darbhanga, Chapra
and Bhagalpur : resigned in 1885 : was
created Raja Bahadur, of Bachaur : in
1888 was appointed a Member of the
Bengal Legislative Council, as representa-
tive of the landowners of Bengal and
Bihar : succeeded to the Darbhanga Raj
on the death of his elder brother, Maharaja
Sir Lachmeswar Singh, on Dec. 17, 1898 :
made Maharaja Bahadur : in 1899 and
1904 was elected by the non-official mem-
bers of the Bengal Legislative Council as
their representative in the Governor-
General's Legislative Council : President
of several Landowners' Associations :
Kaisar-i-Hind Gold Medal, 1900 : in 1902
made K.C.I.E., and appointed a member
of the Police Commission.
DARMESTETER, JAMES (1849-1894)
Born March 28, 1849, in Alsace, of a poor
Jewish family : son of Cerf, and brother
of Arsene, Darmesteter : delicate, puny,
and almost deformed : educated at the
Lycee Condorcet, Paris : Doctor in
Letters, 1877 : devoted himself to Oriental
scholarship and literature : became the
greatest authority of his time on Zoro-
astrian literatiure : appointed x\ssistant-
Professorof Zend at the Ecole des Hautes
Etudes, 1877 : and in 1892, Director :
was appointed Professor of Persian at the
College de France, 1885, and Secretary
of the Societe Asiatique : wrote Etudes
Iraniennes, 1883, and on the language and
literature of ancient Persia : travelled in
India, to study his subjects locally : resid-
ing there, Feb. 1886— Feb. 1887, chiefly
at Bombay, Peshawar and Hazara :
wrote Letters sur ITnde, 1888, The Popular
Songs of the Afghans, with an introduction
on their language, history and literature,
1890 ; a complete translation, 1892-3,
of the Zendavesta, published in the
Sacred Books of the East : and Selected
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
III
Essays, published 1S95 : was an Editor
of the Revue Critique, and, later, of the
Revue de Paris : wrote in them, and in the
Journal des Debals, critical notices of
books and Oriental essays : wrote on the
mythology of the Avesta, 1875 : Ormuzd
et Ahriman, iSyy : Essais Orientaux, 1883 :
also on the History of the Jewish People,
in the Nouvelle Revue : and the Prophets
of Israel, 1892 : died at Maisons-Lafitte,
Oct. 19, 1894.
DAS, SARAT CHANDRA, RAI BAHA-
DUR (1849- )
Born July 18, 1849 : educated at
Chittagong and the Calcutta Presidency
College : and in that College's Engineering
Department : in 1874 was appointed
Head Master of the Bhutia boarding
school at Darjeeling : began to study
Tibetan from Lama Ugyen Gyatso, a
teacher there : in 1878 the latter, on a
visit to Tashi Lhumpo (Teshu Lumbo)
in Tibet, obtained an invitation and pass-
port for Sarat Chandra to visit Lhasa :
in June, 1879, they started together to
visit Lhasa with a servant : returned after
six months from Tashi Lhumpo to Dar-
jeeling : in Nov. 1881, they again went
to Tashi Lhumpo, and on to Lhasa :
wrote his Narrative of a Journey to Lhasa,
and Narrative of a Journey round Lake
Palti (Yamdok), and in Lhokha, Yarlung
and Sakya : in 1884 Sarat accompanied
Colman Macaulay (q.v.) to the Lachen
Valley in Sikhim, and in 1885 went with
him to Pekin: made CLE., Jan. 1886 :
received a reward from the Royal Geo-
graphial Society, 1887 : founded the
Buddhist Text Book Society, 1892 : made
Rai Bahadur, 1896 : the Royal Geo-
graphical Society published His Travels
in Tibet, in 1899 : completed his Tibetan-
English Dictionary in 1902 : from Sep.
1 88 1 served the Government of Bengal
as Tibetan translator : retired from service
July, 1904: engaged in compiling a Sans-
krit-English dictionary.
DAUD SHAH ( ? -1897)
Of the Lahkan Kheyl, a branch of a
tribe of the Ghilzais : at the age of 20
he joined the Army of Amir Dost Muham-
mad Khan and became Akbar Khan's
orderly officer. Shir Ali made him
captain for services rendered at the
battle of Kajhbaz on June 6, 1865, in
which Sirdar Muhammad Ali Khan,
eldest son of Shir Ali, was killed. Daud
Shah showed great bravery during a
campaign at Khost and was raised to the
rank of General: he defeated Abdur
Rahman's forces in Turkistan, and settled
the country in Shir All's name, but, having
quarrelled with General Muhammad Alam,
he was recalled to Kabul and imprisoned
by Shir Ali. Soon released, he acted as
Commander-in-Chief when Yakub Khan
rebelled against his father Shir Ali, and
when General Faramurz Khan, command-
ing the Amir's forces, was killed by Aslam
Khan, son of Amir Dost Muhammad.
Upon Yakub's second rebellion, an army
was sent to Herat in which Daud Shah
was given a command, but Shir Ali,
finding no General at Kabul, recalled him
and entrusted him with all army affairs
at the capital. In Jan. 1879, when Shir
Ali fled to Turkistan, after the capture
of Ali Masjid and the Peiwar Kotal by
the British troops, Daud Shah was left
at Kabul with Yakub Khan and accom-
panied him to meet Sir S. Browne at
Gandamak. He was Yakub's Comman-
der-in-Chief at the time of the massacre of
Sir Louis Cavagnari in Sep. 1879, and
Yakub's flight to the British camp.
During Sir F. Roberts' tenure of Sherpur,
at Kabul, Daud Shah was arrested about
Dec. 18, 1879, and deported to India :
died at Rawul Pindi, Dec. 25, 1897.
DAVIDS, T. W. RHYS (1843- )
LL.D., Ph.D. : born May 12, 1843 :
son of Rev. T. W. Davids : educated at
Brighton School and Breslau University :
entered Ceylon Civil Service, 1866 :
barrister, Middle Temple, 1877 : delivered
Hibbert Lectures, 1881 : author of
Buddhism, 1878 ; Buddhism, its History
and Literature, 1896 : Buddhist India,
1902, and numerous other works connected
with Buddhist Texts, etc. : Secretary and
Librarian, Royal Asiatic Society : Pro-
fessor of Pali and Buddhist Literatmre,
University College, London.
DAVIDSON, ARTHUR ( ? - )
Colonel : son of W. Davidson : edu-
cated privately at Petersham : joined the
6oth Rifles, 1876 : served in Afghan war,
1878-80 : at Kandahar and Ahmad
Kheyl : A.D.C. to Sir Donald Stewart at
Kabul : A.D.C. to Sir John Ross in Sir F.
112
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Roberts' march from Kabul to Kandahar
and the battle there: served in Marri expedi-
tion under General Macgregor : in Boer war
with Natal Field Force, 1881, and in
Egyptian war, 1882 : present at Tel-el-
Kebir : served under Sir Charles Warren
in Bechuanaland, 18S4 : A.D.C. to H.R.H.
The Duke of Cambridge, 1890-5 : Equerry
in Waiting to Queen Victoria, 1896-1901,
and to the King : C.B. in 1902 : C.V.O.
m
DAVIDSON, CUTHBERT (1810-1862)
Colonel : born May 24, 1810 : son of
Sir David Davidson : educated privately
and at Edinburgh : went to India as a
military cadet, 1826 : joined the 16th
N.I. : A.D.C. to Lord W. Bentinck in Ma-
dras : in 1836, joined Sir R. Grant's Staff,
when Governor of Bombay : commanded a
regiment of the Nizam's cavalry : first
Assistant at Hyderabad under General
Low and General Eraser : Resident at
Baroda for 3 years : Resident at Hydera-
bad, 1857-62 : helped to bring Sir Salar
Jang into office as Prime Minister : in
the formidable attack on the Residency,
July 17, 1857 : his life was attempted in
the Nizam's Darbar, March 15, 1859 :
C.B. after the mutiny : distinguished for
his courage, composmre and resolution :
died Aug. 2, 1862.
DAVIDSON, JOHN (1845- )
Colonel : son of Alexander Davidson,
M.D. : born 1845 : educated at Winches-
ter : entered the Army, 1863 : joined
the Panjab Cavalry, 1866 : A.A.G. Pan-
jab Frontier Force, 1875 : served in
the Jowaki-Afridi expedition, 1877-8 :
D.A.Q.M.G., Afghan campaign, 1878-9 :
A.Q.M.G., Waziri expedition, 1880 :
Military Secretary, Panjab Government,
1885-6 : Colonel on Staff, Chitral, 1896-8 :
C.B. : Author of Notes on Bashgalt-Kafir
Language, 1902.
DAVIES, THOMAS ARTHUR HARK-
NESS (1857- )
Born Nov. 29, 1857 : son of Ma j -General
Horatio Nelson Davies : educated at
Wellington College : joined the Devon
Regt., 1876 : served asD.A.A.G. in Burma,
1894-7 : in the Afghan war, 1880 : the
Wuntho expedition in Burma, 1892 :
commanded the Kachen Hills expedition in
Burma, 1893 : in the Tirah expedition,
1897, and in the South African war, 1899-
1902, including relief of Ladysmith :
Brevet Lt-Colonel, and D.S.O.
DAVIES, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1824
-1902)
I.CS. : son of Sir David Davies,
K.C.H., Physician to William IV :
educated at Charterhouse and Haileybury,
1 841 -3 : went to the N.W.P. in the Civil
Service, 1844 : in the mutiny, served with
the troops in the Benares Division : was
besieged at Azimghar, while Magistrate :
was in the pursuit of Kooer Singh :
Secretary to the Panjab Government, 1859:
Financial Commissioner in Oudh, 1864 :
Chief Commissioner of Oudh, 1865-71 :
Lieutenant-Governor of the Panjab, Jan.,
1871, to April, 1877 : K.C.S.1. 1874 : CLE.
1877 : Member of the Council of India,
March, 1885-95 : died Aug. 23, 1902.
DAVIES, SIR WILLIAM GEORGE
(1828-1898)
Maj-General : son of Dr. S. Davies :
educated at London University College
School : entered the Bengal Army, 1839 :
served on the Peshawar frontier under
Sir Colin Campbell : appointed Assistant
Commissioner in the Panjab : Financial
Commissioner, 1883 : Member of the
Governor-General's Legislative Council :
as Commissioner of Delhi was President of
the Executive Committee of the Imperial
Assemblage, 1877 : C.S.I. : retired, 1887 :
K.C.S.I. : died June 12, 1898.
DAVIS, GEORGE M'BRIDE (1846- )
Born March -29, 1846 : son of Dr. W. A.
Davis : educated at Queen's College,
Belfast : entered Bengal Medical Service,
1869, and became Surgeon-Colonel, 1897 :
served in Mahsud-Waziri expedition,
1881 : Miranzai expedition, 1891 : Hazara
expedition, 1891 : as P.M.O. in Waziristan
expedition, 1894-5 : as P.M.O. in Tirah
expedition, 1897-8 : was present at
Dargai : in China expedition, 1901 :
C.B. in 1898, and D.S.O., 1895 : is Princi-
pal Medical Officer, Panjab Frontier
Force.
DAVIS, SAMUEL (1760-1819)
Went to Bengal as an officer of En-
gineers : was an excellent artist : accom-
panied Turner's Embassy to Tibet in
1783, but he himself did not advance
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
113
beyond Bhutan : he was afterwards
admitted to the E.I. Co.'s civil service :
was District Judge and Agent to the
Governor-General at Benares and had an
observatory there : as a mathematician
and astronomer, he identified astronomical
references in Sanskrit works. When
Wazir Ali, the deposed Nawab of Oudh,
revolted in Jan., 1799, and murdered
Mr. Cherry, then the Governor-General's
Agent, he afterwards, with a crowd of
followers, attacked Davis, who, on Jan.
14, 1799, successfully defended himself
and his family, standing at the top of a
staircase, pike in hand, until rescued by
British troopers. Davis became a Direc-
tor of the E. I. Co., from 1810 to 1819, and
wrote the well-known Fifth Report on the
Permanent Settlement : F.R.S. : died
June 16, 1819.
DAVISON, SIR HENRY ( ? -1860)
Was a Puisne Judge of the Supreme
Court, Madras, Dec. 1856 : succeeded
Sir W. Yardley as Chief Justice, Bombay,
in April, 1858 : transferred in April-May,
1859, to be Chief Justice, Madras, in suc-
cession to Sir C. Rawlinson : died at
Ootacamund, Nov. 3 or 4, i860.
DAWKINS, SIR CLINTON EDWARD
(1859- )
Born 1859 : son of C. G. A. Dawkins of
the Foreign Office: educated at Cheltenham
and Balliol College, Oxford : entered the
India Office, 1884 : Private Secretary to
Lord Cross, Secretary of State, 1886, and
to Mr. Goschen, Chancellor of Exchequer,
1889 : Under Secretary of State for
Finance in Egypt, 1895 : Financial Mem-
ber of the Supreme Council in India,
1 899-1 900 : Partner in Messrs. J. S.
Morgan & Co. : author of Appendix to
Milner's England in Egypt : C.B. in 1901,
and K.C.B., 1902.
DAY, FRANCIS (1829-1889)
Son of WilHam Day : born March 2,
1829 : educated at Shrewsbury and St.
George's Hospital, London : joined the
E.I. Co.'s Medical Service at Madras,
1852 : served in the Burmese war of 1852-
54 : Surgeon-Major in 1872 : Deputy
Surgeon-General in 1876, when he retired.
An eminent naturalist : Ichthyology was
the real work of his life : he investigated,
for Government, the condition of Indian
fisheries : his last appointment was as
Inspr-General of Fisheries in India, where
he was recognized as the chief authority
on Indian fishes and piscicultvure. After
his retirement, he pursued his studies in
the same subject, gaining medals at
several exhibitions between 1875 and 1883.
He was made CLE. in 1885 : LL.D. of
Edinburgh in 1889 : F.Z.S., and F.L.S. :
was Indian Commissioner at the Fisheries
Exhibition, 1883. Collections made by
him are at Calcutta, Cambridge, London,
etc. He wrote extensively on Fish and
Fisheries, in separate works and in con-
tributions to the Journals of learned
Societies : v^Tote The Fishes of India, The
Fishes of Malabar, The British and Irish
SalmonidcB, The Fishes of the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, The Fishes of the
Nilgiri Hills and Wynaad, The Fishes of
Great Britain and Ireland : also. The Land
of the Perumals, 1863 : Tropical Fevers,
etc. : died July 10, 1889.
DE, REV. LAL BEHARI (1826-1894)
Educated at the General Assembly's
Institution, under the Rev. Dr. Duff : at
17 was converted to Christianity : in
1 85 1 authorized to preach, and ordained
in 1855 : in 1857 he gave up preaching,
and entered the Bengal Educational
Department : spent most of his career
at Hughli as Professor of History and
English Literature : he retired in his 63rd
year : died about Oct., 1894 : he wrote
against Vedantism and the preaching of
Keshab Chandra Sen {q.v.), and conducted
a Joiurnal to diffuse Christianity. His
novel, Gobinda Samanta, a tale of peasant
life in Bengal, and other writings, attracted
considerable attention : wrote also Re-
miniscences of Dr. Duff, 1879.
DEALTRY, THE RIGHT REV.
THOMAS, D.D. (1796-1861)
Bishop : born of poor parents in York-
shire in 1796 : went up to St. Catherine's
Hall, Cambridge, as a pensioner in 1825 :
first class in the Law Class List, 1827-8 :
LL.B. in 1829 : after being ordained,
was a curate at Cambridge and came under
the influence of the Rev. C. Simeon, who
obtained for him a chaplaincy in the
Bengal Establishment. Reaching Cal-
cutta in 1829, he was appointed to the old
Mission church, and remained in charge of
it till 1835, when he was made Archdeacon
I
114
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
of Calcutta: held the post till his
departure to England in 1848. He was
there offered the Bishopric of Madras, was
consecrated, became D.D., and returned
to Madras as Bishop in Feb., 1850. In
the latter years of Bishop Wilson, who
died 1858, Dealtry did much of his touring
and visitation work in Upper India : was
an active and liberal supporter of Missions
and Missionaries : died March 4, 1861.
DEANE, HAROLD ARTHUR (1854- )
Lt-Colonel : born April i, 1854 : son
of Rev. Henry Deane : educated at Ips-
wich Grammar School : entered the
English Army, 1874, and the Indian Staff
Corps, 1877 : served in the Afghan war,
1879-80 : District Superintendent of
Police, Andamans, 1880-5 : entered the
Pan jab Commission and served as Assis-
tant and Deputy Commissioner till 1895 :
Chief Political Officer with Chitral Relief
Force : Political Agent at Malakand :
Political Resident in Kashmir, 1900-1 :
Chief Commissioner and Agent to the
Governor-General, N.W. Frontier Pro-
vince, 1901 : C.S.I. , 1896.
DEANE, THOMAS (1841-
Colonel : born May 12, 1841 : son of
Sir Thomas Deane : educated privately :
joined the Indian Army, 1862, in Madras
Cavalry : attached to 21st Hussars,
1863-9 : Viceroy's Bodyguard, 1869 :
Military Secretariat, Government of India,
1877 : Staff Officer to the Controller
General, Supply and Transport, Afghan
war, 1879 : Director Army Remount
Department, 1887-8 : and again 1889-98 :
on special service in S. Africa, 1900-1 :
Agent in England for Government of
India Army Studs : C.B. in 1897.
DEASY, HENRY HUGH PETER
(1866- )
Born 1866 : son of Right Hon. Richard
Deasy, Lord Justice of Appeal (Ireland) :
educated at Bournemouth and Dublin :
joined the i6th Lancers, 1888, and resigned
his commission, 1897 : explored Western
Tibet, 1896 : received the Founders'
Gold Medal from the Royal Geographical
Society for exploring and survey work in
Central Asia for nearly three years :
created a record In motoring, by driving
450 miles in 21 hours : author of In Tibet
and Chinese Turkistan, 1901.
DEB, RAJA BINAYA KRISHNA
(1866- )
Of the Sovabazar Raj family (Kaisthya):
great-grandson of Maharaja Naba Krishna
Bahadur (of the time of Clive and Warren
Hastings) : and son of Maharaja Komul
Krishna Deb, landowner in the Tippera
district : born Aug. 15, 1866 : educated
privately : holds various honorary ap-
pointments in Calcutta, Municipal Com-
missioner, Member of the District Board,
24 Parganas, Governor of the Mayo
Hospital, etc. : made a Raja in 1895 for
loyal services : given the silver Kaisar-i-
Hind medal, 1902 : has founded and
maintains a number of schools, dispen-
saries and other charitable institutions :
promoted philanthropic objects and sport-
ing clubs : has written Agra Reflections
and the Early History and Growth of Cal-
cutta, and had a memoir written of Mahara-
ja Naba Krishna : has initiated the Hindu
sea-voyage movement, founded the Sova-
bazar Benevolent Society, and encouraged
literary institutions and journalistic enter-
prises.
DEB, RAJA BAHADUR KALI
KRISHNA (1808-1874)
Second son of Raja Raj Krishna of
Sovabazar, and grandson of Raja Naba
Krishna, the Diwan of Lord Clive : was
made Raja Bahadur in 1833 : from 1867
was the leader of Hindu Society and in
the van of all movements on behalf of
the native community : Fellow of the
Calcutta University: J.P. : and Vice-
President of the British Indian Associa-
tion : sincerely advocated female educa-
tion : died at Benares on April 11, 1874.
DEB, MAHARAJA^ BAHADUR, SIR
NARENDRA KRISHNA (1822-1903)
Born Oct. 10, 1822 : son of Raja Raj
Krishna Bahadur, and grandson of
Maharaja Naba Krishna Bahadur, of the
Sovabazar family : educated at the Hindu
College : was, for a short time, in Govern-
ment service : was a Municipal Com-
missioner of Calcutta, and Justice of the
Peace : Honorary Magistrate : several times
President and Vice-President of the
British Indian Association : Fellow of the
Calcutta University : made Raja, 1875 :
Member of the Governor-General's Legisla-
tive Council : Maharaja, 1877 : and
K.C.I.E., in 1888: Maharaja Bahadur,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
115
i8g2 : held a number of minor honorary
offices : died March 20, 1903.
DEB, SIR RADHA KANTA, RAJA
BAHADUR (1784-1867)
Born in Calcutta, March II, 1784, son of
RajaGopi Mohan Deb, and great grandson of
Munshi, afterwards Maharaja, Naba Krish-
na Deb, Persian Secretary and Diwan to
Lord Clive : received his English education
at Cumming's Calcutta Academy : studied
Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian : his life was
devoted to cultivating and disseminating
knowledge : was the first modern Hindu
to advocate home female education,
zealously established native schools, and
compiled in 36 years a comprehensive
Sanskrit dictionary, which was acknow-
ledged by learned European Societies, and
by Queen Victoria with a medal. In
religion he was rigidly conservative and
strictly orthodox, while devoted to the
cause of education : wrote a Bengali
reader. He was a Director of the Hindu
College : Secretary of the School-book
Society, established in 1818: prominently
connected with the Government Sanskrit
College, and the Bengal Asiatic Society :
Honorary Magistrate and Justice of the
Peace for Calcutta in 1855 : President of
the British Indian Association from 1851
until his death at Brindaban on April 19,
1867 : Raja Bahadur on July 10, 1837, and
K.C.S.I. in 1866 : was an active supporter
of all public movements.
DE BOIGNE, BENOIT, COUNT (1751-
1830)
A Savoyard: born at Chambery on
March 8, 175 1 : entered the French Army
at 17: left it in 5 years for the Russian
service, and was taken prisoner at Tenedos.
Being released, he, travelling via Alexan-
dria, Cairo, and Suez, joined the 6th
Madras N.I. in the E.jl. Co.'s service in
1778, at Madras. Fancying himself neg-
lected, he resigned, and, abandoning his
intention of making a journey overland
to Europe, joined Madhava Rao Sindia,
who made great use of him to train his
troops and loaded him with wealth. He
left Sindia in 1789, and entered into
trade, but rejoined Sindia in 1790 with
greater powers, and on higher terms :
won for him the battles of Patau, June 20,
1790, and Merta in Sep. 1790, defeating
mixed forces of Pathans, Rajputs, Moguls,
etc. He became C. in C. of Sindia' s
army, and, during Sindia's absence in the
Dekkan, defeated Holkar at Lakhairi in
Sep. 1793- On Sindia's death, in 1794, De
Boigne continued to serve his successor,
Daulat Rao Sindia. He resigned his
command in Dec. 1795, on account of ill-
health. He had a house at Ahghar from
1783 until he left India in Sep. 1796.
He lived at first near London, and then
went to Paris. It was alleged that he
advised and assisted Napoleon Bonaparte
in his designs against the Enghsh in India.
This has been completely contradicted
by his grandson : De Boigne during his
career in India maintained friendly rela-
tions with the E. I. Co. In 1803, he
settled at Buisson, at Chambery, applying
his wealth to benevolent and patriotic
purposes, to which he gave 3,678,000
francs. Honours were heaped upon him :
he was held in the greatest respect. He
died June 21, 1830, leaving 20 millions of
francs.
DE BRATH ERNEST, (1858-
Born Dec. 12, 1858 : son of Felix
de Brath : educated privately : joined the
Buffs, 1876, and the Indian Staff Corps,
1879 : served in the Afghan war, 1879-80 :
Mahsud-Waziri expedition, 1881 : Hazara
expedition, 1891 ; Dongola expedition,
1896, as Brig-Major at Suakin : Brevet-
Lt-Colonel : Colonel, 1899 : ' in the
Military Secretariat since 1892 : Secre-
tary Military Department, Government
of India, since 1902 : CLE. in 1903 :
Maj-General: C.B.
DELAFOSSE, HENRY GEORGE (1835-
1905)
Son of Major Henry Delafosse, C.B. :
born 1835 : educated at Addiscombe :
entered the Army, 1854, and became a
Maj-General, 1887 : served in Indian
mutiny : was at Cawnpur, as Lieutenant
in the 53rd N.I. : and served with the
Artillery in the siege there : on June 22,
1 85 7, showed great bravery in extinguishing
the flames of a burning ammunition
wagon, which was under severe fire : and
was one of the four men who escaped in a
boat from the massacre of Evuropeans at the
Sati Chaura Ghat on June 27, 1857 : in
Havelock's relief of Lucknow, and the
retaking of Cawnpur : in the Sikhim
expedition, 1861 : in the Umbeyla cam-
paign, 1863 : C.B., 1887 : retired, 1887 :
died Feb. 10, 1905.
ii6
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
DE LAUNEY, EUSTACE BENEDICT
(1715-1777)
A Flemish soldier of fortune, in the
service of Martanda Varma of Travancore :
he built the Travancore lines which were
captured by Tippoo in 1790 : also the
fort of Udayagiri, 38 miles S.E. of Trivan-
drum : remembered among the natives
as Istach (Eustache),the Valiya Kappithan,
or great captain : died i777> buried at
Udayagiri.
DE MEURON, CHARLES DANIELL
(1738-1806)
Maj -General : son of Theodore de
Meuron, justicier : born May 6, 1738 :
at 17 fought in a body of Swiss Marines
for the French, against the English at
Rochefort : in i757» on the Florissant
nearly escaped capture by the English :
joined the Swiss Guards, 1763 : Captain
and Colonel, 1768 : as proprietary colonel
raised in 1781 the Neuchatel regiment de
Meuron, 1,020 strong, for the Dutch E.I.
Co. : reached the Cape, Jan. 1782 : sent
on to Ceylon to reinforce Suffrein : to
Cuddalore, June 1783 : retmmed to
Ceylon and the Cape, and again Ceylon,
where he, then Colonel, left the regiment,
of which the Commanding Officer was his
brother Pierre Frederich {q.v.) : in 1795,
C. D. de Meuron after prolonged negotia-
tions ceded the regiment to England :
the transfer was ratified at Madras, 1797 :
de Meuron went to England, 1797, and
was occupied in recruiting, and in the
negotiations for completing the transfer,
1798 : was made a British Maj -General :
retired : died at Neuchatel April 6, 1806.
DE MEURON, PIERRE FREDRICK
(1746-1813)
Brother of C. D. {q.v.) : born 1746 :
commanded the regiment de Meuron under
the Dutch in Ceylon : when the English
invaded Ceylon in August, 1795, several
detachments of the regiment were defeat-
ed : that under P. F. de Meuron held
out : on its cession to England, in 1795, it
embarked for Tuticorin : where de Meuron
was made, by Lord Hobart, Military
Governor of Ceylon, 1797-8 : commanded
the troops there till 1799 : then command-
ed at Vellore, and Arnee, while the regi-
ment was in the Mysore campaign of 1799 :
took the regiment from Vellore to Madras,
1 80 1, and left for London : he retired.
1807, settled at Neuchatel, died there,
March 30, 181 3 : the regiment was dis-
banded in 1816, after 14 years' service
under the Dutch, 21 years' under the
English.
DEMPSTER, FRANCIS ERSKINE
(1858- )
Born July 9, 1858 : son of Capt. H. L.
Dempster : educated at Edinburgh Aca-
demy, the Institution and University,
and at Cooper's Hill College : jomed the
Indian Telegraph Department, 1878 :
served in the Afghan war, 1879-80 :
Chin-Lushai expedition, 1889 : Chitral
expedition, 1895 : CLE. 1896 : Super-
intendent of the Indian Government
Telegraphs.
DENING, LEWIS (1848- )
Entered the Army, 1867, and became
Lt-Colonel, 1893 : served in Afghan
war, 1878-9 : Burmese expedition, 1886-
88 : Dongola expedition, 1896, and N.W.
Frontier, 1897 : D.S.O. 1887, and C.B.
1903 : Colonel on StalBf, commanding 2nd
Class District in India since 1903.
DENISON, SIR WILLIAM THOMAS
(1804-1871)
Governor, and Colonel : son of John
Denison : born May 3, 1804 : educated
at Sunbury, Eton, and the R.M.A.,
Woolwich : joined the R.E. in 1826 :
made the Rideau Canal in Canada, 1827-
31 : employed at Woolwich, Chatham,
on inspection at Bermuda till 1847, when,
as Captain R.E. he went to Van Diemen's
Land as Lieutenant-Governor, and was
knighted. From 1854 to 1861 he was
Governor of New South Wales and titular
Governor-General of Australia : K.C.B.,
1856 : Governor of Madras from Feb.
1861 : held strong views on military
questions, and did not conceal his unfa-
vourable estimate of the character of the
natives of India : was opposed to their
admission into the Legislative Councils
and to the establishment of subordinate
Legislative Councils at all : his previous
experience made him an authority on
public works, roads, railways, etc. While
Governor of Madras he was summoned'.to
Calcutta on Lord Elgin's death and acted
as Viceroy and Governor-General from
Dec. 2, 1863, until Sir John Lawrence
assumed charge on Jan. 12, 1864. Dur-
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
117
ing this time, he arranged for the con-
tinuation of the Umbeyla campaign
against the Sitana stronghold of Hindu-
stani fanatics.considering that a retirement
from the expedition would be unwise :
went home from Madras in March, 1866 :
died Jan. 19, 1871 : wrote Varieties of
Viceregal Life and essays on social and
educational subjects.
DENNEHY, SIR THOMAS (1829- )
Served in Sonthal campaign, 1855-6 ;
Indian mutiny, 1857-8 : Political Agent,
Dholpur, Rajputana, 1879-85 : extra
Groom in Waiting to Queen Victoria,
1888, and to H.M. the King, 1901 :
K.C.I.E., 1896.
DENNIE, WILLIAM HENRY (1785?-
1842)
Born about 1785 : son of Henry Den-
nie : joined the 22nd regt., 1802, in India :
served in Lord Lake's campaigns, 1804-5 :
at the taking of the Mauritius, 1810 : in
the 13th regt. in the first Burmese war :
Brevet- Lt-Colonel : C.B. : in the Afghan
war, 1838-9 : commanded a Brigade :
led the storming party at Ghazni: to
Kabul: defeated part of Dost Muham-
mad's army at Bameean, Sep. 18, 1840 :
after which the Dost surrendered: went
with Sir R. Sale's force from Kabul to
Jalalabad, 1841 : in the siege there, Nov.
1841-April 1842 : commanded after Sale
was wounded : was fatally wounded in a
sortie on April 6, 1842 : was A.D.C. to
the Queen : his services inadequately
recognized : wrote a Narrative of Cam-
Paigns in Sind, Beluchistan, and Afghanis-
tan, published 1843.
DEPELCHIN, FATHER HENRY, S.J.
(1822-1900)
Born at Russeignies, in Belgium, Jan.
28, 1822 : entered the Society of Jesus,
1842 : educated at Belgium Colleges for
5 years : ordained : took his last vows,
Oct. 1859 : reached Calcutta, Nov. 1859,
with a small pioneer Jesuit mission and
leopened St. Xavier's College, Jan. 16,
i860 : was military chaplain at Fort
William, 1860-4 : when he returned to
St. Xavier's : as Superior, raised the
number of pupils from 100 to 500 : re-
signed the Rectorship' of St. Xavier's,
Oct. 1871 : went to take charge of the
Mission at Midnapur, but was transferred
to Bombay, managing for 6 years a new
St. Xavier's there : to Belgium : thence
led the "Zambesi" Jesuit Mission to S.
Africa, 1879 : crushed in an accident,
1882 : to Belgium, 1883 : returned to
India, Jan. 1888, to be the Rector of St.
Joseph's Seminary at Darjeeling : erected
the St. Joseph's College at North Point
there, and was its Superior till his death.
May 26, 1900.
DERBY, EDWARD HENRY STAN-
LEY, FIFTEENTH EARL OF
(1826-1893)
Son of fourteenth Earl of Derby, thrice
Prime Minister : born Jtily, 1826 : edu-
cated at Rugby and Trinity College,
Cambridge : M.P. for King's Lynn, 1848 :
travelled widely in N. and S. America :
visited India, 185 1-2 : Under Secy, for the
Colonies, 1852 : Secretary for the Colonies,
1858 : was in charge of the Bill for trans-
ferring in 1858 the Government of India
from the E. I. Company to the Queen :
Secretary of State for India from Sep. 2,
1858, to June 18, 1859 : made Foreign
Secretary : became Earl in 1869 : again
Foreign Secretary : resigned, March,
1878 : Colonial Secretary in Mr. Glad-
stone's Government : presided over Royal
Commissions : died April 21, 1893.
DE RENZY, SIR ANNESLEY CHARLES
CASTRIOT (1829- )
Born May 6, 1829 : son of Thomas De
Renzy : educated at Trinity College,
Dublin : entered the Bengal Medical
Service, 1851 : present at the capture of
Rangoon, 1852 : served in the mutiny,
1857-8 : siege and capture of Lucknow,
1858 : Naga campaign and capture of
Khonoma, 1879, as P.M.O. : First Sanitary
Commissioner of the Panjab : Surgeon-Gen-
eral : retired, 1882 : was made a K.C.B.
1902 : author of several Sanitary Reports.
DEROZIO, HENRY LOUIS VIVIAN
(1809-1831)
Eurasian poet and teacher : born in
Calcutta, April 10, 1809 : son of Francis
Derozio, a Calcutta merchant : educated
at Drummond's Academy in Dharmtala :
left school at 14 for commercial work,
which he gave up, joining an uncle in
indigo at Bhagalpur. At 18 he published
a volume of poems and obtained a teacher-
ship at the Hindu College : was very
Ill
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
successful as a teacher of philosophy, but
lost his appointment, though the charges
against him, of propagating atheism and
encouraging disobedience, failed : still
continued to exercise great influence over
his former pupils, many of whom became
distinguished men : contributed to journa-
lism and established a newspaper, the
East Indian. His name is still revered in
his community as a great teacher. He
died of cholera, Dec. 23, 1831 : he wrote
the Fakif of Jungheera and other poems.
DE SALIS, RODOLPH (1811-1880)
Lt. -General : son of Jerome, Count de
Salis : born May, 181 1 : entered the
Army in 1830 : Lt-Colonel, 1854 : served
with the 8th Hussars in Turkey and the
Crimea, in all the battles : commanded
the regt. in the mutiny, in Rajputana
and Central India, present at Kotah,
Chandairi, Kotahkasarai, Gwalior, Powri,
and several other engagements : C.B.,
1861 : Lt-General, 1877 : died March 13,
1880.
DE SOUZA, SIR WALTER EUGENE
(1846-1897)
Son of Laurence de Souza : educated
at Downside College, Somerset : Consul
for Portugal at Calcutta, 1870-8, Consul
General, 1878-84 : Member for West-
minster on the London County Council,
1895 : very philanthropic and munificent
in his benefactions to charities, for which
he was knighted, 1879 : Count of the
Roman Empire, and held other foreign
distinctions : died April 13, 1897.
DEUSSEN, PAUL (1845-
Born Jan. 7, 1845, at Oberdreis near
Coblenz : son of Adam Deussen, pastor :'
educated at Schulpforta near Naumburg :
studied at Bonn, Tiibingen and Berlin :
Sanskrit under Lassen and Gildemeister,
classical philology, theology : Phil. Dr.
at Marburg, 1869 : teacher at the Gym-
nasiums at Minden and Marburg, 1869-72,
and tutor in Russian families at Geneva,
Aix-la-Chapelle, and Terny in Russia,
1872-80 : taught philosophy (the sub-
ject to which he was chiefly devoted) and
Sanskrit, as Privat-docent at the Univer-
sity of Geneva : and philosophy at the
Polytechnical School at Aix-la-Chapelle,
1875-9. While at Geneva, his resolution
was made to devote his life to the study
of Indian philosophy (1873). Since his
return from Russia, and residence in
Berlin, from 1881 to 1889, this has been
his main work : taught philosophy at
Berlin University, first as Privat-docent,
then as Professor : since 1889, Ordinary
Professor of Philosophy at the University
of Kiel : has travelled much in various
parts of the world : over the greater
part of India, 1892-3. In 1904, the
Order of the Red Eagle, 4th Class, was
conferred upon him. Among his chief
works may be mentioned : Das System
des Veddnta, 1883 : Die Sutras des Vedanta,
1887 : On the Philosophy of the Vedanta
in its relations to Occidental Metaphysics,
Bombay, 1893 ; Sechzig Upanishads des
Veda, 1897 : Geschichie der Philosophie
(I and II on the Vedic Hymns and
Upanishads : III-VI in preparation),
1894, 1899 : " Outlines of Indian Philo-
sophy," in the Indian Antiquary, 1902 :
Erinnerungen an Indien, 1904.
DEVIS, ARTHUR WILLIAM (1763-
1822)
Son of an artist : born Aug. 10, 1763 :
at the age of 20 appointed by the E. I. Co.
draughtsman to an expedition : wrecked
in the Antelope : went to Macao and
Canton, and arrived in Calcutta about
1791 : returned to England, 1795 :
painted a picture of " Cornwallis receiving
the two sons of Tippoo Sahib as Hostages "
for the treaty of 17^2 : painted 30 pictures-
of Indian subjects : also the death of
Nelson in the Victory : exhibited 65 pic-
tures in the Academy, 1 779-1 821 : died
Feb. IT, 1822.
DEVONSHIRE, SPENCER COMPTON
CAVENDISH, EIGHTH DUKE
OF (1833- )
Born July 23, 1833 : succeeded his
father in the title, 1891 : educated at
Trinity College, Cambridge : M.P from
1857 : held a number of appointments
in the Governments since 1862 : as Mar-
quis of Hartington was Secretary of State
for India from April, 1880, to Dec. 1882 :
K.G. : P.C. : D.C.L. : LL.D.
DEY, RAJ KRISHNA ( ? -1840)
Doctor : was the first Hindu who used
a dissecting knife, and was regarded^
therefore, as the leader of a reformation
in medical science among his countrymen :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
119
educated at the Hindu College, 1833-7,
and at the Medical College, Calcutta,
where he took his degree, 1838 : accepted
service in the N.W.P., and placed in
charge of the Delhi Dispensary, Aug.,
1839 : died 1840.
DEY, RAM DULAL (1759-1825)
Born near Dum Dum, 1759 : employed
in a subordinate capacity in mercantile
work, as a bill-collector, and a Sarkar of
ships : one day, on behalf of his master,
he bid at an auction for a lost ship, and
bought it for Rs. 14,000 : he immediately
was offered one lakh more for the same
ship : his master gave one lakh to Ram
Dulal, who, with this capital, started
business, and acquired immense wealth :
died in Calcutta, in 1825, leaving property
of fabulous amount : remembered as the
Bengali millionaire.
DICK, GEORGE (1739-1818)
Entered the E. I. Co.'s service in 1759 :
was Accountant and Director of the Com-
pany's Bank : rose to be the Governor of
Bombay, 1792-5 : never left Bombay but
once for a trip to Bankot : died May 9,
1818.
DICK, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1785-
1846)
Born about 1785, his father being in
the E. I.] Co.'s medical service : entered the
75th regt. in 1800 : served in Sicily, Egypt,
the Peninsula, being present at several
battles : C.B., 1814 : in Flanders : at
Waterloo : K.C.H. in 1832 : Maj-General,
1837 : K.C.B. in 1838 : commanded a
Division in Madras, 1838, and acting C. in
C. there, 1 841-2 : commanded a Division
in Bengal, and an infantry Division in the
first Sikh war : was killed at Sobraon,
Feb. 10, 1846, by one of the last shots of
the day.
DICK-CUNYNGHAM, WILLIAM
HENRY (1851-1900)
Lt-Colonel : son of Sir William Hanmer
Dick-Cunyngham, Bart. : entered the
92nd Highlanders, 1872 : Lt-Colonel,
1897, in the Gordon Highlanders : in the
Afghan war, 1879-80, in Sir Donald
Stewart's advance to Kandahar : in the
Thai Chotiali force : in the Kuram Valley
Field Force under Sir F. Roberts : at
Ali Khel : at Charasia : in the operations
round Kabul, 1879 : gained the V.C. for
gallantry in an attack on Dec. 13, 1879 :
in the Kabul- Kandahar march and sub-
sequent battle : with his regt. in theBoer
war: killed at Ladysmith, Jan. 6, 1900,
while commanding the 2nd battalion.
DICKENS, WILLIAM POPHAM
(1834- )
Colonel : born March 19, 1834 : son of
Stephen Dickens, M.D.,D.I.G.of Hospitals,
Bengal : educated at Blundell's, Twerton,
Charterhouse and Addiscombe : entered
the Madras Army, 1853 : joined the Madras
Staff Corps: Lt-Colonel, 1879: Brevet-
Colonel, 1883 : Colonel-Commandant, 3rd
Madras L.I., 1884 : served in the Burmese
expedition in command of the Toungoo
and Ningyan (Pyinmana) column, 1885-7 :
D.S.O., 1887 : C.B., 1891 : on the un-
employed Supernumerary List.
DICKINSON, JOHN (1815-1876)
Born Dec. 28, 1815 : educated at Eton:
son of a papermaker : entered no pro-
fession, but took up an independent line
as a reformer of India : wrote letters on
the cotton and roads of Western India,
1851 : became Honorary [Secretary of
the " Indian Reform Society," formed
in 1853, and was made its Chaurman on
John Bright's resignation of that office
in 1861 : maintained a correspondence
with the Maharaja Holkar of Indore :
wrote India, its Government under a
Bureaucracy, in 1852, and Dhar not re-
stored, in 1864, besides other pamphlets
and papers on Indian subjects : died
Nov. 23, 1876.
DIGBY, WILLIAM (1849-1904)
Son of William Digby : born May i,
1849 : educated privately : became a
journalist in 1868 in England : in Ceylon,
1871-6 : Editor of Madras Times, 1877-9 :
wrote some interesting articles on old
Madrasis : returned to England : became
Secretary of National Liberal Club in
1887 : connected with the Indian National
Congress : Editor of India, 1890-2 :
Secretary of Famine Fund for Southern
India, for which £800,000 were subscribed :
contested two Parliamentary seats without
success : author of The Famine Cam-
paign in Southern India, 1876-8 ; Indian
Problems for English Consideration ; India
for the Indians ; Prosperous British India,
1901 ; Life of Sir Arthur Cotton, etc. etc. :
I20
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
became a partner in Hutchinson & Co.,
East India Merchants, 1888 : CLE. for
his honorary services in India in connexion
with the Famine Relief Funds, 1877-9 '■
died Sep. 24, 1904.
DIKSHIT, PANDIT SANKARA BAL-
KRISHNA ( ? -1898)
A member of the Bombay Educational
Department, and a well-known contri-
butor to the Indian A ntiquary : considered
by archaeologists as an authority on the
astronomical and chronological systems
of the Hindus : the verification of the
dates in ancient Hindu records was his
principal subject : was the first to point
out the right method of studying the
question : collaborated with R. Sewell
iq.v.) in the preparation of the Indian
Calendar, published in 1896 : died of
fever, 1898 : an enthusiastic and disin-
terested worker, and a winning person-
ality.
DILLON, GEORGE FREDERICK
HORACE ( ? - )
Entered the Indian Army, 1882 :
served in Burma, 1886-7 : Lushai expedi-
tion, 1889 : Waziristan Field Force,
1894-5 : N.W. Frontier, 1897 : in the
Buner Field Force : Commandant 26th
Bengal Infantry : C.B., 1903.
DILLON, SIR MARTIN ANDREW
(1826- )
General : born 1826 : entered the Army,
1843 : served in Panjab, 1848-9 : Kohat
Pass, 1850 : Crimea, 1856 : Indian mutiny,
1857-9 : China, i860 : Abyssinia, 1867-8 :
Brig-Major,Nipal Frontier : A.A.G., China:
Military Secretary, Bombay : Military
Secretary, Abyssinia : Military Secretary
to Lord Napier of Magdala when C. in C,
India : commanded the Lucknow and
Rawul Pindi Divisions, 1884-8 : K.C.B.,
1887 : : and G.C.B., 1902 : C.S.I, and A.D.C.
to the Queen.
DIXON, SIR HENRY GREY (1850- )
Born Aug. 14, 1850 : son of Colonel
John Dixon : educated at Bridgeman's
and Woolwich : joined 25th regt., 1868 :
served in the Afghan war, 1878-80 :
Chitral, 1895 : C.B. : Tirah, 1897-8 : S.
Africa, 1901-2 : K.C.B. : Brig-General on
StafiE : A.D.C. to H.M. the King, 1901.
DOBSON, GEORGE EDWARD (1848-
1895)
Doctor and Zoologist : born Sep. 4,
1848 : son of Parke Dobson : educated at
Enniskillen and Trinity College, Dublin,
where he graduated with distinction :
entered the A.M.D. in 1868 : was F.L.S. :
F.R.S. : F-.Z.S. : conducted investigations
and became the chief author on chiroptera
and insectivora : studied Indian bats,
and wrote papers about them in the
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,
and other scientific journals : wrote a
catalogue of chiroptera for the British
Museum, and was in charge of the Museum
at Netley : wrote also in the Encydopadia
Britannica, and on zoology and anatomy :
retired in 1888 : died Nov. 26, 1895.
DODGSON, SIR DAVID SCOTT (1822-
1898)
Son of the Rev. J. Dodgson : entered
the Array, 1838 : in the Bengal Infantry :
became General, 1888 : in the Jodhpm:
campaign, 1839 : in the Afghan war under
General Pollock, 1842, from the Khyber
to Kabul : in the Satlaj campaign, 1846,
at Badiwal and Aliwal : Brig-Major at
Benares when the native troops mutinied,
June, 4, 1857 : A.A.G. with Havelock's
force, at the first relief of Lucknow and
subsequent defence, until Sir Colin Camp-
bell's relief : in the occupation of the
Alambagh and at the capture of Lucknow,
1858 : C.B. : K.C.B. 1896 : died May 26,
1898.
DODSON, REV. THOMAS HATHA-
WAY (1862-
Born May 11, 1862 : son of George
Dodson : educated at Merchant Taylors
and Exeter College, Oxford : graduated
in 1885 : ordained Deacon, 1885, and
Priest, 1888 : Fellow and Tutor of St.
Augustine's College, Canterbury, 1887-8 :
went out in 1889 to be Principal of S.P.G.
College, Trichinopoly, where he rebuilt the
greater part of the College : Fellow of
the Madras University, 1892 : retired,
1896, from ill-health : author of several
pamphlets on missionary work.
D'OLDENBURG, SERGE (1863- )
Born Sep. 14, 1863 : son of Theodore
d' Oldenburg, General in the Russian Army:
educated at the Warsaw Gymnasium,
and at the Faculty of Oriental Languages,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
121
St. Petersburg ; where he was Private
Docent of Sanskrit from 1889, and
afterwards Professor till 1899 : Member of
the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1900
Perpetual Secretary of the Academy, 1904
Cand. Faculty Oriental Languages, 1885
Mag. Sanskrit Literature, 1894 : since
1898 Hon. Secy, of the Oriental
Section of the Russian Imperial Archaeo-
logical Society : Member of Council of
the R.I. Geographical Society : Member
of the Russian Committee for the Explora-
tion of Central Asia : has written on
Buddhism, Indian Art, Comparative
Literature : edits the Bibliotheca Budd-
hica for the Imperial Academy.
DONALD, DOUGLAS (1865- )
Born Nov. 19, 1865 : son of C. J. S.
Donald, Panjab Provincial Civil Service :
educated at Bishop Cotton's School,
Simla : joined the Panjab Police Force,
1888 : appointed Commandant B.M.
Police, Kohat, 1890 : served under Sir
William Lockhart in the Miranzai expedi-
tion, 1891 : with Colonel Haughton, 36th
Sikhs, during the attack on Samana
posts, and subsequently in the Tirah
Field Force : went to the Khyber, 1898,
and to Kohat, 1899. Author of Note on
Adan Kheyl Afridis : CLE., 1903.
DONKIN, SIR RUFANE SHAW (1773-
1841)
Son of General Robert Donkin : born
1773 : educated at Westminster : entered
the Army in 1778 : Lieutenant, 1779 :
Captain, 1793 : served in the West Indies,
at Copenhagen, in Sicily and the Peninsula,
and, as Maj -General in 181 1, went out in
18 15 to Madras and Bengal, where he
commanded a Division in the Mahratta
war of 1817-8, with skill : K.C.B., 1818 :
acted as Governor of the Cape : he became
G.C.H., F.R.S., F.R.G.S. : was M.P. for
Berwick and for Sandwich : was Surveyor
of the Ordnance : General, 1838 : died
May I, 1841 : was a student, and con-
tributed literary papers to Journals.
DORAN, SIR JOHN (1824-1903)
Born Oct. i, 1824 : entered the Bengal
Army, 1842 : served in Satlaj campaign,
1845-6 : Hazara expedition, 1852-3 :
Oudh campaign, 1858-9 : China war,
i860 : Lushai expedition, 1871-2 : Jowaki-
Afridi expedition, 1877-8 : Afghan war.
1878-80 : C.B. in 1872, and K.C.B. in
1898 : Lt-General, 1887 : died vSep. 29,
1903.
DORIN, JOSEPH ALEXANDER (1802-
1872)
I.C.S. : son of a merchant : born Sep. 15,
1802 : educated at Henley and Hailey-
bury : reached India in 1821, and joined
the Financial Department, in which he
continued throughout his career, never
leaving Calcutta : was Secretary to the
Bank of Bengal, 1829 : Deputy Account-
ant-General : and reorganized the Indian
finances : the first Financial Secretary in
Jan. 1843 : Member of the Supreme
Council from May 10, 1853, to May i,
1858 : partly under Dalhousie, partly
under Canning. Against Lord Dalhousie' s
views, he, as President in Council, advo-
cated the annexation of Oudh, which was
carried out. In the mutiny, he urged the
adoption of severe military measures, being
one of the first to realize the character
of the revolt. His " hospitable establish-
ment " was remembered for many years.
After retirement, his name was more than
once considered for a seat in the Council
of India, but he never obtained it : died
Dec. 22, 1872.
DORMER, HON. SIR JAMES CHARLE-
MAGNE (1834-1893)
Lt-General : son of nth Baron Dormer :
born 1834 : entered the 13th regt., 1853 :
in the Crimea : in the mutiny, at the relief
of Azimghar,in the campaignin Gorakhpur:
A.D.C. to Sir Colin Campbell : in Oudh
and Trans-Gogra campaign : Brevet-
Major : went to China in i860 as A.A.G. :
at the Taku forts and entry to Pekin :
served on the Staff ; Colonel, 1875 : in
Egypt in 1882, as D.A.G. : at Alexandria,
Tel-el- Kebir, etc.: Maj -General : Nile
expedition, 1885 : commanded the Nile
Field Force : and the troops in Egypt,
1887-90 : C. in C. Madras, March 6, 1891 :
C.B., 1881 : K.C.B., 1889 : mauled by a
tiger, and died from the wounds. May 3,
1893.
DORWARD, SIR ARTHUR ROBERT
FORD ( ? )
Entered the Royal Engineers, 1868 :
served in the Afghan war, 1878-80 :
Burmese expedition, 1885-8, when he
was made Brevet-Major and D.S.O. :
122
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
commanded R.E. in Jamaica, 1897-9 :
commanded British troops in Chinese
expedition, 1900, until arrival of Indian
contingent : was present at action of
Tientsin : Commissioner at Wei-hai-wei,
1899-1901 : commanded troops at Shang-
hai, 1902 : commanding troops Straits
Settlements since 1903 : K.C.B. in 1900.
DOUGLAS, RIGHT REV. HENRY
ALEXANDER, D.D. (1821-1875)
Born Feb. 22, 1821 : son of Henry
Alexander Douglas, who was brother of the
sixth Marquis of Queensberry : educated
at Glasgow University and Balliol College,
Oxford : ordained, after taking his degree,
in 1845 : Dean of Capetown in 1845 :
appointed Bishop of Bombay, 1868 : died
in London, Dec. 13, 1875.
DOUGLAS, JAMES (1826-1904)
Born June 4, 1826 : son of William
Douglas : educated at Sorbie Parish
School and privately in Edinburgh : went
to Karachi in 1864 as Agent of the Char-
tered Bank of India, Australia and China :
Agent in Bombay, 1865-72 : Exchange
and bullion broker, 1 873-1901 : Sheriff
of Bombay, 1893 and 1902 : Fellow of
the Bombay University, 1895 : devoted
his leisure to researches : retired in 1902 :
was author of Bombay and Western India,
1893 ; Glimpses of Old Bombay, 1900 : and
wrote, in the local press, articles on the
archseology and history of W. India :
died Aug. 3, 1904.
DOUGLAS, SIR THOMAS MONTEATH
(1787-1868)
Son of Thomas Monteath : born 1787 :
entered the E. I. Co.'s Bengal Army in 1806:
served in the Bundelkund campaigns,
1809-10 : in the Nipal war of 1815, the
Pindari war of 1818, the Merwarra cam-
paign of 1820, at the seige of Bhartpur,
1826 : Lt-Colonel, 1834 : commanded his
regiment in the forcing of the Khyber and
the capture of Kabul, 1838 : C.B. : in the
Khurd Kabul and Jagdalak actions:
was second in command at Sale's defence
of Jalalabad until it was reheved by
Pollock : was in the subsequent campaign
to Kabul : A.D.C. to Queen Victoria : left
India about 1845 : added the name of
Douglas to his own in 1851 : K.C.B and
General, 1865 : died Oct., 1868.
DOVETON, SIR JOHN (1768-1847)
Son of Frederick Doveton : born 1768 :
entered the Madras Cavalry in 1785 :
served against Tippoo, both in Cornwallis'
campaign of 1791-2 and in Harris' of 1799,
and in the pursuit of the bandit Dhoondia
Waugh, under Colonel Wellesley : com-
manded the Hyderabad Contingent in
1 8 14, which was utilized in the Pindari
war of 1 8 17. After the battle of vSitabaldi
in Nov., 1817, Doveton marched to Nagpur
to assist the Resident, Jenkins, against
Appa Sahib, the Bhonsla Raja. Appa
surrendered, and his troops, after a fight,
abandoned Nagpur to Doveton, who was
made C.B. in 1818 and K.C.B. in 1819 :
retired, 1820 : Lt-General and G.C.B. ,
1837 : died at Madras, Nov. 7, 1847.
DOVETON, SIR JOHN (1783-1857)
Son of Sir William Webber Doveton :
born 1783 : to Madras in the E.I. Co.'s
military service, 1798 : A.D.C. to the
Marquis Wellesley, while Governor-Gene-
ral : saw service in the campaign of i799-
1803, against the Mahrattas, and in 1817 :
commanded a Division in the Nizam's
Army : commanded a Division in Madras,
1833 : K.C.B., 1838 : General, 1854 :
died Sep. 23, 1857.
DOVETON, JOHN (1800 ?-1853)
Educated as an orphan at a charity
school in Madras : entered the Nizam of
Hyderabad's Army in 1817 : rose to be
Captain Commandant. On inheriting an
uncle's fortune, he resigned his commission,
and retired to London : died on Oct. 15,
1853. Being an Eurasian, he bequeathed
nearly £50,000 to be divided between the
Parental Academy at Calcutta, which
was thereupon called the Doveton College,
and the Doveton College at Madras.
DOW, ALEXANDER ( ? -1779)
Born in Perthshire : having reached
Bencoolen as a sailor, he became Secretary
to the Governor : entered the E. I. Co.'s
mihtary service in 1760 : Captain, 1764 :
Lt-Colonel, 1769 : he published trans-
lations from the Persian in 1768 and
produced, at Drury Lane, Zingis, a tragedy,
1769 ; Sethona, a tragedy, in 1774 : he
also wrote historical works on India.
Died at Bhaglapur, July 31, 1779.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
12
DOWDESWELL, WILLIAM (1761-
1828)
Son of the Right Honble. William
Dowdeswell : born 1761 : entered the
Army, 1780 : M.P. for Tewkesbury,
1792 : was in the campaign of 1793, at
Valenciennes, and at Dunkirk : Governor
of the Bahamas, 1 797-1 802 : Private
Secretary to Lord W. Bentinck, Governor
of Madras, 1803 : commanded a Division
under Lord Lake against Bhartpur, and
later the Cawnpur Division : acted as
C. in C. in India in 1807 : soon left India :
Lt-General, 1810 : retired 1811 : became
a collector of valuable prints : died Dec.
T, 1828. J
DOWDESWELL, GEORGE (1765-
1852)
Son of George Dowdeswell, M.D. : in
the E. I. Co' .8 Civil Service : became
Secretary to the Government of India :
and Member of the Supreme Council, Dec.
1 8 14, to Jan. 1820 : Vice-President of the
Council and Deputy-Governor of Bengal,
Oct. 1817, to July 1818 : died Feb. 6, 1852.
DOWSON, JOHN (1820-1881)
Born 1820 : assistant to his uncle at the
Royal Asiatic Society : tutor at Hailey-
bury : Professor of Hindustani at Univer-
sity College, London, and Staff College,
Sandhurst, 1855-77 : wrote a Hindustani
Grammar : edited Sir H. M. Elliot's His-
tory of India as told by its own ^Historians,
8 vols., 1867-77 : and a Classical Dictionary
of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geo-
graphy, History and Literature, 1879 : wrote
also for the Encyclopcsdia Britannica, and
the Royal Asiatic Society, on Indian In-
scriptions and the Indian Alphabet : died
Aug. 23, 1881.
DOYLY, SIR CHARLES, BARONET
(1781-1845)
I.C.S. : son of Sir John Hadley D'Oyly,
the sixth Baronet, Collector of Calcutta :
born in India, Sep. 18, 1781 : educated in
England : entered the E. I. Co.'s service at
15 : Assistant Registrar of the Court of
Appeal, Calcutta, 1798 : Collector of
Dacca, 1808 : Opium Agent in Bihar,
1821 : Commercial Resident at Patna,
1831 : Senior Member of the Board of
Customs, Salt and Opium, 1833 : retired
1839 : died Sep. 24, 1845. He is best
remembered for his pictures of Indian
scenery and Indian life. He wrote The
European in India, Antiquities of Dacca,
Tom Raw the Griffin, and other works,
with many illustrations.
DRAKE, ROGER ( ? - ? )
A noted ofi&cial in the time of Lord Clive :
arrived in Bengal, May 26, 1737 : Presi-
dent of Council and Governor of Calcutta
from Aug. 8, 1752 to 1758 : ho gave
offence to Suraj-ud daula, the new Nawab
of Bengal, by a letter with regard to the
strengthening of the fortifications of
Calcutta : the attack on the City followed :
Drake escaped in the last boat that left
the Fort, 1756 : his desertion of his post
brought reproach upon him, and J . Z.
Holwell {q.v.), who had stayed behind,
was chosen to the command : Drake was
dismissed from his post by the Directors,
1757-
DRAPER, ELIZABETH (1744-1778)
Daughter of Major Sclater : born at
Anjengo, April 5, 1744 • educated in
England : went to India, Dec. 1757: married
in July, 1758, Danielj Draper, of the E.I.
Co.'s Civil Service, Secretary to Govern-
ment, 20 years her senior. When in
England in 1766-7, she met Lawrence
Sterne, the humourist, who became
infatuated with her, addressing her as
" Bramine " in amorous letters, and writ-
ing the Journal to Eliza for her. She
returned to India in 1767, and saw Sterne
no more : lived with her husband at
Tellicherry, Surat and Bombay, but
unhappily, and, on Jan. 12, 1773, fled from
his house at Mazagon, Bombay, with a
Naval officer, repairing to her uncle's at
Rajamundry : retxurned to England in
1774. Sterne had died in 1768. She
published as Letters of Y crick to Eliza,
some of Sterne's letters to her, including
her answers. She died Aug. 3, 1778, and
was buried in the Cathedral cloisters ;at
Bristol. Draper became a Member of
Council, at ^Bombay, and died Oct. 10, 1782.
Her name and story were recalled, 'by
L'Abbe Raynal, who had seen her in
India, and by James Forbes in his Oriental
Memoirs, and some of her letters have been
preserved.
DRAPER, SIR WILLIAM (1721-1787)
Son of Ingleby Draper : born 1721 :
educated' at Eton and King's College,
124
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Cambridge : Fellow : joined the Army,
1744 : at CuUoden : in Flanders with the
ist Foot-Guards : in 1757 as Lt-Colonel,
took the 79th to Madras : in the siege
of Fort St. George, 1757-9 : too ill to take
command of the troops at Madras in
T759» returned to England : in 1762
commanded, from Madras, the expedition
against the Spaniards at Manilla : carried
the place by assault : Lieut-Governor of
Great Yarmouth : in 1765 Colonel of the
i6th foot : knighted in 1766 : had a
literary controversy with " Junius," de-
fending the C. in C, the Marquis of Granby :
Lt-General in 1777 : Lieutenant-Governor
of Minorca in 1779 : in the surrender of
Fort St. Philip in 1782 to the French and
Spaniards : brought charges of miscon-
duct against Lt-General the Hon. James
Murray, the Governor, which he failed to
substantiate, so that he was commanded
to make an apology : he died Jan. 8, 1787.
DREW, FREDERICK (1836-1891)
Son of John Drew : born Aug. 11, 1836 :
educated at the Royal School of Mines, and
joined the Geological Survey in 1855.
He was employed by the Maharaja of
Kashmir, from 1862, to search for minerals
and supervise his forest administration,
and was Governor of Ladak : retired after
10 years. He was a science master at
Eton, 1879-91, and died Oct. 28, 1891.
He wrote The Jammu and Kashmir
Frontiers, and The Northern Barrier of
India : F.G.S. in 1858, and Member of its
Council, 1874-6. ^ . r -.j'l ' ' *
DRUMMOND, HON. SIR EDMUND
(1813-1895)
I.C.S. : son of sixth Viscount Strath-
allan : born 1813 : educated at Eton and
Haileybury, 1830-1 : went to Bengal in
1833 : Account ant- General, 1856 :
Auditor-General, i860 : Financial Secre-
tary to the Government of India, 1862 :
Lieutenant-Governor of the N.W.P. 1863
-8 : Member of the Council of India,
1875-85 : K.C.I.E., 1887 : died Jan. 10.
1895.
DRYSDALE, SIR WILLIAM (1819-1900
Son of Major James Drysdale : educated
at the Militar}' Academy, Edinburgh :
joined the 4th Dragoons, 1835 : served
in the 9th Lancers, 1841-65 : in the
Afghan war, 1859-40 : at Ghazni : in the
Gwalior campaign, at Punniar, 1843 : in
the Satlaj and Panjab campaigns, 1845-6
and 1848-9 : at Sobraon, Ramnagar,
Chilianwala, Gujarat : at the siege of
Delhi in the mutiny : in the actions at
Bulandshahr, Alighar, Agra : at the
relief of Lucknow : Brevets ofj Major and
Lt-Colonel : C.B. : Lt-General, 1881 :
K.C.B., 1893 : died Aug. 7, 1900.
DUBOIS, JEAN A. (1765-1848)
Abbe : ordained at 27 in the diocese
of Viviers, in 1792 : escaped from the
massacres of the French Revolution, and,
the same year, leaving France for mission
work under the Missions Etrangeres,
was first attached to the Pondicherry
mission : after Seringapatam, 1799, he
was invited to visit it, to reconvert the
forced perverts to Islam. He was 31
years in India, living entirely among the
people from 17 to 18 years, chiefly in
Mysore, where he established, at Sathalli,
an agricultural settlement of reconverted
Christians. His Description of the Char-
acter, Manners and Customs of the People
of India, and of their Institutions, Reltgious
and Civil, was stated to be " the most
correct, comprehensive and minute ac-
count extant in any European language
of the Hindus " of S. India : the Madras
Government bought the MSS. from him
in 1806 for 2,000 pagodas : this was
translated in London in 18 16, and was
for long the only published edition :
meanwhile, in 18 15, the Abbe had revised
and amplified his work, but this was not
published until 1897. On returning to
France in June, 1823, with a pension from
the E.I. Co., he published Letters on the
State of Christianity in India, containing
his conviction that the conversion of the
Hindus was impossible. He became a
Director, and, from 1836 to 1839, Superior
of the Missions Etrangeres at Paris, where
he died Feb. 17, 1848.
DUFF, REV. DR. ALEXANDER (1806-
1878)
Missionary : son of James Duff : born
on April 25, 1806 : educated at Moulin,
Kirkmichael, Perth, St. Andrew's Univer-
sity, under Dr. Chalmers : invited by the
Committee of the General Assembly of
the Church of Scotland on Foreign Missions
to become their first missionary to India :
he was ordained in 1829 and went out to
Calcutta in 1829-30 \\ he was twice ship-
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
125
wrecked on the voyage, near the Cape and
off Sagar island : lost his library : at
Calcutta he declared his policy, to afiford,
in the English language, education in-
separably combined with the Christian
faith as its animating spirit : the Duff
College was soon founded, and,proving very
successful, attracted a very large number
of pupils, not without troubles on account
of conversions. He received much help
from Sir C. Trevelyan {q.v.) and from
the decision of Government of March 7,
1835, in favour of the promotion of
European science and literature through
English rather than the Oriental lan-
guages. During his visit home, 1834-40,
for his health, he made speeches, collected
money, and laboured hard in organizing
his mission : he was D.D. of Aberdeen in
1835. He was in India again from 1840
to 1850, and from 1856 to 1863 : made
extensive tours in the cause of missions :
was opposed to the Government policy
in the mutiny : assisted greatly in the
establishment of the Calcutta University
in 1857, the shape it assumed, its educa-
tional measures and examinations. When
away from India, he was made Moderator
of the General Assembly of the Free
Church in 1851 : he travelled in the
United States in 1854, and made constant
speeches, and was made LL.D., New
York : he inspired the Government
Education Despatch to India of 1854.
On his finally leaving Calcutta, memorials
were erected to him. He travelled in
South Africa in 1864. In 1867 he became
the first Professor of Evangelistic Theology
at the Free Church College, Edinburgh.
He was again Moderator of the General
Assembly in 1873. He wrote on India
and Indian Missions, and edited the
Calcutta Review, 1845-g, writing articles
in it, besides other publications chiefly
connected with his mission work : died
Feb. 12, 1878.
DUFFERIN AND AVA, FREDERICK
TEMPLE HAMILTON-TEMPLE
BLACKWOOD, FIRST MAR-
QUESS OF (1826-1902)
Son of Price, first Baron Dufferin, of
the Irish peerage, and of Helen Selina,
grand-daughter of Richard Brinsley Sheri-
dan : born June 21, 1826 : educated at
Eton and Christ Church, Oxford : Lord
in Waiting, 1849-50 : Peer of the United
Kingdom, 1850 : on a special mission to
Vienna, 1855 : British Commissioner in
Syria in i860 to inquire into the massacres
of Christians : K.C.B. : Under Secretary
of State for India, 1864-6 : Under Secre-
tary for War, 1866 : Chancellor of the
Duchy of Lancaster, 1868 : Earl, 1871 :
Governor General of Canada, 1872-8 :
Ambassador to St. Petersburg, 1879 :
Ambassador to Constantinople, 1881 :
Special Commissioner to Egypt, 1882-3,
after Arabi's rebellion : Viceroy and
Governor-General of India, 1884-8. He
did much, by his personal influence, tO'
allay the excitement and race feeling
which had arisen from the controversy
over the " Ilbert Bill " in the time of his
predecessor : he met the Amir Abdur
Rahman in darbar at Rawal Pindi, 1885 :
Upper Burma was annexed on his advice :
his administration was marked by firmness
and vigour underlying his tact and suavity:
the Countess of Dufferin's Fund for the
medical relief of native women was estab-
lished : made Marquis in 1888, with the
additional title of Ava : Ambassador to
Rome, 1888-91 : to Paris, 1891-6 : his latter
years were clouded b^ financial troubles
in connexion with a business enterprise
of which he had insufficient knowledge to
exercise control : he retained the goodwill
of the shareholders and pubUc sympathy :
he was K.P. : G.C.B. : G.C.S.I. : G.C.M.G. :
G.C.I.E. : P.C. : D.C.L. : LL.D. : F.R.S. :
President of the Geographical Society:
Rector of Edinburgh and St. Andrew's r
Doctor of Oriental Learning, Panjab
University : Lord Warden of the Cinque
Ports, 1 89 1-5 : wrote Letters from High
Latitudes, and on Irish questions : also
Speeches in India, 1890 : died Feb. I2^
1902.
DUFFERIN AND AVA, HARRIET
GEORGINA, DOWAGER MAR-
CHIONESS OF ( ? - )
Eldest daughter of Archibald Rowan
Hamflton of Killyleagh Castle, County
Down : married Oct. 23, 1862, the (late)
Marquis of Dufferin and Ava {q.v.),
afterwards Governor-General and Viceroy
of India : when in India, she estabUshed the
National Association for supplying female
medical aid to the women of India, with
the object of bringing European medical
science within the reach of native women
of the higher castes, the money collected,
being credited to "The Countess of
Dufferin's Fund " : V.A. : C.I. : Grand
126
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Cross of the Turkish Order of the Lion and
Sun : she has written Our Viceregal Life
in India, 1890 : My Canadian Journal,
1891.
DUNCAN, DAVID (1839- )
Born Nov. 5, 1839 : son of David
Duncan : educated at Edinburgh, Aber-
deen and Berlin Universities : Professor
•of Logic and Moral Philosophy in Madras
Presidency College, 1870-84 : Principal
of Presidency College, 1884-92 : Registrar,
University of Madras : Director of Public
Instruction, Madras, 1892-9 : Vice-Chancel-
lor of Madras University, 1899 : retired,
1899 : author (with others) of Herbert
Spencer's Descriptive Sociology : now
•engaged in writing Biography of Herbert
Spencer.
DUNCAN, JONATHAN (1756-1811)
Governor: Indian Civilian: son of
Alexander Duncan: born May 15, 1756 :
arrived at Calcutta in the E.I. Co.'s service
in 1772 : made Resident and Superinten-
dent at Benares, 1788;: suppressed scandals
in the administration and infanticide :
was Governor of Bombay for the unprece-
dented time of 16 years from Dec. 27,
1795, to Aug. II, 1811, dying at Bombay :
he recognized a very large number of
small chiefs as sovereign princes, a policy
which was not elsewhere adopted : his
time was synchronous with the later war
against Tippoo, the Mahratta wars, and
Baird's expedition to Egypt, the pacifica-
tion of Gujarat and Kattiawar, in all of
which he played a great part. He was
buried at Bombay, and a monument was
erected in his honour, with the inscription
" He'was a good man and a just," and a
scroll bearing the words "Infanticide
abolished in Benares and Kattiawar."
DUNDAS, JAMES (1842-1879)
Son of 'George Dundas, Scotch judge :
born Sep. 12, 1842 : educated at the
Edinburgh Academy and Addiscombe :
went to India in the Royal Engineers,
March, 1862 : became a Captain : gained
his V.C. in the Bhutan expedition of
1864-5 for personal bravery in storming,
under very trying conditions, a block-
house, defended by 200 desperate men :
in the Afghan war of 1878-80, he and
another officer were killed by an accident
•on the occasion of the blowing up of a fort
near Kabul on Dec. 23, 1879 : he was an
officer of high professional merit and
promise.
DUPLEIX, MARQUIS JOSEPH FRAN-
CIS (1697-1764)
Son of a French farmer-general, Director
of the Company of the Indies : born Jan.
1697 : sent to sea : made several voyages
to America and India : made First
Councillor and MiHtary Commissioner of
the Superior Council at Pondicherry in
1720 : accumulated a fortune : made
Intendant, or Superintendent, of the
factory at Chandernagore, 1730 : develop-
ed its coasting trade : Governor of Pondi-
cherry, 1 74 1, and Director-General of the
French factories in India : declared him-
self Nawab of the Mogul Empire and
Commander of 4,500 Horse : when war
with England broke out, i744» he sought
help from Anwaruddin, the Nawab .of
the Carnatic : La Bourdonnais came to
his aid, from the Isle of France, and took
Madras, Sep. 21, 1746 : great jealousy
between him and Dupleix, who refused
to surrender Madras and defeated the
Nawab's force at St. Thome : Dupleix
violated the treaty with the English, by
retaining Madras, and by his treatment of
them : his attack on Fort St. David
failed, 1748 : the English attack under
Boscawen by land and sea on Pondicherry
was unsuccessful : Madras was restored
to the English in 1749, after the peace of
Aix-la-Chapelle. In the contests in South-
ern India, Dupleix, striving to found
French ascendency there, took the side
of Muzaffar Jang and Salabat Jang suc-
cessively against Nasir Jang for the
Subadarship of the Dekkan,and of Chanda
Sahib against Anwaruddin and Muham-
mad Ali successively for the Nawabship
of the Carnatic. By 175 1, Dupleix's
policy was, after a struggle, for a time
successful. Muhammad Ali, at Trichino-
poly, applied to the English for help.
Stringer, Lawrence and Clive, going to
his aid, defeated the French, Dupleix
being badly served by his generals. He
acquired the Northern Sircars from the
Nizam and, after Chanda's death, claimed
to be, and was nominated, Nawab of the
Carnatic : was made a Marquis, 1752 :
his forces met with further reverses from
the English : the French Ministers and
Company of the Indies objected to his
schemes and fighting, as being obstructive
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
127
to trade, and ruinously expensive : they
insisted on peace, and recalled Dupleix,
who was superseded by Godeheu, i754'
ruined by him and left India, Oct. 14,
1754 : his claims, for private money ex-
pended, disregarded and unsatisfied : his
services ignored : he died in comparative
poverty in France, Nov. 10, 1764 : the
greatest Frenchman in India : the first
to see how Europeans might rule in India
and employ native troops : ambitious,
prescient, full of resource, will, and
genius : had great knowledge of native
character : inferior in the field of action,
and not a soldier : he failed for want of
support from France : his statue was
erected at Pondicherry in 1870.
DURAND, ALGERNON GEORGE
ARNOLD (1854- )
Born March 31, 1854 : son of Maj-
General Sir H. M. Durand, R.E. {q.v.) :
entered the Army, 1872 : served in
Afghanistan, 1878-80 : was A.D.C. to
Lord Ripon, Viceroy of India, 188 1-2 :
British Agent at Gilgit, 1889-93 : com-
manded troops in Hanza-Nagar expedition,
1891 : Military Secretary to the Earl of
Elgin, when Viceroy of India, 1894-9 '
author of The Making of a Frontier,
1899 : C.B., 1892 : C.I.E., 1897.
DURAND, SIR EDWARD LAW,
BARONET (1845- )
Born June 5, 1845 : son of Sir H. M.
Durand, R.E. (q.v.): educated at Bath,
Repton and Guildford : entered 96th regt.,
1865 : B.S.C., 1868: Assistant Commissioner
Afghan Boundary, 1884-6 : Resident in
Nipal, 1888 : retired, 1893, as Lt-Colonel :
•created a Baronet, 1892 : C.B.
DURAND, SIR HENRY MARION (1812-
1871)
Son of a cavalry officer : born Nov. 6,
t8i2 : educated at Leicester and Addis-
combe: entered the Bengal Engineers,
1828: went to India in 1829-30, in the
same ship as Dr. A. Duff (q.v.) : appointed
to irrigation work in the N.W.P. : it was
proposed to make him Secretary of the
Board of Revenue, N.W.P., but instead
he went, in 1838, with the Army to Kabul
via Kandahar, and headed the party that
blew open the Kabul gate of Ghazni,
July 23, 1839 : returned soon to India
from Kabiil : went out from England,
after leave, as Private Secretary to Lord
Ellenborough (Governor-General, 1842-4) :
was present at Maharajpur, became
Captain in 1843 : was Commissioner of
Tenasserim, 1844, until removed by Sir
Herbert Maddock, the President in Council,
in 1846 : he obtained no redress in
England. In the Sikh war, 1848-9,
Durand was at Chilianwala and Gujarat :
Brevet-Major : became Political Agent at
Gwalior and Bhopal successively : wrote
there largely for the Calcutta Review :
in 1856 was Inspecting-Engineer, Presi-
dency Circle, until Lord Canning made
him Agent to the Governor-General for
Central India. In the mutiny he was
compelled, by the strength of the insurrec-
tion of Holkar's native troops at Indore,
to retire thence, fought several actions,
and reconquered Western Malwa : C.B,
and Brevet-Colonel : deputed to England
to represent the views of the Government
of India on the re-construction of the
Army in India : Member of the Council
of India, 1859-61 : Foreign Secretary to
the Government of India, 1861-65 :
Military Member of the Governor-General's
Supreme Council, April 27, 1865, until he
became Lieutenant-Governor of the Pan-
jab, June I, 1870 : Maj -General and
K.C.S.I. in 1867 : he was accidentally
killed at Tonk on Jan. i, 1871, his howdah,
on an elephant's back, being crushed
under the arch of a gateway : Durand
was thrown violently to the ground and
picked up insensible : he recovered con-
sciousness after several hours, but re-
mained paralyzed — his spine had been
injvured — and passed away without pain.
No officer in India at the time had a
greater reputation for ability, experience,
high principles, force of character : he
held strong views and expressed them
strongly. The Secretary of State wrote
of him : " The life of such a man is an
example to the Service, and her Majesty's
Government deeply deplore his death."
DURAND, SIR HENRY MORTIMER
(1850- )
X.C.S. : born Feb. 14, 1850 : son of
Maj-General Sir H. M. Durand {q.v.) :
educated at Blackheath School, and Eton
House, Tunbridge : barrister of Lincoln's
Inn, 1872 : entered the Bengal Civil
Service, 1873 : Political Secretary to Sir
F. Roberts in Kabul campaign, 1879 :
128
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
C.S.L, 1881 : Foreign Secretary in India,
1884-94 : conducted the mission to Amir of
Afghanistan, 1893 : Minister at Teheran,
1 894- 1 900 : Minister at Madrid, 1900-4 :
Minister at Washington, 1904 : was made
K.C.I.E., 1889; K.C.S.I. 1894; G.C.M.G.,
1900 ; P.C., 1901 : wrote The Life of Maj-
General Sir H. M. Durand, and Helen
Trevelyan.
DUTT, AKHOY KUMAR (1821-1886)
Born in the Burdwan District : educated
in his village school, and at the Oriental
Seminary, Calcutta : contributed to the
Bengali Prabhakar : editor of the Tattwa-
hodhini Patrika, founded by Debendranath
Tagore {q-v.) in connexion with the Adi
Brahma Samaj : first headmaster of the
Calcutta Normal School : was a pioneer
of Bengali prose : wrote several works of
considerable merit and erudition : his
Religious Sects of India, in Bengali, is still
a standard work : studied languages :
the first to publish essays in Bengali on
scientific subjects : has left a name as a
thinker and author of Bengali literatiure :
died 1886.
DUTT, CALICA DAS (1841- )
Born July 3, 1841 : son of Rai Goloke
Nath Dutt : educated at Krishnagar
Collegiate School and Calcutta Presidency
College : B.A., 1861 : B.L., 1861 : served
as a Munsif, Deputy Magistrate and
Deputy Collector, under the Bengal
Government, and in 1869 was made
Diwan of the Cooch Behar State, where
he has remained ever since : in 1883 be-
came member of the Cooch Behar State
Council : received the title of Rai Bahadur,
1891 : and was made C.I.E., 1900.
DUTT, MICHAEL MADHUSUDAN
(1824-1873)
Son of Raj Narayan Dutt, a pleader in
the Sadr Court : born Jan. 25, 1824 :
educated in the Hindu College under
Derozio. When his father wished to
marry him, he ran away to the Missionaries,
and on Feb. 9, 1843, was baptized as a
Christian : remained at Bishop's College,
Calcutta, for four years, 1843-7, and
then went to Madras, where he lived in
great poverty : returning to Calcutta,
1856, he became Interpreter in the Cal-
cutta Police Court : enjoyed considerable
reputation as a writer of Bengali blank
verse, which he created and introduced
into the language. In 1862 he went to
England, and was called to the bar : prac-
tised at the Calcutta bar from 1867, but
without any marked success. In literary
circles his memory is treasured : he
helped to promote a national drama and
theatre : produced some meritorious
dramas, farces and poems : knew several
Oriental and European languages, besides
Greek and Latin : his improvidence and
failings ruined a promising career : died
in a charitable hospital, June 29, 1873.
DUTT, RAJENDRA (1818-1889)
Born in Calcutta, 1818 : educated at
Drummond's School, and at the Hindu
College : joined the Calcutta Medical
College, to be trained in medical science :
after leaving the College, he opened a dis-
pensary at his own house and commenced
allopathic treatment, helped by Dr.
Durga Charan Banerji : in 1853, opened
the Hindu Metropolitan College as a pro-
test against the laxity displayed in the
Hindu College, and began to study
homoeopathy : in 1857, started a business
firm, Dutt, Linzu & Co., with Europeans
as partners, which failed in 1861 : there-
up(xi he established a homoeopathic
dispensary : in 1864, Dr. Berigny came
to Calcutta, and with him began to spread
homoeopathic treatment : in 1867 he
converted Dr. Mahendra Lai Sarkar
iq.v.) to homoeopathy : lost great wealth
in business speculations : was very gener-
ous : died June, 1889.
DUTT, ROMESH CHUNDER
(1848- )
I.C.S. : born Aug. 13, 1848 : son of
Isan Chunder Dutt : educated at Hare's
School, Presidency College, Calcutta, and
University College, London : passed the
Indian Civil Service Examination, 1869 :
joined the Civil Service, 1871 : became a
Divisional Commissioner, 1894-5 : re-
tired in 1897 : CLE., 1892 : is a Fellow
of the Calcutta University and Barrister
of the Middle Temple : has been Lecturer
on Indian History at University College,
London : author of a series of historical
and social novels, and a translation of the
RigVeda and other Sanskrit religious works
in Bengali, also of Civilisation in Ancient
India, Lays of Ancient India, Ramayana
and Mahabharata in English Verse,
Economic History of British India, 1757—
1900, 2 vols., etc.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
129
DUTT, SASI CHANDRA, RAI BAHA-
DUR (1825-1886)
Born 1825 : educated at the Hindu
College : entered the Government Treas-
ury as a clerk : transferred to the Bengal
Secretariat, and eventually became its
Registrar : retired in 1873 : made Rai
Bahadur : in 1884 he brought out in
England his works in ten volumes, includ-
ing a History of Bengal, Essays on Mis-
cellaneous SuhjectSf Great Wars of India,
Half-Hours with Nature, Realities of
Indian Life, The Times of Yore, The Wild
Tribes of India, as well as his verses in
English : died in 1886.
DUTT, TORU (1856-1877)
Torulata Dutta, the youngest daughter
of Govinda Chandra Dutt, a native
Christian convert : born at Calcutta in
1856 : she and her elder sister, Aru, were
taken to England by their father for
education, 1869-73 : studied French at
Nice, and English thoroughly : attended
lectures at Cambridge and St. Leonards :
on their return to Calcutta, Torn Dutt
studied Sanskrit and French, and began to
contribute poetical compositions and essays
to local magazines, especially to the Bengal
Magazine. In 1874 Aru died of consump-
tion. In 1876 Torn published a collection
of her lyrics translated from the French,
A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields, showing
considerable acquaintance with French
and English literature, very favourably
reviewed in the English and French Press.
She also died of consumption on Aug. 30,
1877 : the sisters were good musicians :
neither of them married. Besides her
ballads and legends of Hindustan, poems
and translations, Toru left the MS. of a
French novel entitled Le lournal de
Mdlle. D'Arvers.
DYAS, JOSEPH HENRY (1824-1868)
Born April 7, 1824 : son of Capt.
Joseph Dyas of the 51st K.O.L.I. : edu-
cated at Delgany, Dungannon, Addis-
combe : entered the Bengal Engineers :
went to India, 1845 : just too late for
Sobraon : with the Army to Lahore : at
the taking of the fort of Kangra, 1846 :
Assistant Superintendent of the W.
Janma Canal : prepared and worked on
the Bari Doab Canal project from 1850 :
Director of Canals at Madhupur, 1856 :
in the mutiny was at Trimmu Ghat, July
16, 1857 : Capt., 1857 : in 1864, Lt-
Colonel and Chief Engineer, N.W.P. :
died March 4, 1868, "a sacrihce to his
devotion to his duty and his work " in the
Canal Department : he had a faculty for
mechanical invention.
DYCE, GEORGE HUGH COLES
(1846- )
Born 1846 : entered the Indian Army,
1864, and became a Colonel in 1894 :
Colonel on the Staff at Firozpur, 1897-8 :
Multan, 1898 : Tochi Valley and Bannu,
1 898-1900 : Brig-General, Allahabad,
1900 : D.A.G. Bengal, 1900-1 : served in
Hazara campaign, 1868 : Afghan war,
1878-80 : Mahsud-Waziri expedition,
1881 : Burmese war, 1886-7 ■ Waziris-
tan expedition, 1894-5 : and Chitral
Relief, 1895 : C.B., 1896.
DYCE-SOMBRE, DAVID OCHTER-
LONY (1808-1851)
Born at Sardhana in 1808 : great-
grandson of Walter Reinhard, called
Sombre (Samru) for his sombre appearance:
his father, G. A. Dyce, commanded the
Begam Sombre's, or Samru's, troops :
D. O. Dyce inherited a great fortune from
the Begam on her death in 1836 : he had
become a Roman Catholic and been made
Chevalier of the Order of Christ. He
reached England in 1839, and made a
figure in society : married the daughter
of Lord St. Vincent : M.P. for Sunbury,
1841-2, but was unseated for bribery.
He was treated as a lunatic and declared
by a Commission to be of unsound mind :
escaped from his keeper and went to
France in 1843, where, in 1849, he wrote
a contention against the allegations of
his lunacy : tried to have the decision
set aside, but died in London on July i,
1851 : his will gave rise to much litiga-
tion.
EARDLEY-WILMOT, REVELL
(1842- )
Born Aug. 29, 1842 : son of Sir J. E.
Eardley-Wilmot, Bart. : educated at
Winchester : entered the Army, i860 :
Brevet- Lt -Colonel, 1881 : Maj -General,
1895 : served in the Bhutan expedition,
1864-5 (wounded) : Jowaki expedition as
A.D.C. : Kabul war, 1878-89 : attack
of Ali Masjid, Charasia, and taking of
Kabul : C.B.
K
ISO
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
EARLE, SIR HENRY, THIRD
BARONET (1854- )
Born Aug. 15, 1854 : educated at Eton
and Trinity College, Oxford : entered the
Army : served in Jowaki campaign,
1877: Afghan war, 1878-80 : Egyptian
war, 1883 : Burma war, 1886-7 : Tirah,
1897-8 (severely wounded) : South Africa,
1899-1900 (severely wounded) : D.S.O.
for services in Burma.
EARLE, WILLIAM (1833-1886)
Son of Sir Hardman Earle, Bart., bom
May 18, 1833 : educated at Winchester :
entered the 49th regt., in 1851 : served
with it through the Crimea, exchanged
into the Grenadier Guards in 1857 :
served at Gibraltar ; in Nova Scotia,
as Military Secretary to the General in N.
America : Colonel : was Military Secretary
to Lord Northbrook when Viceroy and
Governor-General, 1872-76 : C.S.I. , 1876 :
in Egypt in 1882 : in 'command at Alexan-
dria : C.B. : and in 1884-85, as Maj-
General, commanded the Nile column
destined for Khartoum. In an attack
on Arabs, entrenched at Kirbekan, he was
shot in the forehead and killed, on Feb.
10, 1885.
EAST, SIR EDWARD HYDE
BARONET (1764-1847)
Born in Jamaica, Sep. g, 1764 : called
to the bar from the Inner Temple, 1786 :
M.P. for Great Malvern : published the
Term Reports of cases in the King's Bench
for many years, and a work on the Criminal
Law : Chief Justice of Bengal from 18 13
to 1 821 : knighted on appointment : took
a leading part in the establishment of the
Hindu CoUege at Calcutta : made a
Baronet in 1823 : M.P. for Winchester,
1823-30 : member of the Judicial Com-
mittee of the Privy Council, 1833 : member
of Council of the Royal Asiatic Society :
F.R.S. : bencher of the Inner Temple :
died Jan. 8, 1847.
EASTWICK, EDWARD BACKHOUSE
(1814-1883)
Born 1 814 : son of Capt. Robert William
Eastwick : educated at Charterhouse
and Merton College, Oxford : Postmaster :
joined a Bombay N.I. regt., 1836 : early
devoted himself to Oriental languages :
served in the Political Department in
Kattiawar and Sind : did literary work, on
the History of the Pars's and a Sindi
vocabulary : about 1842 he gave up
India, through ill-health : studied at
Frankfort and translated Bopp's Com-
parative Grammar : noticed by H. H.
Wilson iq.v.), and appointed Professor of
Hindustani at the E.I. College, Haileybury,
1845 : F.R.S., 1851 : Assistant Political
Secretary at the India Office, 1859 •
called to the bar. Middle Temple, i860 :
Secretary of Legation at Teheran to the
Court of Persia, 1860-3 '• published The
Journal of a Diplomatist : Commissioner
for arranging a Venezuelan loan, 1864 and
1867 : Private Secretary to Lord Cran-
borne (afterwards Marquis of Salisbury)
when Secretary of State for India, July,
1866, to March, 1867 : C.B. : M.P. for
Penrhyn and Falmouth, 1868-74 : M.A.,
Oxford, 1875 : translated the Gulisian,
the Anwar-i-Suhaili, Prem Sagar, Bagh-o-
Bahar, and other works in Oriental lan-
guages : made several journeys to India :
wrote a Hindustani grammar, Murray's
Handbooks for India, accounts of his
experiences in Sind, Persia, and Venezuela,
and the Kaisarnama-i-Hind (an account
of the native states, etc.), and articles in
the Encyclopcedia Britannica • was F.S.A. :
died July 16, 1883.
EASTWICK, ROBERT WILLIAM
(1772-1865)
Captain : born June 25, 1772 : educated
at Merchant Taylors' school : went to
sea, 1784, in the merchant^ervice : pressed
into the Navy, 1790 : soon left it : entered
the E.I. Co.'s marine service, 1792 : went
to Bombay : joined the Indian Service :
sailed everywhere in Eastern waters :
commanded a ship in 1793 : owned and
commanded the Endeavour, which was
captured by a French frigate, La Forte,
1799, and rescued by the English man-of-
war. La Syhille, on March i, 1799 : his
own ship lost to him : sailed to Bussora,
Sumatra, New Holland, Sydney, Norfolk
Island, China, Buenos Ayres, Monte
Video, to England : several times ship-
wrecked, and went through numerous
adventures : finished his active career in
1825 : lost his sight in 1832, and was
blind for 33 years till his death on Dec. 31,
1865 : " a skilful and fearless sailor *' :
father of Captain W. J. E. {q.v.) and of
E. B. E., [q.v.) : his life is recorded in A
Master Mariner, by H. Compton, 1891.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
EASTWICK, WILLIAM JOSEPH
(1808-1889)
Captain : born 1808 : son of Capt.
Robert William Eastwick : educated at
Winchester : went to India in the Bombay
Army, 1826 : served in the Kolapur and
S. Mahratta country : in the Political
Department : Assistant to Sir H. Pottinger
in Sind : negotiated a treaty with the
Amirs of Hyderabad, 1839 : secured the
freedom of the Indus to commercial
enterprise : in the first Afghan war :
obtained supplies for Nott at Kandahar,
1841 : to England, 1841, and did not
return to India : Director of the E.I.
Co., 1846 : Deputy Chairman, 1858 :
Member of the Council of India, Sep. 21,
1858: retired, 1868: died Feb. 24, 1889.
EDEN, THE HON. SIR ASHLEY
(1831-1887)
Indian Civil Service : third son
of the third Lord Auckland, Bishop of
Bath and Wells, and nephew of the
Governor-General Lord 'Auckland : bom
on Nov. 13, 1831 : educated at Rugby,
Winchester, and Haileybury : arrived in
India in 1S52 : distinguished himself in
the Sonthal insurrection, 1855 : Secretary
to the Bengal Government from 1862-71,
and in the Bengal Legislative Council :
employed to make a treaty with the Raja
of Sikhim in 1861, and as envoy to Bhutan
in 1863-4, where he was subjected to gross
indignities, and compelled to sign a treaty
which the British Government repudiated
and declared w^r on Bhutan. Eden was
Chief Commissioner of British Burma,
1871-7, acting, in 1875, as Member of
the Supreme Council. He was Lieutenant-
Governor of Bengal, 1877 to 1882, and
President of the Army Commission for
some months in 1879. In Bengal he
exhibited such capacity, and attained
such success • in his administration, that
his retirement was universally deplored,
and a statue erected in his honour in Cal-
cutta. He was in the Council of India
from 1882 till his death on July 8, 1887.
He was made C.S.I, in 1874, and K.C.S.I.
in 1878. Though last in his term at
Haileybury, he was one of the ablest
officers of modern times : his common
sense and penetration were combined
with fearlessness and force in the statement
•of his views.
131
EDEN, HON. EMILY (1797-1869)
Daughter of the first Baron Auckland,
sister of the second Baron, first Earl {q.v.),
whom she accompanied to India, while
Governor-General, from 1836 to 1842:
born March 3, 1797: she published
Portraits of the People and Princes of India,
1844, and Up the Country, 1866, and two
volumes of her Letters from India were
published in 1872 by her niece, Eleanor
Eden. She also wrote the novels The
Semi-detached House, and The Semi-attached
Couple. Her writings contain an interest-
ing account of the social and domestic life
of a Governor-General and his household.
She died Aug. 5, 1869.
EDGAR, SIR JOHN WARE (1839-1902)
I.C.S. : born Sep. 16, 1839 : arrived
in India, in the Indian Civil Service,
in Feb. 1862 : did good service in Cachar
in connexion with the raids of the Lushai
tribes, and accompanied the Lushai
expedition of 1871-2, as Political Officer
to the Northern Column : as Deputy
Commissioner of Darjeeling he paid much
attention to Sikhim, Buddhism, and
Tibet frontier questions : President of the
Bengal Excise Commission, 1881-3 :
Chief Secretary to the Government of
Bengal, 1887-91 : Member of the
Governor-General's Legislative Council,
Jan., 1892 : retired in April, 1892 : C.S.I, in
1872, and K.C.I.E. in May, 1889 : died
at Florence on June 4, 1902 : devoted
himself in his later years to historical
studies, chiefly on subjects connected
with Northern Buddhism and modern
Latin Christianity.
EDGE, SIR JOHN (1841- )
Born July 28, 1841 : son of Benjamin
Booker Edge, of Clonbrook : educated
at Trinity College, Dublin : joined the
Irish bar, 1864, and the English bar, from
the Middle Temple, 1866: Chief Justice
of High Court, N.W.P., 1886-98 : Bencher
of Middle Temple, 1898 : Member of the
Council of India, 1898.
EDMONSTONE, SIR GEORGE
FREDERICK (1813-1864)
I.C.S. : son of Neil Benjamin'Edmonstone
{q.v.) : born April, 1813 : educated at
Hailebyury, 1829-31 : went to the N.W.P.
in 1831 : after the Satlaj campaign of
132
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
1845-6 was Commissioner of the Cis-
Stalaj States : Financial Commissioner
in the Panjab, 1853 : Foreign Secretary
to the Government of India, 1855, and
during the mutiny : Lieutenant-Governor
of the N.W.P., Jan. 19, 1859, to Feb. 27,
1863 : K.C.B., Dec, 1863 : died Sep. 24,
1864.
EDMONSTONE, NEIL BENJAMIN
(1765-1841)
I.C.S. : born Dec. 6, 1765 : son of Sir
Archibald Edmonstone, Bart., M.P. : went
to Calcutta in the Civil Service, 1783 :
appointed early to the Secretariat, and
became Persian translator to Government :
Private Secretary to the acting Governor-
General, Sir Alured Clarke (q.v.) in April,
1798 : and Sir G. H. Barlow (q.v.) in Feb.
1807 : with Lord Wellesley in Madras
for the campaign against Tippoo : Secre-
tary in 1 801 to the Government of India
in the Foreign Department: Chief Secretary
to Government, 1809 : Member of the
Supreme Council, Oct. 30, 1812, to Jan. 17,
1818 : became in 1820 a Director of the
E.I. Co. : died May 4, 1841.
EDWARDES, SIR HERBERT BEN-
JAMIN (1819-1868)
Maj-General : son of the Rev. B.
Edwardes : born Nov. 12, 1819 : educated
at Richmond and King's College, London,
where he distinguished himself in the
debating society : obtained an Indian
cadetship from Sir R. Jenkins {q.v.) :
reached India in .1841 : sent to the Panjab.
Early in his career he published " Brahmini
Bull's Letters in India to his cousin John
Bull in England " in the Delhi Gazette,
criticising the military and political
system. He was A.D.C. to Sir Hugh
Gough at Mudki and Sobraon in 1845-6 :
after which Sir Henry Lawrence, Resident
at Lahore, took him as an Assistant.
Edwardes, in 1847, pacified the district of
Bannu, levelled 400 forts, and initiated
civilization. On the murder of Vans
Agnew and Anderson at Multan and the
rebellion of Mulraj in April, 1848, Edwardes
collected a force of tribesmen and, with
the aid of the Nawab of Bahawalpur, and
Colonel Van Cortlandt of the Sikh service,
attacked Mulraj and the rebels, defeating
them at Kineyri and Sadusain, maintain-
ing the war for months until General
Whish arrived and took Multan. He was
made Brevet -Major and C.B. : received the
thanks of Parliament and a special gold
medal from the Court of Directors : D.C.L.
of Oxford : after holding charge of the
Jalandhar and Hazara districts, he was
in 1853 made Commissioner of Peshawar.
He proposed to Government to make a
treaty with Dost Muhammad, the Amir
of Afghanistan : with Lord Dalhousie's
approval, but after some doubts on Sir
John Lawrence's part, treaties were made
with the Amir in March, 1855, and 1857,
really the work of Edwardes. The Amir
and the Afghans remained quiet dmring
the mutiny of 1857. On its outbreak,
Edwardes suggested the formation of a
movable column for the Panjab : he was
told by Lord Canning to " hold on to
Peshawar." He zealously, at this time
and after, advocated the adoption of a
more Christianizing policy in the govern-
ment of India. While on fiurlough he was
made K.C.B. in i860 : LL.D. of Cam-
bridge : Commissioner of Umbala, 1862-5 :
and then left India for his health : K.C.S.I.
in 1866 : he took much interest in mission
work in his retirement, and wrote part
of the life of Sir Henry Lawrence : died
Dec. 23, 1868 : a memorial was erected
to him in Westminster Abbey. He wrote
also A Year on the Panjab Frontier in
1848-9. He has been described as one of
the most remarkable men that the
Indian Army has ever produced. His
bravery and brilliancy were universally
recognized. Sir John Lawrence wrote of
him as a " born ruler of men."
EDWARDES, SIR STANLEY DE
BURG (1840- )
Born March 29, 1840 : son of Capt.
George Harris Edwardes, Bengal Army :
educated at Mount Radford School,
Exeter : entered the Bombay Army, 1857,
and became Colonel, 1876 : Maj-General,
1885 : Lt-General, 1886, and General,
1896 : served during Indian mutiny in
pursuit of Tantia Topi, 1858 : D.A.Q.M.G.
Abyssinian expedition, 1868 : Chief
Director of Transport, Afghan campaign,
1879-80 : commanded Quetta District,
1881-4 ; N. Division, Bombay Army,
1887-9 : K.C.B., 1898.
EDWARDS, SIR JAMES BEVAN
(18.34- )
Born 1834: educated at R.M.A., Wool-
wich : entered the Royal Engineers, 1852^
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
133
and became General, 1891 : served in
Crimean war : Indian mutiny : China, 1864 :
Suakim expedition, 1885 : Commandant
of School of Military Engineering, 1885-8
commanded the troops in China, 1889-90
M.P. for Hythe, 1895-9 : C.B., 1877
K.C.M.G., 1891.
EDWARDS, JOHN BURNARD
(1857- )
Born May 6, 1857 : son of R. M. Edwards,
B.C.S.: educated at Haileybury and
Sandhurst : entered the Army 1878, and
became Major 1898 : served in Afghan
war, 1878-80, Chitral Relief Force, 1895 :
in charge of Gwalior Imperial Service
Transport Corps : D.S.O. : Inspecting
Officer of Imperial Service Cavalry in
Central India, 189 1-6 : second in command
ist regt. Central India Horse.
EGERTON, CHARLES CHANDLER
(1798-1885)
Born April, 1798 : his father was a
clergyman : educated for the medical pro-
fession at St. Thomas' and Guy's hospitals :
F.C.S., 1819 : entered the E. I. Co.'s medical
service in 1823 as an oculist to deal with
a special epidemic: oculist at the Eye
Hospital, and first Surgeon at the Medical
College Hospital, Calcutta : left India
1847 : died May, 1885.
EGERTON, SIR CHARLES COMYN
(1848- )
Born 1848 : educated at Rossall :
entered the Army, 1867, and became
Colonel, 1895 : served in the Afghan war,
1879-80 : Hazara expedition, 1888 :
Miranzai expedition : severely wounded :
Brevet- Lt -Colonel, and D.S.O. : Waziris-
tan Field Force, 1894-5 : C.B. : Dongola
expedition : commanded Tochi Field
Force, 1897-8: K.C.B., 1903: commanded
the Somaliland Force from 1903. , j .,
EGERTON, PHILIP HENRY ( 1824-1893)
I.C.S. : son of William Egerton (of the
B.C.S., 1792-1820) : born Aug. 9, 1824 :
educated at the Naval and Military
Academy, Edinburgh : R.M. College, Sand-
hurst, and Haileybury, 1840-2 : went to
India, 1842 : served in the N.W.P. to
1850 : Magte-Colh:. of Delhi, 1855-9, but
was on leave during the siege in 1857 and
could not rejoin till Oct., when he vigor-
ously restored order in the city and district.
Commissioner of Umritsar, 1859, and of
Rawul Pindi, 1868 : retired, 1872 : wrote
Journal of a Tour through Spiti, 1864 :
died Jan. 17, 1893.
EGERTON, SIR ROBERT EYLES
(1827- )
I.C.S. : son of William Egerton : bom
1827 : educated at Exeter College, Oxford
and Haileybury, 1847-9 : served in India,
1849-82 : Deputy Commissioner of Lahore
in the mutiny : Commissioner of Nagpur,
1869 : Financial Commissioner of the
Panjab, 1871 : Member of the Governor-
General's Legislative Coimcil, 1 871-4 :
Lieutenant Governor of the Panjab, 1778-
82 : K.C.S.I., 1879 : CLE. : J. P. : D.L.
ELERS, GEORGE (1777-1842)
Partly of German parentage : obtained
a commission in the 12th regt. : arrived
in Madras, 1797 : served against Tippoo,
but was ill at Vellore during the siege of
Seringapatam : accompanied Col. Welles-
ley to Coorg and stayed with him at Ser-
ingapatam as his guest for three months.
His Memoirs were edited from the orginal
MS. by Lord Monson and George Leveson-
Gower and published in 1903.
ELGIN AND KINCARDINE, JAMES
BRUCE, EIGHTH EARL OF
(1811-1863)
(Twelfth Earl of Kincardine) : bom July
20, 181 1 : educated at Eton and Christ
Church, Oxford : Fellow of Merton College,
1832 : M.P. for Southampton, 1841 : suc-
ceeded his father in 1841 : was made
Governor of Jamaica, 1842, and, in 1846,
Governor-General of Canada — an appoint-
ment fraught with difficulties — which he
retained till 1854 : for his services he was
raised to the English peerage. In 1857
he was sent to China as special envoy : on
his way there, he, at Lord Canning's re-
quest, diverted to India, troops intended
for China, which were urgently required
for the suppression of the Indian mutiny.
He made the Tientsin Treaty with China,
securing several important objects. In
1859 he became Postmater-General in Lord
Palmerston's Government. In i860 he
was again sent to China to obtain the
ratification of the Tientsin treaty, which
had not been carried out. He destroyed
the Summer Palace, as a pimishment for
134
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Chinese treachery and the murder of
Englishmen. In Jan., 1862, he went to
India as Viceroy, arriving at Calcutta
in March. After spending the summer at
Simla in 1863, he proceeded on tour in
Upper India. He died of heart complaint,
brought on by over-exertion, at Dharmsala
on Nov. 20, 1863, and was there buried.
ELGIN AND KINCARDINE, VICTOR
ALEXANDER BRUCE, NINTH
EARL OF (1849- )
Born May 16, 1849 : son of eighth Earl
iq.v.), who was Plenipotentiary to China,
and Viceroy of India, 1862-3 '■ educated at
Eton and Balliol College, Oxford : First
Commissioner of Works, 1886 : Viceroy
and Governor-General of India, 1894-9 :
Chairman of the Royal Commission to
investigate the conduct of the S. African
campaign : and of the inquiry into the dis-
putes between the Scotch Churches : K.G. :
G.C.S.I. : G.C.I.E. : P.C. : LL.D. of St.
Andrew's.
ELIAS, NEY (1844-1897)
Son of Ney Elias : born Feb. 10, 1844 :
educated at London, Paris, Dresden :
F.R.G.S., 1865 : went to Shanghai in a
merchant's firm in 1866 : led an expedition
in 1868 to examine the channels of the
Hoang-ho river : in 1872 crossed the
Gobi desert, nearly 5,000 miles from the
Great Wall to Nijni Novgorod : gold
medal of the R.G.S., 1873 : joined the
Indian Foreign Office, 1874 : served at
Mandalay and in Ladak : travelled over
the Karakorum to Yarkand, 1879 : and
Kashgar, 1885 : from Yarkand to the
Pamirs and the Oxus, 1885 : Badakshan,
Balkh, Chitral, N. Afghanistan : was in
Sikhim, 1888-9 : in the Shan States, 1889
-90 : Agent at Mashad and Consul-Gen-
eral : retired from the service, 1896. He
had gained a great knowledge of the
countries of Central Asia : and wrote
several reports on his journeys : he died
suddenly. May 31, 1897. He declined, in
1888, to receive the CLE. decoration.
ELIOT, SIR JOHN (1839- )
Educated at St. John's College, Cam-
bridge (2nd Wrangler and ist Smith's
Prizeman) : Fellow of St. John's College,
1869-70 : Professor of Mathematics,
Rurki Engineering College, 1869-72 : Muir
Central College, Allahabad, 1872-4 : Pro-
fessor of Physics, Presidency College, Cal-
cutta : Meteorological Reporter to Govern-
ment of Bengal, 1874-86 : Meteorological
Reporter to Government of India, 1886-
1904 : Director-General of Indian Obser-
vations since 1899 : CLE., 1897 : K.C.I.E.,
1903 : retired 1904.
ELIOTT, SIR DANIEL (1798-1872)
I.C.S. : son of Sir WilHam Eliott : born
March 3, 1798 : educated at the Edinburgh
Academy and at Haileybury : went out
to Madras in 1817 : Secretary to the
Board of Revenue, 1827 : Member of. the
Board, 1836 : was the Madras Member of
the Indian Law Commission in 1838 :
Member of Council, Madras, 1848 to
1853 : President of various Boards in
Madras, 1850 : Madras Member of the
Legislative Council of India, 1854-9 •
K.CS.I. in May 1867: died Oct. 30, 1872.
ELIOTT-LOCKHART, PERCY CLARE
(1867- )
Born Sep. 21, 1867 : son of Col. W.
Eliott -Lockhart, R.A. : educated at Bath :
joined ist West India regt., 1887, and
Indian Staff Corps, 1890 : served in
Waziristan expedition, 1894-5 : Chitral,
1895 : N.W. frontier, 1897-8, defence of
Malakand, operations in Bajaur, Mohmand
and Buner : D.S.O : author of A Frontier
Campaign : Captain in Queen's Own Corps
of Guides.
ELLENBOROUGH, EDWARD LAW,
FIRST EARL OF (1790-1871)
Governor-General : son of Edward,
Baron Ellenborough, Lord Chief Justice
of England : born Sep. 8, 1790 : educated
at Eton and St. John's College, Cambridge :
M.P. for St. Michael's, Cornwall, 1813 :
was Lord Privy Seal, 1828 : President of
the Board of Control, from 1828 to 1830,
from Dec, 1834 to April, 1835, and for a
third time in Sep.-Oct., 1841. He, in 1832,
sent Alexander Burnes (q.v.) to Lahore,
and on to Central Asia : was for a forward
policy and for the transfer of the Govern-
ment of India to the Crown. In Oct., 1841,
he was nominated to be Governor-General,
and held the appointment from Feb. 28,
1842, to June 15, 1844. He desired a
peace policy, but was never free of war.
He pushed on the Chinese war and brought
it to a conclusion successfully. He desired
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
ELLES,
to withdraw from interference with
Afghanistan, after rescuing the Kabul
captives and restoring British prestige, and
eventually sanctioned Sir W. Nott's with-
drawal from Kandahar vtd Ghazni, Kabul
and Peshawar. Pollock's Army of retri
bution forced its way through the Khyber
to Kabul, and Afghanistan was evacuated
in '^Oct-Nov.,si842. Ellenborough's bom-
bastic proclamation, on the recovery of the
gates of Somnath from Ghazni, exposed
him to ridicule. The troops retiring from
Kabul were received at Firozpur with
exaggerated pomp. He annexed Sind,
by means of Sir Charles Napier's victories,
in 1842, though the justification for this
act has been seriously questioned. He
interfered in the affairs of the Gwalior
State, where the Army had rebelled and
expelled the regent Mama Sahib : he was
present at the battle of Maharajpur, Dec.
28, 1843 : a fresh treaty was made with
the State. Being disrespectful and out of
control, he was recalled by the Court ©f
Directors in June, 1844, against the views
of the Cabinet : was created an Earl :
in 1846 he was made First Lord of the
Admiralty, and in 1858, Feb. to June, was
again President of the Board of Control.
In this capacity, he addressed a despatch
to Lord Canning regarding the latter's
Oudh proclamation, which the Cabinet
disavowed, and EUenborough had to resign
his office. During his Indian career, he
preferred the military to political officers,
and was unpopular with the civilians.
His ability and eloquence were brilliant,
but his other qualities detracted from his
practical usefulness in high office. He
died Dec. 22, 1871.
ELLES, SIR EDMUND ROCHE
(1848- )
Born June 9, 1848 : son of Malcolm
Jamieson Elles : educated privately and
at Woolwich : entered the Royal Artil-
lery, 1867 : Colonel, 189 1 : Ma j -General,
1900 : in the Lushai expedition, 1871-2 :
D.A.Q.M.G. of the Indian contingent to
Egypt, 1882 : A.Q.M.G. Hazara expedition,
1888 : in the Indian Frontier expedition,
1897 : commanded the Peshawar District,
1895-1900 : Adjutant-General, 1900-1 :
second in command of Sir M. Durand's
mission to Kabul, 1893 : Military Member
of Supreme Council, April 11, 1901-5 :
C.B., 1893 : K.C.B., 1898 : K.C.I. E.,
1903.
135
KIDSTON
SIR WILLIAM
(1837-1896)
Son of Malcolm J. Elles : educated at
Sandhurst : entered the 54th regt. : served
m the Crimea, 1854-5 •' in the mutiny,
1857-8, at battle of Cawnpur, defeat of
Gwalior contingent, capture of Lucknow,
Hazara campaign : Black Mountain expe-
dition, 1868 : Burmese war, 1886-7 : C.B. :
A.D.C. to Queen Victoria, 1881-90: com-
manded in the Hazara expedition, 1891 :
K.C.B. : commanded ist class district,
Bengal, 1 890-5 : in command of the Bengal
Army, 1895 : Lt-General, 1895 : died at
Naini Tal, Aug. 5, 1896.
ELLIOT, EDWARD KING (18II-1865)
Lt-Colonel : entered the Army, 1829 :
joined the 43rd N.I. : served in the first
Afghan war : was Assistant to Sir H. C
Rawlinson in a political capacity at Kanda-
har : was Deputy Commissioner of Sagar :
Judicial Commissioner at Nagpur : Chief
Commissioner of the Central Provinces :
Agent of the Governor-General for Rajpu-
tana: died at Nasirabad, Oct. 11, 1865.
ELLIOT, SIR EDWARD LOCKE
(1850- )
Bom Jan. 28, 1850 : son of Colonel
Edward King Elliot : entered the Army,
1868 : and the Indian Staff Corps : became
Colonel, 1898 : served in the Afghan war,
1878-9 : Burmese expedition, 1886-7 '•
D.S.O. : Dongola expeditionary force,
1896 : C.B. : Inspr-General of Cavalry
in India, 1898 : in South Africa, 1901-2 :
K.C.B., 1902 : Maj-General.
ELLIOT, SIR HENRY MIERS (1808-
1853)
I.C.S. : son of John Elliot : born March
I, 1808 : educated at Winchester : gained
his appointment to the E.I. Co.'s Civil
Service by open competition, 1826 : served
in the N.W.P. : Secretary to the Board
of Revenue : Foreign Secretary to the
Government of India, 1847 : accompanied
Lord Hardinge and Lord Dalhousie to the
Panjab : negotiated the treaty with the
Sikhs, 1849 : K.C.B : brought out the
first volume of a Bibliographical Index to
the Historians of Muhammadan India, his
materials for The History of India, as
told by its own Historians, were edited after
his death by Professor JohnDowson (q.v.)
and Sir E. C. Bayley, iq.v.) : his Memoirs
136
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
of the History, Folklore, and Distribution of
the Races of the N.W.P. were edited by
Mr, J. Beames {,q.v.) : he died at the Cape
of Good Hope on his way home, Dec. 20,
1853. A mural tablet in St. Paul's Cathe-
dral, at Calcutta, testifies to his remark-
able abilities and attainments, his manly
rectitude of conduct, his gentle disposition
and noble qualities. He (like Augustus
Cleveland) {^.i'.) was called by Sir W. W.
Hunter the duke decus of the Bengal Civil
Service.
ELLIOT, HUGH (1752-1830)
Governor : son of Sir Gilbert Elliot,
M.P. : born April 6, 1752 : educated
privately, at Paris, and Christ Church,
Oxford : at a military school abroad :
served with the Russian Army against the
Turks, 1772 : Minister at Munich, i773-
6 : Envoy and Minister to Prussia, 1777 : at
Copenhagen, 1782-91 : on a secret mission
to Paris, 1791 : Minister at Dresden until
1803 : at Naples, 1803 : recalled thence :
Governor of the Leeward Islands, 1809-13 :
P.C. : Governor of Madras, Sep. 16, 1814,
to June 10, 1820 : died Dec. 10, 1830 :
buried in Westminster Abbey.
ELLIOT, SIR WALTER (1803-1887)
I.C.S. : born Jan. 16, 1803 : son of
James Elliot : educated privately : at
Doncaster and Haileybury : went to
Madras in 1820 : specially rewarded for
remarkable proficiency in Tamil and
Hindustani at 20 : served in the S. Mah-
ratta country, until 1833 : was a keen
sportsman and adventvurous with big game :
in the insurrection of Kittur, 1824, when
several officers were killed, he and another
officer, Stevenson, were prisoners of the
rebels for six weeks : in 1843, made an
adventurous journey to Mocha, Red Sea
coast of Abyssinia, Egypt and Palestine :
Private Secretary to Lord Elphinstone,
Governor of Madras, 1837-42 : Member
of the Board of Revenue, but was sent in
1845 to inquire into the maladministration
of Guntur : appointed Commissioner of
the whole of the Northern Sircars till Dec.
1854, when he became a Member of Council,
Madras, till Dec. 1859. As Senior Member
of Council, he contributed greatly by his
steadfast calmness, during the temporary
absence of Lord Harris, to the preservation
of peace and order in the Presidency : also,
in 1858, carried on the Government during
Lord Harris' ill-health : took much
interest in education and supported
Christian missions : acquired much know-
ledge of archaeology, natural history,
numismatics, and Indian history : wrote
for scientific Journals on the above sub-
jects : notably on coins and Hindu inscrip-
tions : assisted Darwin and Owen in their
researches : his collection of Buddhist
marbles from Amravati is in the British
Museum : a member of many learned
Societies : K.C.S.I. in 1866 : F.R.S., 1877 :
LL.D. of Edinbvirgh, 1878 : became blind,
and died March i, 1887.
ELLIOTT, CHARLES (1776? -1856)
Voluntarily passed through the college
of Fort William : judge of Fatehghar at
30 : judge of Bareli : Court of Appeal :
Judge of the Sadr Court at Calcutta, 1821 :
in 1822, to Delhi as Senior Member of the
Board, N.W.P : and A.G.G. at the Court
of the Great Mogul : returned to England,
1826 : published a translation of the Life
of the Great Mogul: F.R.S. : F.R.A.S. :
died May 4, 1856.
ELLIOTT, SIR CHARLES ALFRED
(1835- )
I.C.S. : son of the Rev. H. V. Elliott of
Brighton : born Dec. 1835 : educated
at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge :
after open competition, arrived in India
in Nov. 1856 : served in the N.W.P., Oudh
and Central Provinces : was Secretary
to the N.W.P. Government, 1870-7 :
Famine Commissioner, Mysore, 1877 :
C.S.I. , 1878 : Secretary to the Famine
Commission (Sir Richard Strachey's), 1878 :
Census Commissioner, 1880 : Chief Com-
missioner of Assam, 1881 : President of
the Committee for the retrenchment of
public expenditure, 1886: Member of the
Supreme Council, 1887-90 : Lieutenant-
Governor of Bengal, 1890-5. He wrote
the Chronicles of Unao, the Reports of the
Mysore famine, and of the Famine, and
Finance Commissions. Since his retire-
ment, in 1895, he has been Finance Member
of the London School Board, and Mem-
ber of the Educational Committee of the
London County Council. Throughout his
career. Sir Charles ElHott has laboured with
great energy and ability in his various
charges, and made a reputation as an
expert in Settlement, Famine, Finance,
and Education.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
T^37
ELLIOTT, SIR WILLIAM HENRY
(1792-1874)
Son of Capt. John Elliott, R.N. : born
in 1792, entered the 51st regt. in 1809,
remained in it until 1852 : served in the
Peninsula, was at Waterloo, at Cambrai,
in the Ionian Islands, Australia, Van
Diemen's Land, New Zealand, Bangalore :
in 1852, he commanded the Madras
Brigade in the Burmese war, under Gen-
eral Godwin : was at the capture of Ran-
goon and the storming of the Shwe-Dagon
pagoda in April, 1852 : in the capture of
Donabew : C.B. and Commandant at
Rangoon, where he detected and defeated
a plot to kill all the English in that city :
Maj-General in 1857 : K.C.B. in 1862 :
G.C.B. in 1870 : General in 1871 : died
on Feb. 27, 1874.
ELLIS, SIR BARROW HERBERT
(1823-1887)
I.C.S. : born Jan. 24, 1823: son of S.
Herbert Ellis, a leading member of the
Jewish community : educated at Univer-
sity College School, London University,
and Haileybury : went to Bombay in 1843 :
served in Sind from 1851-58, acting for
some time as Chief Commissioner during
Sir Bartle Frere's absence : was Chief
Secretary to the Bombay Government
and Member of Council, Bombay, 1865-
70 : Member of the Supreme Council of
the Governor-General, 1869-75 : K. C.S.I,
in Oct. 1875, and Member of the Council
of India, 1875-85 : after his retirement he
was an authority among his co-religionists,
and a Member and Vice-President of the
Royal Asiatic Society : died June 20, 1887.
ELLIS, FRANCIS WHYTE ( ? -1819)
I.C.S. : Oriental linguist : joined at
Madras in 1796 : Secretary to the Board
of Revenue, 1802 : Collector of Madras,
1810 : died of cholera at Ramnad, March
JO, 1 8 19. He was an excellent Tamil and
Sanskrit scholar : published a commentary
and translation of The Sacred Kiirral, and
exposed the forgery of Sanskrit MSS. at
Pondicherry by Jesuit missionaries : he
wrote papers on the Tamil, Telugu and
Malayalam languages, and was an
expert authority on " Mirasi right ": and
on information regarding the Madras
Presidency.
ELLIS, ROBERT STAUNTON (1825-
1877)
I.C.S. : went out to Madras in 1844 : was
Deputy Commissioner of Nagpur and Super-
intendent of Police in the mutiny : C.B. :
was Chief Secretary to the Madras Govern-
ment, 1870 : Member of Council at Madras,
1872-7 : retired : Member of the Council
of India in 1877 : died Oct. 9, 1877.
ELPHINSTONE, JOHN, THIRTEENTH
BARON (1807-1860)
Governor : and Lt-General : son of
John, twelfth Lord Elphinstone : born
June 23, 1807 : succeeded his father in
1813 : entered the Royal Horse Guards
in 1826 : was a Lord-in-waiting, 1835-7 :
G.C.H. in 1836 : Governor of Madras
from March 1837, to Sep. 1842, during an
uneventful period : encouraged the prac-
tice of resorting to the Nilgiri hills for the
hot weather : travelled in Kashmir and
Upper India : returned to England in
1845 : Lord-in-waiting again : Governor
of Bombay, Dec. 1853, to May, i860, during
the mutiny, in which he showed his
capacity for administration, suppressing
all risings and annihilating a conspiracy
in Bombay. He afforded great assistance
to the Government of India by sparing
troops from Bombay for the disaffected
parts of the country : G.C.B. in 1858 :
raised to the Peerage of the United King-
dom, 1859 : died July 19, i860.
ELPHINSTONE, MOUNTSTUART
(1779-1859)
Governor : I.C.S. : son of John, eleventh
Baron Elphinstone : born Oct. 6, i779 -
educated at the High School, Edinburgh,
and at Kensington : went out to Bengal
as a "writer" in the E.I. Co.'s service in
1795 ' stationed at Benares, he had to
ride for his life when European officers,
including Cherry, the Agent to the Gover-
nor-General, were massacred there in
Jan. i799» by order of Wazir Ah, the Ex-
Nawab of Oudh. In 1801 he was ap-
pointed Assistant to Sir Barry Close, the
Resident at the court of Baji Rao, the
Peshwa at Poona : at the battles of
Assaye and Argaum, he was on the Staff
of Colonel Arthur Wellesley, who told
him that he ought to have been a soldier.
He was Resident at Nagpur from 1804 to
1808 : was sent as Envoy to Kabul, with
a view to establish English influence there
138
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
against the supposed French designs on
India : Shah Shuja received him at
Peshawar on March 5, 1809 : the negotia-
tions produced little result, as Shah Shuja
was himself ejected from Afghanistan in
1809. Elphinstone was appointed Resi-
dent at Poona in 1811. In 1815 he
insisted on the surrender of Trimbakji
Danglia, the Peshwa's minister, for the
murder of Gungadhar Sastri, the minister
and envoy of the Gaekwar of Baroda, at
Poona. In 18 17 Elphinstone concluded
the treaty dated June 13, of Poona, as
dictated to the Peshwa, who, however,
continued to intrigue. Elphinstone was,
for a time, superseded by Sir T. Hislop,
the General commanding the Army col-
lected against the Pindaris : the Peshwa
eventually attacked the British force at
Kirki on Nov. 5, 18 17, and was defeated :
Elphinstone's residence at Poona, library,
and papers were all burnt : he himself
showed great skill and military courage :
he annexed the Peshwa's territory, as
ordered, and administered it, interfer-
ing as little as possible with native usages.
He was Governor of Bombay from Nov.
1 8 19, to Nov. 1827 : instituted legislative
and judicial reforms, had a code of Regula-
tions drawn up, and advanced popular
education. The Elphinstone College was
founded in his honour. He travelled in
Europe, 1827-9, and led a retired life :
twice refused the offer of the Governor-
Generalship of India, and declined the
Under Secretaryship of the Board of
Control and a special mission to Canada.
He wrote An Account of the Kingdom of
Caubul and its Dependencies in Persia,
Tartary and India, 1815 : his History of
India, 1841, for which he was called
the Tacitus of modern historians : and
The Rise of British Power in the East,
edited in 1887 by Sir E. Colebrooke. He
was not ambitious, occupied his time
with study, and maintained his interest
in Indian affairs, being regarded as the
Nestor of Indian statesmanship. He was
a Vice-President of the Royal Asiatic
Society. He combined through life a
keenness for field sports with his love of
books and the despatch of public business.
Bishop Heber wrote of him, " Of Mr.
Elphinstone everybody spoke highly " :
no Indian civilian has gained a greater
name as a statesman and a ruler. He
died Nov. 20, 1859 : a statue was erected
in St. Paul's Cathedral in his honour.
ELPHINSTONE, WILLIAM GEORGE
KEITH (1782-1842)
Maj-General : son of Hon. William
FuUerton Elphinstone, Director of the
E.I. Co. : entered the Army, 1804, in the
24th foot : served with distinction in
various parts of the world : Lt-Colonel
of the 33rd foot in 1813, and served with
it at Waterloo : made C.B. : A.D.C. to
George IV. 1825 : became Maj-General,
1837 : commanded the Benares Division,
1839-41, when, in the first Afghan war,
he succeeded Sir Willoughby Cotton as
Commander in Chief at Kabul, towards
the close of 1841, and, on the murder of
Sir W. Macnaghten, on December 23,
1 841, failed entirely, through old age and
ill-health, to take measures for the safety
of the force. During the disastrous retreat
of the Army from Kabul, in Jan. 1842, he
surrendered as a hostage of Akbar Khan :
and died of dysentery at Tezin on April
23, 1842.
ELSMIE, GEORGE ROBERT (1838- )
I.C.S. : Born Oct. 31, 1838 : son of
George Elsmie : educated at Marischal
College and University, Aberdeen, and
Haileybury : joined the Bengal Civil
Service, 1858 : Judge, Chief Court, Pan-
jab, 1878-85 : Financial Commissioner,
Panjab, 1887-93 : Member of the Governor-
General's Legislative Council, 1888-93 :
Vice-Chancellor, Panjab University, 1885-
7. Author of Epitome of Kabul Corre-
spondence, 1864 ; Notes on Peshawar Crime,
1884; Lumsden of the Guides, 1899; Field
Marshal Sir Donald Stewart, 1903 : C.S.I. ,
1893.
EMPSON, WILLIAM (1791-1852)
Born in 1791 : educated at Winchester
and Trinity College, Cambridge : B.A.,
1812 : between 1823 and 1849 wrote
largely for the Edinburgh Review, " a
valued contributor on political, legal, and
literary subjects " : he edited the Review
from 1849 to 1852. His friendship with
Dr. Arnold, begun at Winchester, con-
tinued through life. He was appointed
in 1824 Professor of Polity and the Laws
of England at the E.I. Co.'s College,
Haileybury. His lectures, especially those
on general jurisprudence and Indian law,
were much appreciated by the better
students. He was much liked by his
pupils, over whom he had considerable
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
139
influence. " To form the mind of those
young men, many of whom, as magistrates
and judges, were to affect the interests of
thousands and millions, was to him a
duty of a solemn, or rather of a sacred,
kind." He died Dec. 10, 1852.
ENGLAND, SIR RICHARD (1793-1883)
Son of Lt-General Richard England :
born in 1793 : educated at Winchester
and the Royal Military College, Marlow :
entered the Army in 1808 : served in the
Walcheren expedition, Sicily, Canada, at
the Cape as Brig. -General, in the Kafir
war, 1836-7 : went to Belgaum in 1839:
commanded a Bombay Division in 1841 :
after a repulse at Haikalzai on March 28,
1842, he joined General Nott at Kandahar,
and in the defeat of Akbar Khan at the
Kojak : in the retirement in 1842 from
Kandahar, he commanded tho force
through the Bolan into Sind : but his
operations were generally wanting in
success : K.C.B. in 1843 : commanded a
Division in the Crimea in 1854-5, and
was at Alma, Inkerman, the Redan, and
distinguished himself : G.C.B., 1856 :
General, 1863 : retired, 1877 : died Jan.
19, 1883.
ENGLISH, FREDERICK (1816-1878)
Maj -General : entered the Army in
1833 : in the mutiny, with a wing of the
53rd regt., defeated 1,000 mutineers,
chiefly of the Ramghar battalion : C.B. :
cleared Bihar and defeated mutineers at
Gopalganj : in a number of other actions :
commanded the 53rd at the siege and
capture of Lucknow : at Faizabad and
Tulsipur : Maj-General, 1864 : died Nov.
5, 1878.
ERSKINE, HENRY NAPIER BRUCE
(1832-1893)
I.C.S. : son of William Erskine iq.v.) :
born 1832 : arrived at Bombay, 1853 :
Commissioner of the Northern Division,
1877-9 ' Commissioner in Sind, 1879-
87 : died Dec. 4, 1893.
ERSKINE, JAMES CLAUDIUS (1821-
1893)
I. C.S. : son of William Erskine (q.v.) :
born May 20, 1821 : educated at
St. Andrew's and Haileybury : went to
Bombay, 1840 : was Private Secretary,
1843-6, to Sir G. Arthur, Governor of
Bombay : Secretary to Government of
Bombay in the General and Judicial
Department, 1854 : first Director of Public
Instruction in W. India, 1855-9 • Addi-
tional Member of the Governor-General's
Legislative Council, i860 : Vice-Chancellor
of the Calcutta University : Judge of
the Bombay High Court, 1862-3 *• Member
of Council, Bombay, Oct. 1865, to May
1867 : retured, 1867 : died June 5, 1893.
ERSKINE, WILLIAM (1773-1852)
Son of David Erskine : bom Nov. 8,
1773 : educated at the Royal High School
and Edinburgh University : was a lawyer's
apprentice, 1792-9 : went to India in
1803-4 with Sir James Mackintosh : at
Bombay he became clerk to the Small
Cause Court, a stipendiary magistrate.
Secretary and Vice-President to the
Literary Society — to which he contributed
numerous articles on the Parsis, their
language, religion and literature, and on
the Buddhists, etc. : became Master in
Equity in the Recorder's Court in 1820 :
was a Member of Mountstuart Elphin-
stone's Committee for framing the Bom-
bay code of Regulations : he left India in
1823, having lost his legal offices on a
charge of defalcations : in 1826 he pub-
lished his translation of Babar's autobio-
graphical memoirs from a Persian version,
with a full commentary, a standard work.
He was Provost of St. Andrew's, 1836-9 :
died at Edinburgh, May 20, 1852 : wrote
History of India under Babar and Hum-
ayun, edited by his son, 1854.
ESDAILE, JAMES (1808-1859)
Son of Rev. Dr. Esdaile : born Feb. 6,
1808 : graduated as M.D. at Edinburgh
in 1830 : reached Calcutta in the E.I.
Co.'s medical service in 1831 : in charge
of the Hughli hospital in 1838 : devoted
himself to the study of mesmerism and
performed some surgical operations by
its aid as an anaesthetic with remarkable
success : his experiments were scientifi-
cally investigated, and he was made
Superintendent of a small hospital for
mesmerism in 1846, and Presidency
Surgeon. DisUking India, he retired in
1851 : wrote Mesmerism in India and its
Practical Application in Surgery and
Medicine, Natural and Mesmeric Clairvoy-
ance and other medical works : died J an.
10, 1859.
140
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
ETHE, G. HERMANN (1844- )
Born Feb. 13, 1844 : grandson of Karl
Laphe : educated at Greifswald and
Leipzig Universities : came to Oxford in
1872 to complete Catalogue of Persian,
Turkish, Hindustani and Pashtu MSS.,
in Bodleian Library, and to compile
Catalogue of Arabic MSS. : catalogued
Persian MSS. in India Ofifice Library :
Public Examiner for Honours School of
Oriental Languages, Oxford, 1887-9, and
since 1893 : Professor of German and
Oriental Languages, University College,
Aberystwyth, since 1875.
EVANS, SIR GRIFFITH HUMPHREY
PUGH (1840-1902)
Son of John Evans, of Lovesgrove :
born Jan. 13, 1840 : educated at Bradfield
and Lincoln College, Oxford (Scholar) :
called to the bar from Lincoln's Inn,
1867 : joined the bar of the High Court,
Calcutta : Member of the Governor-
General's Legislative Council, 1877 to
1899 : K.C.I.E. in 1892 : acting Advocate -
General and Member of the Bengal Legis-
lative Council, 1895 : he took a promin-
ent part, on behalf of the public, in the
arrangements for composing the contro-
versy over the " Ilbert Bill " in 1883 :
died Feb. 6, 1902.
EVANS, SIR WILLIAM DAVID (1767-
1821)
Son of John Evans : born May 25,
1767 : educated at Harrow : an attorney
from 1789 to 1794, when he was called to
the bar from Gray's Inn : wrote on legal
and political questions : was a stipendiary
magistrate at Manchester, 1813 : Vice-
Chancellor of the County Palatine of Lan-
caster, 1815 : in 1819 he became Recorder
of Bombay and was knighted : but died
there Dec. 5, 1821.
EVEREST, SIR GEORGE (1790-1866)
Surveyor-General of India : born July
4, 1790 : son of Tristram Everest : edu-
cated at Great Marlow and Woolwich :
went to India in 1806 to the Bengal
Artillery : selected by Sir Stamford
Raffles to survey Java, 18 13-5 : Chief
Assistant of the Great Trigonometrical
Survey, 1817 : succeeded Colonel Lambton
as Superintendent of the Great Trigono-
metrical Survey, 1823 : F.R.S., 1827 :
studied the English ordnance survey :
was appointed by the Court of Directors
to be Surveyor General of India, 1830 :
also engaged in measurements of the great
Arc of Meridian of India, 21 degrees in
length, from Cape Comorin to the Northern
frontier, 1832-41 : Lt-Colonel, 1838 :
retired in 1843 : published in 1847 an
account of his work on the great Meri-
dional Arc of India between two base
lines : Member of the Council of the Royal
and Geographical Societies : Fellow of the
Astronomical and Royal Asiatic Societies :
C.B. : and knighted in 1861 : died Dec. i,
1866 : Mount Everest, 29,002 feet high, in
the Himalayas on the borders of Nipal and
Tibet, the highest known mountain in the
world, was named after him.
EWALD, GEORGE HEINRICH
AUGUST (1803-1875)
Born at Gottingen, Nov. 1803 : a
celebrated Oriental scholar : educated at
Gottingen University : at 20 was a Pro-
fessor at the College of Wolfenbuttel :
held the Chairs of Philosophy and Oriental
languages and theology at Gottingen :
when suspended, for political reasons,
in 1837, he came to England, but returned
to Gottingen : became a member of the
German Parliament : author of many
critical works, especially on the Hebrew
language and Biblical history : died 1875.
EWART, SIR JOHN ALEXANDER
(1821-1904)
Born June 11, 1821 : son of Lt-General
John Frederick Ewart, C.B. : educated
at Sandhmrst : joined the 35th regt.,
1838 : exchanged to 93rd Highlanders,
1848 : served in Crimea and Indian
mutiny : at Alma, Balaclava, Inker-
man and siege of Sebastopol : at relief
of Lucknow : commanded the leading
party of stormers at the assault of the
Sikandarbagh : severely wounded : lost
his left arm by a cannon-ball at Cawnpur
in Dec. 1857 : C.B. : Lt-Colonel of 93rd
Highlanders, 1858 : commanded 78th
Highlanders, 1859-64 : A.D.C. to Queen
Victoria : Maj -General, 1872 : Lt-General,
1877 : commanded the Allahabad Divi-
sion in India, 1877-80 : General, 1884 :
K.C.B., 1887 : recommended for the V.C. :
died June 18, 1904 : author of A few
Remarks about the British Army, and The
Story of a Soldier's Life.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
(
I
EWART, SIR JOSEPH (1831- )
Born 1831 : son of Andrew Ewart :
educated privately : entered the E.I.
Co.'s medical service, 1854 : served in the
Mewar Bheel Corps in the Indian mutiny :
Professor of Medicine, Calcutta : retired
as Deputy Surgeon-General, 1879. Author
of several works relating to Indian Sanita-
tion, Pathology and Snake Poisoning :
Mayor of Brighton, 189 1-4 : Knight
Bachelor, 1895.
EWER, WALTER (1784-1863)
I.C.S.: son of a Governor of the settlement
at Bencoolen : privately educated : joined
the Bengal Civil Service in 1803 : distin-
guished at the College of Fort William :
employed at Rajshahi, at Amboyna,
again at Rajshahi, 1816 : Superintendent
of Police in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa,
and the conquered and ceded Provinces
for 10 years : Judge of the Sadr Court,
N.W.P., until he resigned in 1839-40 :
well versed in music and astronomy :
read the inscriptions on the Kutb at Delhi
in 1822 through his telescope : F.R.G.S. :
F.R.S. : died in London, Jan. 5, 1863.
EYRE, HENRY (1834- )
Born Feb. 4, 1834 : son of Rev. C. W.
Eyre : educated at Harrow and Christ
Church, Oxford : joined 2nd Battalion
Rifle Brigade, 1855 : present at siege and
fall of Sebastopol : A.D.C. to Lt-General,
Sir W. Eyre, 1855 : served with Rifle
Brigade through the Indian mutiny,
1857-8 : present at taking of Lucknow,
siege of Kalpi, etc. : commanded 4th
Notts R.V., 1865-92 : C.B., 1897.
EYRE, SIR VINCENT (1811-1881)
General: son of Capt. Henry Eyre:
born Jan. 22, 1811 : educated at Norwich
Grammar School, and at Addiscombe :
joined the Bengal Artillery, 1828 : was,
in 1839, Commissary of Ordnance to the
Kabul Field Force : took ordnance stores
to Kabul in 1840 : after the rising in
Nov. 1 84 1, Eyre and his family started,
in Jan. 1842, for India, but were detained
by Akbar Khan as hostages : he pub-
lished a journal of his 9 months' captivity,
which terminated on Sep. 21, 1842 : he
returned to India with Pollock's force :
commanded the Artillery of the Gwalior
contingent, 1844 : was at Thayetmyo in
Burma in 1857, but was recalled" to India :
141
on his way up country in July, he heard
at Baxar of the siege of Arrah, that is, of
some Government officers being besieged
there by mutineers : after severe fighting
he effected their relief, and defeated Kooer
Singh of Jagdishpur, all on his own
responsibility : he was recommended for
the Victoria Cross : was at the reUef of
Lucknow in Sep. 1857, commanded the
Artillery at the Alambagh : at the capture
of Lucknow in March, 1858 : C.B. and
Lt-Colonel : Superintendent of the Isha-
pur Powder Factory: on the Army
Amalgamation Commission, and Inspr-
General of Ordnance, 1862 : retired,
1863 : K.C.S.I., 1867 : in the Franco-
Prussian war he organized an ambulance
service for the sick and wounded : died
Sep. 22, 1881 : had great qualities as an
officer, in literature, and in private life.
EXMOUTH, EDWARD PELLEW,
FIRST VISCOUNT (1757-1833)
Son of Samuel Pellew : born April 19,
1757 : educated at Truro : entered the
Navy, 1770 : served with great gallantry
in various parts of the world : and was
made a Baronet in 1796 : M.P. for Barn-
staple, 1802 : Naval C. in C. in the East
Indies in 1804, and Rear Admiral : de-
stroyed the Dutch ships of war, 1807 :
enforced strict discipline, and reduced the
amount of punishment : Vice Admiral,.
1808, returned to England : C. in C. in
the North Sea, 1810 : in the Mediter-
ranean, 181 1 : at Plymouth, 1817-21 :
made a Peer, 1814 : K.C.B. and G.C.B.,
1815 : bombarded Algiers, 1816 : died
Jan. 23, 1833.
FABRICIUS, REV. JOHN PHILIP
(1714-1791)
Danish Missionary : native of Frank-
fort-on-the-Maine : graduate of Halle : a
Lutheran : arrived in India, 1740 : went
to Madras in service of S.P.C.K., 1742 :
assisted at the English Church when re-
quired : when Fort St. George surrendered
to the French, 1746, he took refuge at the
Dutch settlement at Pulicat : and again,,
when Count Lally and his army appeared
in Dec. 1758 : returned, on the raising of
the siege, to Vepery : plundered by the
Muhammadans : ministered at Vellore,
1772-3 : up to 1780, greatly trusted by
Government and the people : mismanaged
the fimds : imprisoned for debt for iS
142
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
months, 1787-9 : relieved by Gericke
iq.v.) in 1788, as head of the Vepery
Mission and school : died there, 1791 '• a
Tamil scholar : partly translated the
New Testament into Tamil : compiled a
Tamil Dictionary, and wrote Lyrics in
Tamil.
FAGAN, CHRISTOPHER GEORGE
FORBES ( ? ,- )
Educated at Harrow : joined the Army,
1875 : Lt-Colonel, 1901 : served in the
Afghan war, 1879-80 : Asst. Dist. Super-
intendent of Police, Panjab, 1885 : Assist-
ant Resident, Hyderabad, 1892 : Assistant
Political Agent, Bussora, 1897 : Political
Agent, Muscat, 1898, Kotah, 1900 :
Political Agent, Ulwar, Rajputana, since
1901.
FALCONER, FORBES (1805-1853)
Born Sep. 10, 1805 : son of Gilbert
Falconer : educated at Marischal College,
Aberdeen : early studied Oriental lan-
guages, Hebrew, Arabic, Persian at
Aberdeen, at Paris for 5 years, and at
German Universities : Professor of Oriental
Languages at University College, London :
translated from the Bostan, and two
poems of J ami, and other poets : pub-
lished a Persian Grammar : M.R.A.S.,
London and Paris : died Nov. 7, 1853.
FALCONER, HUGH (1808-1865)
Botanist : son of David Falconer :
born Feb. 29, 1808 : educated at Forres
and Aberdeen University : M.D. of
Edinburgh in 1829 : studied geology and
Indian fossils : joined the E.I. Co.'s
medical service in Bengal, 1830 : suc-
ceeded Dr. Roylein 1832 as Superintendent
of the Botanic Gardens, Saharanpur :
made, with other officers, important dis-
coveries of fossils, mammals and reptiles
in the Sivalik hills : served on the Tea
Commission of 1834, and superintended
the manufacture of the first Indian tea :
he travelled in 1837-8 to Kashmir and
Beluchistan, and in the Astor Valley dis-
covered assafaetida : contributed many
plants and fruit trees from Kashmir to
Saharanpur : while in England, 1843-
7, he wrote on geology, fossils and
botany, his botanical collections and work
being subsequently utilized : was engaged
on the arrangement and exhibition of
Indian fossils in the British Museum : he
commenced the publication of the Fauna
Antigua Sivalensis. From 1848 to 1855 he
was, on Dr. Wallich's death. Superinten-
dent of the Botanic Garden at Sibpur,
Howrah, opposite to Calcutta : Professor
of Botany in the Calcutta Medical College :
and adviser of the Government of India
on vegetable products: wrote on teak,
cinchona, fossils, etc. : after retirement,
he continued his studies in palaeontology,
fossil mammals and pre-historic man:
visited museums, served on a Royal Com-
mission on the sanitary condition of
India, writing papers on his own subjects :
F.R.S. in 1845 : Vice-President of the
Royal Society : he died Jan. 31, 1865.
A selection of his palaeontological papers
was published under the editorship of Dr.
Murchison.
FALKLAND, LUCIUS BENTINCK
GARY, TENTH VISCOUNT
, (1803-1884)
Son of the ninth Viscount : Lord of the
Bedchamber to King William IV, 1830,
and to Queen Victoria, 1839 : representa-
tive Peer of Scotland, 183 1-2 : made a
Peer of the United Kingdom : Lord-in-
Waiting, 1837-9 : Governor of Nova
Scotia, 1840-f • Captain of the Yeomen of
the Guard, 1846-8 : Governor of Bom-
bay, 1848-53 : G.C.H., 1831 : P.C,
1837 : died at Montpelier, France, March
12, 1884.
FALLON, S. W. (1817-1880)
Born at Calcutta, 1817 : entered the
Bengal Education Department in his 20th
year : was Inspector of Schools : in 1857,
published a Hindustani-English Law and
Commercial Dictionary : Phil. Dr. of
Halle : published, 1875-9, his Hindustani-
English Dictionary, illustrated from Hin-
dustani literature and folklore : and part
of an English-Hindustani Dictionary :
retired, 1875 : resided at Delhi : to
England, 1880 : died Oct. 3, 1880.
FANE, SIR HENRY (1778-1840)
General : born Nov. 26, 1778 : son of
Hon. Henry Fane, and grandson of the
eighth Earl of Westmoreland : entered
the Dragoon Guards, 1792 : M.P. for Lyme
Regis, then a family borough, 1796-1818 :
Lt-Colonel, i797 : A.D.C. to George III. :
saw much service, chiefly in cavalry com-
mands, through the Peninsular campaign :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
143
K.C.B. : Lt-General, 1819 : G.C.B.,
1825 : Master-General of the Ordnance and
M.P. for Sandwich, 1829 : General, 1837 :
C. in C. in India, 1835-9 : objected so
strongly to the policy of the first Afghan
war that he resigned his appointment, but
his resignation was not accepted : his
health failing, he resigned again in 1839,
and died on the voyage home, off the
Azores, on March 24, 1840.
FANE, WALTER (1828-1885)
Son of Rev. Edward Fane : born 1828 :
entered the Army, 1845 : in the Pan jab
Irregular Cavalry, 1849-57 : in several
N.W. frontier expeditions : in the pursuit
and capture of Tantia Topi, 1859 : Cap-
tain, i860 : in the Madras Staff Corps :
Colonel, 1875 : raised a regiment of
irregular cavalry for the China war, i860 :
at the Peiho forts : commanded " Fane's
Horse " at Sinho, Chinkiawhaw, and the
capture of Pekin : C.B. : Maj-General,
1879 : died June 16, 1885.
FANSHAWE, SIR ARTHUR UPTON
(1848- )
I.C.S. : son of Rev. J. Fanshawe :
educated at Repton : entered the Bengal
Civil Service, 1871 : served in the Central
Provinces : Postmaster General, Bombay,
1882 : Officiating Secretary in the Finance
and Commerce Department to the Govern-
ment of India, 1888 : Director-General
of the Post Office, India, 1889 : C.S.I.,
1896 : K.C.I.E., 1903.
FARRUKHABAD, AHMAD KHAN
BANGASH, NAWAB OF
( ? -1771)
Son of Muhammad Khan Bangash,
ISTawab : collected a force of Afghans and
defeated and slew the Deputy of the Wazir
Safdar Jang, who had confiscated terri-
tories belonging to his family, 1750 '•
the Wazir called in the Mahrattas, which
led to his ultimate ruin : reigned till his
death in Nov. 1771.
FARQUHAR, JOHN (1761-1826)
Born in 175 1 of poor parents in Scot-
land : went to Bombay in the E.I. Co.'s
military service : incapacitated for active
service by a wound : transferred to Bengal :
became a free merchant and learnt
chemistry. Lord Cornwallis employed
Jhim to inquire into the circumstances of
the Government gunpowder factory at
Pulta : made Superintendent of the factory,
and, later, sole contractor : thus acquired
a fortune : returned to England, and be-
came partner in the agency house, Basset,
Farquhar & Co., and in Whitbread's
Brewery, He was a curious mixture of
penuriousness and largeness in expendi-
ture at his pleasure : bought Fonthill Abbey
in 1822 for ;f 330,000 : he was a good
scholar, excellent in the sciences, and
greatly admired the Brahmanical system :
died July 6, 1826, leaving a million and a
half.
FAUSBOLL, MICHAEL VIGGO
(1821- )
Son of Rev. Christian Nissen FausboU :
born Sep. 22, 1821, in Jutland : educated
at a Latin Grammar School, Aarhus, 1834
-8 : and at Copenhagen University from
1838, studying Oriental languages under
N. L. Westergaard {q.v.) : University
Gold Medallist, 1843 : Assistant Librarian
at the University Library, Copenhagen,
1861-78 : Professor of Indian Philology
and Sanskrit at that University, 1 878-1 902 :
Member of Royal Danish Society of Sciences,
1876 : Bopp's Prizeman, 1888 : Hon.
M.R.A.S. 1890 : Commander of the Order of
Dannebrog, and possessor of the Silver Cross
of that Order : founded the study of Pali in
Europe, and was called the " Father of
Pali study " : has published the Dhammap-
adani, 1855 : the Suttanipata, 1-2, 1885-
94 : the Jataka, 1-7, 1877-97 : an Indian
Mythology according to the Mahabharata,
1902.
FAWCETT, HENRY (1833-1884)
Son of William Fawcett, J.P. : born Aug.
26, 1833 : educated at Alderbury, Queen-
wood, King's College, London, Peterhouse
and Trinity Hall, Cambridge : seventh
Wrangler and Fellow, 1856 : totally lost
his sight by an accident out shooting, Sep.
1858 : wrote a Manual of Political Economy,
and frequently on political and economic
subjects : elected Professor of Pol. Econy.
at Cambridge, 1863 : M.P. for Brighton,
1865 and 1868 : for Hackney, 1874 and
1880 : adopted, as a Radical member, an
independent line in public measures : for
his marked interest in Indian affairs he
was known as the " Member for India " :
dwelling on the poverty of India, he
strenuously advocated economy, justice
to the Indian revenues, and the native
144
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
interests. Thus, he opposed the charging
of the Ball to the Sultan (1867) upon Indian
revenues : by his persistence the Com-
mittees on Indian finance were appointed
1 871-4 : he spoke fully and forcibly on
Indian budgets : was a member of the
Committee on Indian Public Works, 1878 :
opposed the Malta expedition, 1878, and
the debit of any of the charge to India :
opposed the Afghan war, 1878-80 : wrote
on Indian Finance in the Nineteenth
Century, 1879 : his views, though con-
tested at the time, since generally accepted :
his knowledge and character gained him
great respect and influence in Indian
affairs : as Postmaster-General, from
1880, effected many administrative im-
provements : P.C. : F.R.S., 1882 : D.C.L.
Oxford, 1881: Doctor of Political Economy,
Wurzburg, 1882 : a corresponding member
of the Institute of France, 1884 : LL.D.
and Lord Rector of Glasgow University,
1883 : died at Cambridge, Nov. 6, 1884 :
a national monument to him placed in
Westminster Abbey.
FAY, MRS. ( ? -1817)
Wife of Anthony Fay, a barrister of
Lincoln's Inn, who went to India to
practise in the courts of Calcutta : they
travelled via Egypt and the Red Sea :
their ship touched at Calicut, where they
were seized by Hyder All's officers and
imprisoned for 15 weeks, suffering hard-
ships and privations : they escaped and
reached Madras in 1779-80, and proceeded
to Calcutta. She published an account
of her travels from England to Calcutta,
Original Letters from India, Calcutta, 18 17,
dying there during their publication.
FAYRER, SIR JOSEPH, BARONET
(1824- )
Born Dec. 6, 1824 : son of Commander
Robert J. Fayrer, R.N. : educated at
King's College, London and Edinburgh :
M.D., 1859 : entered the Bengal medical
service, 1850 : served in the first Burmese
war, throughout the Indian mutiny, and
defence of Lucknow, where he was Re-
sidency Surgeon from Aug. 1853 : and
Civil Surgeon : Professor, Medical College,
Calcutta : Surgeon-General : Fellow of
the Calcutta University : President of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1867 : C.S.I.,
1867 : President, Medical Board, India
Office, 1874-95 : accompanied H.R.H.
the Duke of Edinburgh on his Indian tour,
1869-70, and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales
on his Indian tour, 1875-6 : author of
The Thanatophidia of India : of many
medical works on Tropical Diseases :
Life of Sir Ranald Martin, C.B., Recol-
lections of My Life, etc. : K.C.S.I. : first
Baronet, 1896 : Physician Extraordinary
to H.M. the King since 1901 : F.R.C.P. :
F.R.S. : LL.D., Edinburgh : Member of
many foreign Medical Academies : and
President and Member of Medical Societies
in England.
FEER, HENRI LEON (1830-1902)
Born at Rouen, Nov. 22, 1830 : Pro-
fessor of Tibetan, 1864, at the Bibliotheque
Nationale, Paris, and at the £cole des
Langues Orientales, 1865 : Lecturer in
Tibetan and Mongol at the College de
France, 1869 : Librarian of the MSS.
Department of the National Library,
Paris, 1872 : and, later, Conservateur-
Ad joint : wrote in the learned French
Reviews : knew Tibetan, Mongol, Sanskrit
and Pali : translated from Tibetan : was
learned in Buddhist literature : by his
translations, made known the Buddhist
literature of Nipal and Tibet : wrote for
the Grande Encyclopedie and the lournal
Asiatique : edited Pali texts : wrote
Textes tires du Kandjour : translated from
the Tibetan : Etudes Buddhiques, 1871-85 :
Le Thibet, pays, peuple, et religion, 1886 :
edited the Samyutta-Nikaya for the Pali
Text Society : Member of the Societe
Asiatique from 1856, of its Council, 1869 :
died March, 10, 1902.
FENDALL, JOHN (1762 ? -1825)
I.C.S. : to India as a writer in 1777
became a Puisne Judge of the Sa-ir Court
Sep. 9, 1817 : Chief Judge, 1819 : Member
of the Supreme Council, May 20, 1820 ::
died Nov. 10. 1825.
FENWICK, GEORGE ROE ( ? -
1904)
Major : served in the Crimea : to India
as a Captain with his regt., the 93rd High-
landers : contributed to the Englishman
in Calcutta : joined its staff as Assistant
Editor and Editor, on retiring from the
Army : Major in the Calcutta Volunteer
Corps, which he resuscitated : went to
Simla, and founded the Civil and Military
Gazette as a weekly paper : became its-
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
145
Editor when it was issued as a daily paper
at Lahore : left India and joined the
Broad Arrow in England, becoming its
Editor : died in 1904.
FERGUSSON, JAMES (1808-1886)
Son of Dr. William Fergusson : born
Jan. 22, 1808 : educated at the Edinburgh
High School, and privately : went to India,
at first into business at Calcutta : and in ten
years at his indigo factory made sufficient to
retire upon : lost some of his money after-
wards : travelled largely in India to study
styles of Architecture, 1835-42 : finally
left India in 1845 : joined the Royal
Asiatic Society, 1840, and became a Vice-
President : was General Manager of the
Crystal Palace Company, 1856-8 : a
member in 1857 of the Royal Commission
on the defences of the United Kingdom :
Secretary to the First Commissioner of
Public Works in 1869, and was later de-
signated " Inspector of Public Buildings
and Monuments." He wrote " Pictur-
esque Illustrations of Ancient Architecture
in Hindostan; The Rock-cut Temples of
India ; a number of valuable papers in the
Transactions of the Royal Institute of
British Architects ; An Historical Enquiry
into the True Principles of Beauty in Art,
on anew system of substituting earthworks
for masonry in fortification, on the topo-
graphy of Jerusalem; a Handbook of
Architecture; A History of the Modern
Styles of Architecture: A History of
Architecture in all Countries ; History
of Indian and Eastern Architecture,
Tree and Serpent Worship, The Parthenon,
etc. etc., besides other works on Architec-
ture and connected subjects. It was said
of him that he invested the historical study
of Architectmre, particularly Indian
Architecture, with a new interest. He
received the gold medal for Architecture
from the Institute of British Architects,
and was often consulted on architectural
questions. He wasD.C.L. : F.R.S : F.G.S. :
LL.D : died Jan. 9, 1886.
FERGUSSON, SIR JAMES. SIXTH
BARONET (1832- )
Born 1832 : son of Sir James Fergusson,
fifth Baronet : educated at Rugby and
University College, Oxford : succeeded as
Baronet, 1849 : entered the Grenadier
Guards, 1851 : Lieut, and Captain, 1854 :
served in the Crimean war. Alma and
Inkerman (wounded) and siege of Sebasto-
pol : M.P. for A>Trshu:e, 1854, 1857, 1865
retired from the Army, 1856 : Under
Secretary of State for India, 1866-7
Under Secretary in the Home Department
1867-8 : Governor of S. Australia, 1868
of New Zealand, 1873-5 : of Bombay
1880-5 : Under Secretary of State
Foreign Office, 1886-91 : Postmaster
General, 189 1-2 : P.C. : G.C.S.I.: K.C.M.G.
CLE.: LL.D.
FIELD, SIR JOHN (1821-1899)
General : entered the Army, 1839 :
joined the 6th N.I. in 1840 : served in the
Afghan and Sind campaigns, 184 1-4: on
the Bolan, Quetta, Kandahar line, and at
Haikalzai : in the mutiny of 1857 pro-
tected Poona with his native regt. : at the
capture of Dwarka : in Abyssinia 1867-8
commanded the advance Brigade : at cap-
ture of Magdala : C.B. : A.D.C. to Queen
Victoria : Maj-General, 1879 : Judge Advo-
cate-General of the Bombay Army :K.C.B.,
1887 : died April 16, 1899.
FILOSE, JEAN BAPTISTE ( 1775-1 84t3)
Colonel : son of Michael Filose {q.v.) :
born at Faizabad, March, 1775 : educated
at Calcutta : served under the Mogul
Emperor at Delhi : adopted by a French-
man, La Fontaine : entitled Itmaduddaula
by the Emperor : took service under
Daulat Rao Sindia : kept under arrest by
Perron {q.v.) : defeated by the British
in the Mahrattawar of 1803 : employed in
reducing refractory chiefs in Bundelkund,
Malwa, etc., for Sindia : again arrested
for 18 months : constantly engaged in
fighting with Rajputs and Bundelas for
Sindia : his troops constantly mutinous
for arrears of pay : again under arrest for
7 years, restored in 1824, deprived of his
command in 1843 : ordered by Tara Bai
to take command of the Army at Chanda
against the English : defeated : trans-
ferred his offices to his grandson, Peter :
died May 2, 1864 : his grandson. Sir
Michael Filose, employed as architect, etc.,
at Gwalior.
FILOSE, MICHAEL ? -after
1797)
Colonel : a Neapolitan adventurer :
in the French Army at Madras : reached
Calcutta about 1770 : served the Nawab
L
146
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
of Oudh, the Rana of Gohud, and com-
manded a regt. under Madhava Rao
Sindia (q.v.) i in 1707. Nana Farnavis,
when on a visit to Daulat Rao Sindia, was
taken prisoner : whether by Filose's
treachery or not, has been disputed : he
decamped to Bombay, set out for Europe,
and died.
FIRMINGER, REV. THOMAS AUGUS-
TUS (1812-1884)
Born in London in 1812 : son of
Dr. Thomas Firminger, who prepared
candidates for Haileybury : educated at
Pembroke College, Cambridge : took his
degree, 1837 : appointed Chaplain of the
E.I. Co., 1846 : served at Sagar, at Firoz-
pur, during the second Sikh war : toured in
India from 1854, made many drawings :
had two pictures in the Royal Academy :
Chaplain at Howrah, 1857 : and at
Chinsura, 1859 : published his Manual
of Gardening for India, 1863 : in the
Bhutan expedition, 1864-5 = retired, 1868 :
died Jan. 18, 1884.
FIROZ SHAH ( ? - ? )
Son of Mirza Nazim (who was grandson
of Shah Alam) and of Abadi Begam,
cousin of Akbar Shah, King of Delhi :
educated by Mirza Illahibaksh, who
married his mother : went to Mecca with
her in 1855 : returned to Bombay after
the mutiny broke out : became leader of
the rebels at Mandiswar : driven from there
by Colonel (Sir H. M.) Durand in Nov.
1857 : went to Rohilkund with his force :
beaten thence by Sir Colin Campbell :
entered Oudh : tried to join Tantia Topi in
Central India : defeated by General (Lord)
Napier at Ranod, Dec. 17, 1858 : fled,
and joined Tantia Topi : the rebels were
broken up and dispersed : Firoz Shah hid
in the Sironj jungles : he escaped in dis-
guise as a pilgrim to Karbela and lived
there many years : was one of the leading
and irreconcilable insurgents in the mutiny.
FIRUZ MULLA BIN KAWOOS
(1758-1830)
Native of Broach, born 1758 : son of
Mulla Kawoos, a priest of the Parsis of
Bombay : when 10 years old, accom-
panied his father on a journey to Per-
sia ; they carried with them letters
from the Indian Zoroastrians for the
solving of religious questions : on their
return, after an absence of twelve years,
they settled at Bombay : Firuz Mulla,
himself a Parsi priest, of the Kadmi sect
from 1794, and great student of Oriental
language, was induced by Jonathan Dun-
can iq.v.) to write the Persian poem George
Nama, a history of India from its dis-
covery by the Portuguese and of the
English in India to 1819 : this was an epic
poem, called after George III., and dedi-
cated to Queen Victoria : he was a great
collector of Persian and Arabic MSS. :
pubUshed in 1818, the Desatir, a very
ancient religious Persian work: assisted
the foundation of the Bombay Samachar
in 1822, and wrote largely in it : led a
retired and ascetic life, devoted to his
studies : much sought by scholars, English
and Asiatic, and held in the highest re-
spect ; he wrote also on the advantages of
vaccination : on his death, on Oct. 8, 1830,
his collection was left as a gift in the charge
of the Elders of the Kadmi Zoroastrians :
it now forms the Mulla Firuz Library in
Bombay : the Madrasa bearing his name
was founded in 1854, for the instruction of
Zoroastrians in their sacred lore.
FISHER, THOMAS a772-1836)
Son of Thomas Fisher : entered the
E. India House, 1786, as a clerk : searcher
of records there, 1816-34 • died July 20,
1836 : had considerable talent for drawing,
and was a distinguished antiquary : made
drawings of monumental remains, anti-
quities and collections : was F.S.A. of
Perth and London : for nearly 50 years
contributed to the Gentleman's Magazine,
writing for it long biographical memoirs
of eminent men who had distinguished
themselves in India : also wrote for the
Asiatic Journal, the Congregational Maga-
zine •• worked in the cause of anti-slavery,
and was a Director of the London Mission-
ary Society, in which his knowledge of the
East was valuable : died 1836.
FITZ CLARENCE, LORD FREDERICK
(1799-1854)
Born Dec. 9, 1799: son of William IV
and Mrs. Jordan : entered the Army,
1814 : given the rank of a son of a Mar-
quess, 1831 : G.C.H., 1831 : Military
Governor of Portsmouth, 1840 : Lt-
General, 1851 : Colonel of 36th regt.,
1851 : C. in C, Bombay, Nov. 1852 : died
Oct. 30, 1854.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
147
FITZGERALD, CHARLES JOHN^
OSWALD (1840- ) ^%M
Born June 6, 1840 : son of General
J ames Fitzgerald : educated at Edinburgh
Academy : joined the Indian Army, 1857 :
served in the mutiny : Adjutant of Central
India Horse, i860 : Adjutant 3rd Cavalry
Hyderabad Contingent, 1862 : commanded
3rd H.C. Cavalry in Afghan campaign,
1880 : Political A.D.C. to Secretary of
State for India, 1882 : commanded his
regiment in the Burma campaign, 1886-8 :
C.B., 1887.
FITZGERALD, SIR GERALD
(1833- )
Son of Francis Fitzgerald, Galway :
educated at S. Mary's College, Galway, and
in France : began life as a clerk in the War
Office, 1856, and became Assistant Comp-
troller-General of India, 1869 : Account-
ant-General of Madras, 1871; Burma,i873 :
served under the Egyptian Government,
1877-84 : Accountant-General of the
Navy, xS8s : K.C.M.G., 1885.
FITZGERALD, SIR WILLIAM GER-
ALD SEYMOUR VESEY (1841- )
Born 1841 : son of Right Hon. Sir
William R. S. Vesey Fitzgerald, Governor
of Bombay : educated at Harrow and
Oriel College, Oxford : Political A.D.C.
to the Secretary of State for India, 1874 :
K.C.I.E., 1887: C.S.I., 1887.
FITZGERALD, SIR WILLIAM
ROBERT SEYMOUR VESEY (1818-1885)
Governor ; son of William, second
Baron Fitzgerald and Vesey : born 1818 :
educated at Oriel College, Oxford :
Newdigate Prize, 1835 : B.A., 1837 :
called to the bar, from Lincoln's Inn, 1839 :
M. P. for Horsham, 1852-65 : Under Secre-
tary for Foreign Affairs, 1858-9 : was
Governor of Bombay from March 6, 1867,
to May 6, 1872 : Privy Councillor, 1866 :
K.C.S.I. in 1867 : G.C.S.I. in 1868 : again
M.P. for Horsham, 1874-5 : Chief
Charity Commissioner, 1875 : D.C.L. of
Oxford : died June 28, 1885.
FITZGERALD AND VESEY, WILLIAM
VESEY, LORD (1783-1843)
Born 1783 : son of Rt. Hon. James
Fitzgerald : educated at Christ Church,
Oxford : M.P. for Ennis, 1898 and 1831 :
for Clare County, 181 8 : for boroughs in
Cornwall, 1829-30 : Lord of the Treasury,
and Privy Councillor in Ireland and
England : EnvoyExtraordinary to Sweden,
1820-3 : President of the Board of Trade,
1828 : acceded to his mother's Irish
Peerage, 1832 : made an English Peer,
1835 : President of the Board of Control,
1 841-3 : F.S.A. and President of the Royal
Asiatic Society : died May 11, 1843.
FITZPATRICK, SIR DENNIS
(1837- )
I.C.S. : born 1837 : educated at Trinity
College, Dublin : entered the Indian Civil
Service : called to the bar from the Inner
Temple : acted as Judge of the Pan jab
Chief Court, 1876-7 : was Secretary to
the Government of India in the Legislative
Department, 1877-85 : Secretary in the
Home Department, 1885: acting Chief Com-
missioner of the Central Provinces. 1885-
87 : Acting Resident in Mysore : Chief
Commissioner oft Assam: Resident at
Hyderabad : Lieutenant-Governor of the
Panjab, 1892-7 : Member of the Council
of India since 1897 : K.C.S.I., 1890.
FLEET, JOHN FAITHFULL (1847- )
I.C.S. : educated at Merchant Taylors
and University College, London : went
out to Bombay, 1867 : epigraphist to
the Government of India, 1883 :
Commissioner in Bombay, Central and
Southern Divisions, and Commissioner
of Customs : CLE., 1884 : retired, 1897 :
Hon. Ph.D. of Gottingen, 1892 : author
of Gupta Inscriptions : Dynasties of the
Kanarese Districts : and numerous contri-
butions to the Indian Antiquary, the
Archceological Reports of W. India, the
Epigraphia Indica : joint proprietor and
Editor of the Indian Antiquary, 1885-91.
FLETCHER, SIR HENRY, BARONET
(1727-1807)
Born 1727 : commanded two vessels
of the E.I. Co. : after good service and
retirement, he became Director of the
E.I. Co. for 18 years, and Chairman of the
Court in 1782 and 1783 : M.P. for Cum-
berland, 1768-1806 : Baronet, 1782 : in
Fox's India Bill, which was not carried,
he was nominated one of the 7 Commis-
sioners for the affairs of Asia : stated his
opinion in Parliament that it would have
been better for England and Europe if the
148
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
East Indies had never been discovered ;
but that India, having once been acquired,
must never be given up : died March 25,
1807.
FLETCHER, SIR ROBERT ( ? -1776)
When a Lieutenant in the Madras Army,
he was summarily dismissed for wTiting
an insolent letter to Government, but
apologized and was reinstated at Coote's
intercession : served in the war, 1 760-1 :
sent to reconnoitre the French settlements
at Bourbon and in the Mauritius : in the
Manilla expedition, 1762 : transferred to
Bengal as Major, 1763 : Brigadier, 1766 :
fomented and encouraged the mutiny of
oflacers against the withdrawal of extra
hatta, 1766 : cashiered : restored : to
Madras as Colonel, i77i : C. in C. Madras,
1772 : being obstructive, was sent to com-
mand at Trichinopoly, i773 '• pleaded
privilege as M.P. and claimed to return to
England, which was allowed : returned to
Madras as C. in C. i775 = was arrested by
Lord Pigot's order, Aug. 23, 1776, for caus-
ing mutiny among the troops : implicated
in the arrest of Lord Pigot, Aug. 25, 1776 :
died on his way to Mauritius, Dec. 1776.
FLOYD, SIR JOHN, BARONET
(1748-1818)
Son of Capt. John Floyd : born Feb.
22, 1748 : entered the Army as Cornet in
Elliot's Light Dragoons in 1760 : was riding
master in 1763 to his regt.,the 15th Hussars:
went to India in 178 1-2, as Lt-Colonel of
the 19th Light Dragoons : greatly distin-
guished-himself as a cavalry commander on
the Coromandel coast in Cornwallis' cam-
paign of i7Q 1-2, especially at Sattimanga-
lum, 1790, and afterwards against Tippoo :
was at Bangalore, and Arikera, in 1791 :
at Seringapatam, 1792 : at the capture of
Bangalore, 1793 : Maj-General, 1794 : in
the second war with Tippoo, commanded
the cavalry under General Harris : was
at Malavilli, and commanded the covering
Army during the siege of Seringapatam,
1799 : returned to England in 1800 : held
command in Ireland : General, 1812 :
Governor of Gravesend and Tilbury :
Baronet, 1816 : died Jan, 10. 1818.
FORBES, ARCHIBALD (1838-1900)
The famous war correspondent : son of
the Rev. Lewis^William Forbes : born
1838 : educated at Aberdeen and Edin-
burgh : enlisted in the Royal Dragoons,
1857 : left the Army in 1867 : wrote on
military life in the public Press : after
conducting a weekly journal, 1867-71,
made his reputation as a war correspondent
for the Daily News, in the Franco- Prussian
war, 1870-1 : the Russo-Turkish war
of 1877 : the Zulu war, 1879-80 : and
other wars : in India as a special corre-
spondent in the Bengal-Bihar famine of
1874, where — as Sir R. Temple wrote, "he
pourtrayed with graphic force and absolute
fidelity, for the information of the English
public, the mortal peril to which the people
were exposed, and from which they could
be rescued only by the utmost exertions
of the Government " : — during the visit
of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales to India,
1875-6, during the Afghan War, 1878-9,
and went to Mandalay, to have
interviews with King Theebaw. He
visited the United States and Australia
as a lecturer and correspondent. Besides
his works on wars in other countries, and
on other distinguished soldiers, he wrote
The Aff^han Wars of 1839 and 1879 ; Have-
lock, and Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde
{" Men of Action " series), and on certain
distinguished officers in The Soldiers I
have Known : died March 30, 1900.
FORBES, ARTHUR (1843- )
I.C.S. : son of Rev. E. Forbes, D.D. :
educated at Sedburgh and St. John's
College,Cambridge : steered the Cambridge
Eight against Oxford in 1866 and 1867 :
went to Bengal in the Indian Civil Service,
1867 : Deputy Commissioner in Assam,
1875 : Officiating Commissioner of Excise,
Bengal, 1890 : Commissioner of Dacca,
1891 : Patna, 1892-6 : Chota Nagpur,
1896-1902 : C.S.I., 1895.
FORBES, SIR CHARLES, BARONET
(1774-1849)
Son of the Rev. George Forbes : born
in 1774 : educated at Aberdeen University
(afterwards Lord Rector) : went out to
India and was for many years head of the
firm of Forbes & Co., of Bombay : on
returning to England he became M.P. for
Beverley, 1812-18, and represented
Malmesbury, 1818-32 : when he left India
the natives gave him a service of plate :
and, 27 years after he had left Bombay,
his statue by Sir F. Chantrey was placed
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
149
in the Bombay Town Hall : he had a high
reputation in the commerical world, and
had done much to develop the country,
and raise the status of the natives : he
steadily demanded justice for India in
Parliament and the Court of Proprietors
of the E.I. Co. : became Forbes of Newe :
made Baronet in 1823 : died Nov. 20, 1849.
FORBES, DAVID (1777 P-1849)
Son of a Scottish minister, joined
the 78th Highlanders, 1790: served
in the Netherlands, at Quiberon and
Belle Isle : went to India in 1796 :
escorted Sir John Shore to Lucknow
in 1798 to depose Wazir Ali {q.v.) :
in the Mahratta campaign of 1803 : at
Ahmadnagar, etc. : in the Java expedition
of 1811-13 under Sir S. Auchmuty, led the
assaults at Waltevreede and Cornells :
was at Probolingo (in Java) in 1813 :
Lt-Colonel, 1814 : returned home in 1817,
the only officer of forty-two who had gone
out : C.B., 1838 : Maj-General, 1846 :
died March 29, 1849.
FORBES, DUNCAN (1798-1868)
Born April 28, 1798, of poor parents :
became a village schoolmaster : went to
Perth Grammar School, 181 8 : M.A. of St.
Andrew's in 1823, and LL.D. in 1847: taught
in Calcutta, at the Calcutta Academy,
1823-6 : became assistant teacher of
Hindustani in London, 1826 : Professor
of Oriental languages at King's College,
London, taking pupils, 1837-61 : made a
•catalogue of the Persian MSS. at the
British Museum, 1849-55 = wrote a History
■of Chess, including its invention in India :
also a number of works, grammars,
dictionaries, manuals in Oriental languages,
Arabic, Persian, Hindustani, Bengali : so
that his name, though he made no claim
to profound scholarship, is well known to
students : Member of the Royal Asiatic
Society : died Aug. 17, 1868.
FORBES, SIR JOHN (1817- )
Of Inverarnan, Aberdeenshire : born
June 10, 1817 : entered 3rd Bombay
Light Cavalry (now 33rd Queen's Own
Light Cavalry), 1835 : became Colonel,
1864 : General, 1886 : served in the field
Force in Sind : at the siege of the Kojak :
in ^Afghanistan, 1 841-2, including the
advance on Kandahar, Ghazni and Kabul,
action at Guine, under Genl. Nott : in the
Field Force in Sind in 1843 : at the battle
of Hyderabad : in the Persian 'expedi-
tionary force, 1856-7, at the assault and
capture of the fort of Reshire : of the
surrender of Bushire : at Barazjan and
in action of Khushab (severely wounded) :
Brevet-Major : C.B. : with the Central
Indian Field Force from capture of Jhansi
and siege of Ratghar to the fall of Kalpi :
Brevet-Colonel : present at the battle of
Solferino with the staff of the King of
Italy : commanded a Division of the Bom-
bay Army, 1876-81 : K.C.B., 1881 :
appointed Hon. Col. 33rd Queen's Own
Light Cavalry, 1904 : G.C.B.
FORBES, GORDON SULLIVAN
(1820-1893)
I.C.S. : born March 29, 1820 : son of
Gordon Forbes, B.C.S. : educated at
Cheam and Haileybury, 1836-8 : went
to Madras, 1838 : was Collector of Ganjam,
1858-67. and did good work in the famine
relief operations, 1866-7 : Member of the
Board of Revenue, Madras, and Additional
Member of the Governor-General's Legis-
lative Council : retired, 1874 : died April
26, 1893 : wrote Wild Life in Canara,
a work on Natural History and Sport :
helped to found a charity in Madras for
the relief of destitute Europeans in India.
FORBES, JAMES (1749-1819)
I.C.S. : born in 1749 : went out to
Bombay in 1765 : was Private Secretary
to Col. Keating in 1775 and Chaplain of the
force in the expedition to assist Raghoba :
held minor charges in India, but made a
competency and left India in 1784* with
150 volumes of materials, including draw-
ings, of Indian subjects : after the rupture
of the Peace of Amiens he was detained in
France till 1804, when he returned to
England : published his Oriental Memoirs,
in four volumes, 181 3-5 • F.R.S. and
F.S.A : Montalembert, the historian, was
his grandson : died Aug. i, 18 19.
FORCHHAMMER, EMMANUEL
(1851-1890)
Born March 12, 1851, in Switerzland :
son of a Protestant pastor: educated at
home and New Orleans : studied medicine,
graduated. Doctor : Assistant Surgeon at
a hospital : turned to languages : travelled
among American Indian tribes : to Europe,
1875, to Leipzig : studied Sanskrit, Pali,
ISO
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Tibetan, Chinese, Arabic : appointed,
T879,*Professor of Pali at the Government
High School, Rangoon : investigated the
sacred and vernacular literature of Burma :
catalogued Pali MSS., and wrote on Bur-
mese la^v : edited the Tripitaka, or Budd-
hist Canon : besides his educational work,
studied other Burmese vernaculars, Shan,
Karen, etc. : wrote on Indo-Chinese lan-
guages and Burmese dialects : employed on
archaeological investigations and decipher-
ment of ancient inscriptions : made an
archaeological survey of Arakan : surveyed
the temple ruins of Pagan, 1888 : collected
a quantity of MSS., etc. : did good work as
antiquarian and philologist in Burma :
died April 26, 1890.
FORD, ARTHUR (1834-
Bom Aug. 15, 1834 : son of Arthiu:
Ford : educated at Grosvenor College,
Bath, and St. John's College, Cambridge :
entered R.A., 1855 : Lt-Colonel, 1881 :
Colonel : retired, 1883 : served in the
Indian mutiny, 1857-8 : relief, siege and
capture of Lucknow : wounded : Assistant
Director of Artillery studies at Woolwich,
1870-3 : Inspector of Explosives, Home
Office, 1873-99 : C.B., 1895.
FORD, WILLIAM (1821-1905)
I.C.S. : born Nov. 29, 1821 : son of
Sir Francis Ford, Bart. : educated at
Haileybury : entered the Bengal Civil
Service, 1843 : served in the Indian
mutiny, in the Gurgaon district : saved a
number of Christian fugitives : present
at the siege of Delhi; saw service with
General Showers : Commissioner of Mul-
tan, 1862 : Agent at Bahawalpur, 1866,
where he suppressed a mutiny : C.S.I.,
1866 : author of several novels, of which
the latest is Prince Baber and his Wives :
wrote also A Viceroy of India (Lord
Lawrence) ; died June 18, 1905.
FORDE, ARTHUR W. (P-1883-5 ?)
Was engaged on the construction of
Irish railways: went to India, 1855, as
Chief Engineer of the B.B. and C.I.
Railways : advocated the light railway
system for purely agricultural districts,
with tramways and feeder lines : wrote
a pamphlet ^^ 10,000 miles against 5,000,'^
and lectured in Bombay on " Railway
Extension in India, with special reference
to the export of wheat " : practised as
Consulting Engineer in Bombay and
other parts of India : was for 7 years
Consulting Engineer to the Bombay
Municipality : constructed the first wet-
dock, the Sassoon dock at Colaba, Bombay :
engaged on the water-supply and drainage
of Bombay : M.I.C.E. : retired, after
about 30 years in India, soon after 1880 :
died about 1883-5.
FORDE, FRANCIS ( ? -1770)
Colonel : son of Matthew Forde :
Captain in the 39th regt., 1746 : Major,
1755 : was repulsed in an attack on
Nellore, May, 1757 : joined the E.I. Co.'s
Army in Bengal, 1758, as second to Clive :
sent by Clive in Oct. 1758, with 500
Europeans and 2,000 sepoys to Vizagapa-
tam, to create a diversion against the
French in the Northern Sircars : defeated
the Marquis de Conflans (who had replaced
Bussy) at Condore, Dec. 1758 : took
Rajamundry and Masulipatam in April,
1759 : thus gaining the N. Sircars and
expelling the French : defeated the Dutch
at Chinsura : went to England with
Clive, who was his friend : and, on his
recommendation,was one of the Commission
of three (with Vansittart and Seraf ton) sent
from England in 1769 to overhaul the
Bengal administration : after touching
at the Cape in Dec. 1769, their vessel was
lost at sea.
FORDYCE, SIR JOHN ( ? -1877)
Lt-General : entered the Bengal Artil-
lery in 1822 : was in the first Burmese
war, at the capture of Arakan : in the
Satlaj campaign of 1845-6 : at Firozshahr
and Sobraon : in the advance on Lahore :
in the Panjab campaign of 1848-9, at
Chilianwala and Gujarat, in the pursuit of
the Sikhs, and of the Afghans to the
Khyber : commanded the Artillery in the
Yusafzai country in 1849 and at the forcing
of the Kohat Pass in 1850 by Sir C.
Napier : Colonel Commandant, 1873 :
K.C.B., 1877.
FORJETT, CHARLES ( ? -1890)
Deputy, and, later, the Commissioner
of Police, Bombay, from 1855, and
President of the Board, or Chief Municipal
Commissioner of Bombay : his energetic
action, in Sep. 1857, stopped a contem-
plated sepoy outbreak and saved Bom-
bay : his high character, knowledge of
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
151
the natives and fitness for his position
generally admitted : much trusted by
Lord Elphinstone, the Governor of Bom-
bay : was presented with purses on
retirement, and received an extra pension :
regarded himself as slighted, being unde-
corated : died Jan. 27, 1890 : wrote Our
Real Danger in India, 1877.
FORLONG, JAMES GEORGE RORKE
(1824-1904)
Maj -General : born Nov. 1824 : edu-
cated as an p:ngineer : joined the Indian
Army, 1843 : in the S. Mahratta Company,
1845-6 : in the Madras Army, 1847 : in
the second Burmese war, 1852 : after the
annexation, was head of the P.W.D.
there : travelled widely, 1858-9 : on
special public works, inquiries and con-
struction of prisons in the Andamans :
Superintending Engineer in Bengal,
N.W.P., Rajputana, 1861-71 : Secretary
and Chief Engineer, Oudh, 1872-7 :
retired : wrote largely in periodicals on
religions, archaeology, philology : wrote
the Rivers of Life, or the Faiths of Mankind
in all Lands, 1883 ; Short Studies in the
Science of Comparative Religions, embracing
all the Religions of Asia : a student of
exploration, thought, and research in
Oriental subjects : well versed in Indian
religions and folklore of the East : died
March 29, 1904.
FORREST, GEORGE WILLIAM
(1846- )
Born Jan. 8, 1846 : son of Capt. George
Forrest, V.C. : educated privately and at
St. John's College, Cambridge : appointed
to Bombay Educational Department,
1872 : Census Commissioner at Bombay,
1882 : on special duty in connexion with
Bombay Records, 1884-8 : Professor of
English History, Elphinstone College,
1887 : Director of Bombay Records, 1888 :
Assistant Secretary to the Government of
India : Director of Government of India
Records, 1894-1900 : C.I.E., 1899 : wrote
articles on "The Deforestation of India"
in the Bombay Gazette : author of
various Selections from State Papers :
The Administration of Warren Hastings,
The Administration of Lord Lansdowne,
Sepoy Generals, Cities of India, History
of the Indian Mutiny, etc. : F.R.G.S.
FORREST, THOMAS (1729 ?-1802 ?)
Midshipman, R.N., in 1745 : in the E.I.
Co.'s service after 1748 : commanded a
ship from 1762 : made fifteen voyages
from India to the East, and four from
England to India : he formed a settlement
in 1770 at Balambangan, and in 1774-6
explored in New Guinea, the Sulu Archi-
pelago, the Moluccas, etc., and wrote an
account of his voyages : employed by
Warren Hastings to obtain news of the
French fleet which had escaped the
English ships; he found it atAchin, and
the information was very valuable.
He made a voyage " from Bengal to
Quedah " in 1783, and a voyage " from
Calcutta to the Mergui Archipelago,"
1790, discovering the Forrest Strait :
besides other papers, he wrote a Treatise
on the Monsoons in East India, 1782 :
died about 1802.
FORSTER, GEORGE ( ? -1792)
In the E.I. Co.'s Civil Service, in 1782 :
he travelled from India through Kashmir,
Afghanistan, Herat, Persia, by the Caspian
Sea to Russia : wrote A Journey from
Bengal to England, through the Northern
Part of India, Kashmir, Afghanistan, and
Persia, and into Russia by the Caspian
Sea, 1798 : also Sketches of the Mythology
and Customs of the Hindus : in 1792, he
died at Nagpur, on an embassy to the
Mahrattas.
FORSTER, HENRY (1793-1862)
Son of Henry Pitts Forster {q.v.), of
the E.I. Co.'s Civil Service : entered the
Mahratta Army, but joined " Skinner's
Horse" in 1816: was second in com-
mand in 1822 : was in the Pindari cam-
paign, and at Mahidpur : about 1834 he
raised the Shekhawati Brigade and won
several engagements against insurgents
in Rajputana : was in the Satlaj campaign
of 1845-6 with his Brigade : made C.B. and
Colonel in the Queen's Army in 1854.
In the mutiny his Shekhawati battalion
was deputed to reduce the rebel 34th
N.I., in Chota Nagpur : died in Calcutta,
Oct. 9, 1862.
FORSTER, HENRY PITTS ( 1766 ?-1816)
In the E.I. Co.'s Bengal Civil Service,
joined in 1783 : Registrar of the Sadr
DiwaniA dalat of the Twenty-four Parganas,
1794 : pubUshed the first English-Bengali
vocabulary in 1799-1802, and, largely
through his efforts, Bengali became the
official as well as the literary language of
152
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Bengal : studied Sanskrit, and laboriously
translated a native grammar : became
master of the Calcutta Mint : died in
India, Sep. lo, 1815,
FORSYTH, JAMES (1838-1871)
Born in 1838 : took his M.A. degree :
went to India as acting Conservator of
Forests : served in the Central Provinces
as Deputy Commissioner of Nimar :
joined the Staff Corps : was a keen
sportsman : wrote The Sporting Rifle and
its Projectiles, 1863 : made a long tour in
the Central Provinces, 1862-4, and wrote
The Highlands of Central India : Notes
on their Forests and Wild Tribes, Natural
History and Sports, which appeared in
1871, after his death on May i, 1871.
FORSYTH, SIR JOHN (1799-1883)
Principal Inspr-General in H.M.S.
Indian Medical Department, Bengal :
Honorary Physician to Queen Victoria :
died Jan. 14, 1883 : C.B., 1862 : K.C.S.I.,
1881.
FORSYTH, REV. NATHANIEL (1769-
1816)
Born 1769 in Dumfriesshire : educated
at Glasgow, and at the Divinity Hall,
under the Rev. Professor G. Lawson, of
the New Burgher Associate Synod : be-
came a tutor at an academy, Islington, and
a candidate for missionary work : arrived
in Bengal, Dec. 1798, as the first missionary
sent out by the London Missionary
Society : allowed to preach in Dr. Dun-
widdie's lecture-room in CossitoUa, Cal-
cutta : also at the General Hospital and
the Fort : held charge of the Settlement
Church at Chinsura, and managed a
large school there, 1805 : he and Dr.
Carey opened the Lai Bazar Chapel, Jan.
I, 1809 : died at Chandernagore, Feb.
II, 1816.
FORSYTH, SIR THOMAS DOUGLAS
(1827-1886)
I.C.S. : son of Thomas Forsyth, mer-
chant : born Oct. 7, 1827 : educated at
Sherborne, Rugby and Haileybury : ar-
rived at Calcutta, 1848 : went to the
Panjab, after the annexation of 1849 :
at the outbreak of the mutiny was Deputy
Commissioner of Umballa : reported on
the disaffection, and controlled the Sikh
States : was a Special Commissioner for
punishing the rebels, after the fall of
Delhi: Secretary to the Chief Commis-
sioner of Oudh : C.B. : went to Leh in
1867 to promote trade with Turkistan :
established the Palampmr fair : sent to
Russia on diplomatic mission : obtained
from the Russian Government an acknow-
ledgment that certain disputed terri-
tories belonged to the Amir of Afghanistan :
went in 1870 to Yarkand : in 1872, lost
his appointment as Commissioner of
Umbala for supporting his subordinate's
measures in putting down the Kooka
outbreak at Malair Kotla : led a mission
to Kashgar, 1873-4 : K.C.S.I. in 1874 :
Additional Member of the Governor-
General's Legislative Council, 1874 : En-
voy to Burma in 1875 : obtained an
agreement to the independence of the
Karenni states : retired in 1877 : died
Dec. 17, 1886.
FORTESCUE, THOMAS (1784-1872)
I.C.S. : born 1784 : son of Gerald
Fortescue, Secretary to his cousin Henry
Wellesley (1773-1847 : Baron Cowley,
1828), youngest brother of the Marquess
Wellesley, who was Lieutenant-Governor
of the ceded Province of Oudh from Nov.
1 801 to 1803, when he quitted India :
Fortescue was Commissioner at Delhi,
1803 : died Sep. 7, 1872.
FORTESCUE, ROBERT (1813-1880)
Born Sep. 16, 1813 : educated at the
Edrom Parish School : became a Super-
intendent in the Royal Horticultural
Society's garden at Chiswick : visited
China, Java, Manilla, 1842-6, as collector :
to China again in 1848, to collect tea
plants and seeds for the E.I. Co. : in
1 85 1 introduced many of them into the
N.W.P. : wrote a Report on the Tea
Plantations in the N.W.P., and Two
Visits to the Tea Countries of China, and
the British Plantations in the Himalayas,
1853 : also visited Formosa, and wrote
other accounts of his travels in the Far
East : died April 13, 1880.
FOSTER, SIR CHARLES JOHN
(1818-1896)
Son of Edward Foster : entered the
Army, 1836 : served with the i6th
Lancers in the Afghan war, 1841-2, under
Sir J. Keane : at Ghazni : at Maharajpur,
1843 : and in the Satlaj campaign, 1846 :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
at Badiwal, Aliwal and Sobraon : Captain,
1847 : General, 1885 : Member of the
Council of India, 1878-88 : C.B., 1877 :
Colonel of the 21st Hussars, 1872-6, and
of the i6th Lancers, 1886 : K.C.B., 1893 :
died Feb. 11, 1896.
FOSTER, WILLIAM (1863- )
Born Nov. 19, 1863 : son of William
Foster : educated at Cooper's Grammar
School and London University : joined
the India Office, 1882 : edited India
Office List, 1891-5 : Assistant to the
Registrar and Superintendent of Records,
1 901 : Hon. Secretary to the Hakluyt
Society, 1 893-1 902 : has edited several
old records, including The Embassy of
Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great
Mogul, 1615-19, and, with Sir G. Bird-
wood, The First Letter-hook of the East
India Company, 1600-19.
FOULIS, SIR EDWARD (1768-1843)
Arrived in India, 1789 : in the 3rd
Cavalry in Mysore under Cornwallis,
1791-2 : at sieges of Bangalore, Savandrug,
Seringapatam, Pondicherry : in the My-
sore war under General Harris, 1788-91,
at Malavilli and Seringapatam : under
Col. A. Wellesley, against Dhoondia
Waugh, saw much active service : Re-
mount agent for Madras cavalry, 1807 :
commanded Light Cavalry, 1815 : in
Pindari war, 1817 : commanded at Arcot,
1819 : held various cavalry commands :
Maj-General, 1837 : K.C.B. : died April
12, 1843.
FOWLER, SIR HENRY HARTLEY
(1830- )
Born May 16, 1830 : educated at
Woodhouse Grove School, and St. Saviour's
Grammar School : Mayor of Wolver-
hampton, 1863 : M.P. for Wolverhampton
since 1880 : Under Secretary, Home
Department, 1884-5 = Financial Secretary
to the Treasury, 1886 : President of the
Local Government Board, 1892-4 : Secre-
tary of State for India, March 10, 1894,
to July 5, 1895 : G.C.S.I., 1895 : P.C. :
D.L.
FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
Third son of Henry Fox, Lord Holland :
born Jan. 24, 1749 : educated at Wands-
worth, Eton and Hertford College, Oxford,
1764-6 : M.P. for Midhurst, 1768 : for
Westminster, 1780: held office in the
Government, 1770-2: 1772-4: attacked
Lord Clive in Parliament, 1773 ; Foreign
Secretary, 1782-3, 1806 : Fox introduced
into Parliament, Nov. 18, 1783, his Bills,
prepared with Burke's aid, for the better
Government of India : by the first Bill,
he proposed to establish a Board of 7
Commissioners to hold office for 4 years
and have absolute control over the
patronage and Government of India :
with a Board of 8 Assistant Councillors
to administer the commercial affairs of
the E.I. Co. : by the second Bill, restric-
tions were imposed upon the free action
of the Governor-General. The first Bill
passed the House of Commons, but was
rejected by the House of Lor'ds, by the
King's influence, Dec. 17, 1783 : the
second Bill made no progress. When his
party attacked Warren Hastings, 1786,
Fox spoke for the Rohilla charge, and
June 13, brought forward the Benares
charge, which he carried : spoke in
favour of the charge relating to the Begams
of Oudh, 1787 : took a leading part in
settling the articles of impeachment of
Hastings : was a manager of the trial :
again led the Benares charge in the trial,
1788 : spoke against the abatement of the
impeachment by the dissolution of Par-
liament, 1789 : died Sep. 13, 1806.
FOX, HENRY WATSON (1817-1848)
Missionary : son of George Townshend
Fox : born 1817 : educated at Rugby and
Wadham College, Oxford : ordained,
1840 : to Madras in 1841 as a missionary
of the Church Missionary Society : worked
at Masulipatam : visited the Nilgiris,
Travancore, Tinnivelly : became Assistant
Secretary to the Society : died at Durham,
Oct. 14, 1848 : wrote Chapters on Mis-
sions in South India.
FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (1740-1818)
Son of the Rev. PhiUp Francis : born
Oct. 22, 1740 : educated at Dublin and
St. Paul's School : became a junior clerk
in the Secretary of State's office : Secre-
tary to General E. Bligh and at the capture
of Cherbourg in 1758 : Secretary to Lord
KinnouU's Embassy at Lisbon, 1760 :
amanuensis to Pitt, 176 1-2 : clerk at the
War Office, 1762 : resigned in March,
1772, for some unexplained reason.
Dmring those years, " Junius' letters "
154
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
appeared, which for many grounds have
been attributed to Francis. Their iden-
tity, first suggested by Taylor in 1813,
1816, may be considered to have been
established. After the passing of the
Regulating Act of 1773 for India, Francis
was appointed a member of the new
Supreme Council in India. He and his
colleagues, Clavering and Monson, arrived
at Calcutta on Oct. 19, 1774 = these three
opposed Warren Hastings, the Governor-
General, and Harwell iq.v.), the remaining
Member of the Supreme Council : being
a majority, they had great power.
Francis took the side of Nuncomar {q.v.),
after the latter had accused Hastings of
corruption. Nuncomar was hanged for
forgery on Aug. 5, 1775. The death of
Monson, on Sep. 25, i77f» gave Hastings
the casting vote. Barwell left India in
March, 1780 : Francis resumed his opposi-
tion to Hastings, who wrote a minute
accusing Francis of faithlessness and
breach of trust and honour. Francis
challenged him, and a duel took place on
Aug. 17, 1780, in which Francis was
badly wounded. He left India in Dec.
1780. In 1778 Francis was defendant
in a crim. con. charge brought against
him by G. F. Grand of the Indian Civil
Service. Francis was sentenced by Impey
to pay 50,000 rupees damages. He
retired with a large fortune, but was very
coldly received in England, except at
Court. He became M.P. for Yarmouth,
1784 : assisted Burke in preparing the
charges against Hastings, but was not
accepted as a manager of the impeach-
ment. M.P. for Bletchingley, 1790; for
Appleby, 1802 : K.C.B. in Oct. 1806 :
made an elaborate speech on India in
April, 1805 : he hoped to be Governor-
General of India, but failed to obtain it
from Fox, with whom he quarrelled : he
died Dec. 22, 1818. It is said that he
made many anonymous contributions to
the Press : his capacity, industry, coxurage,
and certain good principles in his character
have to be set against his malignity,
vindictiveness, and unscrupulous conduct :
his life and career have been minutely
investigated.
FRANCKLIN, WILLIAM (1763-18.39)
Son of Thomas Francklin : born 1763 :
educated at Westminster and Trinity
College, Cambridge : entered the E.I.
Co.'s Bengal N.I., 1783 : Lt-Colonel,
1814 : regulating oiBcer, Bhagalpur,
1815 : retired in India, 1825 : travelled
in Persia in 1786 : published his journal :
wrote The History of the Reign of Shah-
Aulam, the present Emperor of Hindustan,
1798 : Inquiry concerning the Site of the
Ancient Palibothra, 1815-22 : besides
translations, literary papers, contributions
to Asiatic Researches, etc. : Member of
the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and Member
of Council and Librarian of the Royal
Asiatic Society: died in India, April 12,
1839.
FRANKLIN, SIR BENJAMIN
(1844- )
Educated at University College, London,
and Paris : entered the Indian Medical
Service, 1869 : Civil Surgeon, Simla,
1881-6 : Inspr-General of Hospitals,
N.W.P., 1899 : and Panjab, 1900-1 :
Director-General, Indian Medical Service :
CLE., 1898 : K.C.I. E., 1903.
FRANKS, SIR JOHN (1770-1852)
Son of Thomas Franks : born in 1770 :
took his degree at Trinity College, Dublin :
called to the Irish bar, 1792 : appointed
in 1825 a Judge of the Supreme Court,
Calcutta, and knighted : retired for his
health in 1834 : died Jan. 11, 1852.
FRANKS, SIR THOMAS HARTE
(1808-1862)
Son of William Franks : born 1808 :
entered the loth regt. in 1825 : Lt-
Colonel, 1845 : to India in 1842 : in the
first Sikh war, 1845-6 : was at Sobraon,
wounded : C.B, : in the Panjab campaign
of 1848-9, was at the siege of Multan,
Surajkund, and at Gujarat : Colonel,
1854 : commanded the Jalandhar Brigade,
1855 : in the mutiny, as Brig-General,
marched across the frontier of Oudh, and
joined with Jang Bahadur of Nipal :
defeated the rebels, Banda Husain, at
Chanda, and Mehndi Husain Nazim at
Hamirpur in Feb. 1858, but failed to take
Daurara fort : joined Sir Colin Campbell
at the capture of Lucknow, March, 1858 :
Maj-General and K.C.B. , 1858 : returned
to England : died Feb. 5, 1862.
FRASER, ALEXANDER (1824-1898)
General : son of James Eraser : edu-
cated at Addiscombe : entered the Indian
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
155
Engineers, 1843 : in the Satlaj cam-
paign, 1845-6 : and the Panjab campaign,
1848-9 : in the Burmese war, 1852-3 :
employed on the construction of light-
houses on the coast of Burma : Chief
Engineer in the N.W.P., 1873-9 • Member
of the Supreme Council, March-June,
1880: C.B. : died June 11, 1898.
FRASER, SIR ANDREW HENDER-
SON LEITH (1848- )
I.C.S. : born Nov. 14, 1848 : son of
Rev. A. G. Fraser, D.D. : educated at
Edinburgh Academy and University :
entered the Indian Civil Service, 1871 :
served in the Central Provinces : Officiat-
ing Secretary to the Government of India,
Home Department, 1898-9 : Chief Com-
missioner of Central Provinces, 1899 :
President of the Indian Police Commis-
sion, 1902-3 : Lieutenant-Governor of
Bengal since Nov. 1903 : C.S.I. , 1897 :
K.C.S.I., 1903.
FRASER, SIR CHARLES CRAWFURD
(1829-1895)
Son of Lt -Colonel Sir James John
Fraser, Bart. : joined the nth Hussars :
served with the 7th Hussars at the siege
and capture of Delhi, 1857 : Brevet-
Major : gained the V.C. on Dec. 31, 1858,
for rescuing, while under sharp fire, an
officer and some men from drowning in
the river Rapti : in the Abyssinian
expedition, 1867-8 : at capture of Mag-
dala : C.B. : A.D.C. to the C. in C. 1873-
80 : Inspr-General of Cavalry, 1879-84 :
Maj-General : K.C.B. : M.P. for N.
Lambeth, 1885-92 : died June 7, 1895.
FRASER, HUGH ( ? -1858)
Of the Bengal Engineers : Chief En-
gineer at Agra when the mutiny of 1857
broke out : C.B. : Colonel : made Chief
Commissioner for Agra and its dependen-
cies, Sep. 30, 1857, to Feb. 9, 1858 : acted
with energy : died at Mussoorie, Aug. 12,
1858.
FRASER, JAMES (1713-1754)
Born 1713 : son of Alexander Fraser of
Reelick : went to India, to Surat : re-
sided there, 1730-40 : learnt Sanskrit
and Zend : returning to England for
about two years, he wrote a history of
Nadir Shah, the King of Persia, who
invaded India : Fraser returned to India
as a factor in the E.I. Co.'s service : rose
to be a Member of Council at Surat,
where he stayed six years : he brought to
England some 200 Sanskrit and Zend
MSS., the first " collection " brought
to Europe, which are now in the Bodleian
Library at Oxford : he had formed plans
of working in Zend and Sanskrit, but
died early, Jan. 21, 1754.
FRASER, JAMES BAILLIE (1783-1856)
Born June 11, 1783 : son of Edward
Satchell Fraser : with his brother William
iq.v.), and an escort, explored the Hima-
layas in 1 815, to the sources of the Jamna
and Ganges : in 1821, he accompanied
Dr. Jukes to Persia, to Mashad, Kurdistan
and Tabriz : in 1833-4, on a diplomatic
mission to Persia, he rode from Semlin to
Constantinople, and from Stamboul to
Teheran : attended on the Persian Princes
on their visit to England, 1835-6 : wrote
narratives of his travels in Persia and
connected countries, and some works of
fiction : also the Military Memoir of Lt-
Colonel lames Skinner: C.B., 1851 : was
also an amateur artist : died Jan. 1856.
FRASER, JAMES STUART (178.3-1869)
Son of Colonel Charles Fraser : born
July I, 1783 : educated at Ham and
Glasgow University : joined the Madras
N.I., 1800 : escorted the Mysore Princes
to Bengal, 1807 : A.D.C. to Sir G. Barlow,
when Governor of Madras : Private
Secretary, 1810 : Deputy Commissary in
the Madras expedition to Mamritius,
1810 : Military Secretary to the Governor
of Madras, 1813 : Commandant at
Pondicherry, 1816 : Commissioner for
the restitution of French and Dutch
possessions, 1816-7, having great know-
ledge of the French language : Secretary
to Government in the Military Department,
1834 : in several actions in Coorg : Resi-
dent in Mysore, and Chief Commissioner
of Coorg : Resident at Travancore and
Cochin, 1836 : Resident at Hyderabad
from Sep. 1838, to Dec. 1852 : resigned
his appointment because of strained
relations with Lord Dalhousie : Lt-
General, 185 1 : General, 1862 : died
Aug. 22, 1869.
FRASER, WILLIAM (1784-1836)
I.C.S. : son of Edward Satchell Fraser,
brother of James Baillie Fraser {q.v.) :
156
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
went to Bengal in 1799 : Secretary to Sir
D. Ochterlony at Delhi, 1805 : Secretary
to Mountstuart Elphinstone (?.u.) on his
mission to Kabul : Political Agent to
General Martindell's Army, 1815 : travelled
with his brother to the Himalayas : settled
Garhwal, 1819 : Member of the Board of
Revenue, N.W.P., 1826: Resident at
Delhi, 1830-5 : shot dead, on March 22,
1835, while riding at Delhi, by Kareem
Khan, at the instigation of Shams-ud-din,
Nawab of Firozpur : both of them were
PRASER-TYTLER, SIR JAMES MAC-
LEOD BANNATYNE (1821- )
Born 1821 : entered the Bengal Army
1841, and became General, 1877 : served
in the Afghan campaign, 1842, (severely
wounded, Khyber Pass), A.D.C. to Lord
Gough, Satlaj campaign, 1845-6 : at the
battles of Mudki, Firozshahr, Sobraon :
in the Panjab campaign, 1848-9, at
Chilian wala and Gujarat : Indian mutiny,
1857 : at the relief of Lucknow : severely
wounded Bhutan campaign, 1864-5 : C.B.,
1857 : K.C.B., 1867.
FRAZER, ROBERT WATSON
(1854- )
l.CS. : born 1854 : educated at Rath-
mines school, Kingstown school and
Trinity College, Dublin : entered the Ma-
dras Civil Service, 1877, but retired, 1886;
invalided in consequence of fever con-
tracted in the Rumpa rebellion. Lecturer,
University Extension, on Indian Architec-
ture : Principal Librarian and Secretary
of London Institution : Lecturer in Tamil
and Telegu, University College. Author
of British India ("Story of the Nations"
series), A Literary History of India, 1898.
FRENCH, RIGHT REV. THOMAS
VALPY (1825-1891)
Bishop : son of the Rev. Peter French :
born Jan. i, 1825 : educated at Reading
and Burton Grammar schools, Rugby,
and University College, Oxford : Fellow,
there, 1848 : ordained, 1848 : Principal of
St. John's College, Agra, 1850 : founded
Reynell Taylor's Derajat mission, 1861 :
Vicar of Cheltenham, 1865-9 = founded
the divinity school at Lahore, 1869 : first
Bishop of Lahore, Dec. 1877 : D.D. of
Oxford : resigned in 1887 : died at Muscat,
as a missionary there. May 14, 1891 : was
a good linguist, and distinguished 'as an
evangelist.
FRERE, SIR HENRY BARTLE
EDWARD, BARONET (1815-1884)
Governor : I.C.S. : sixth son of Edward
Frere, and nephew of John Hookham
Frere : born March 29, 1815, educated at
Bath and Haileybury : went to India in
1834, by the overland route, making his
way with difficulty via Cairo, Kosseir,
Jeddah, Mocha, and a pilgrim vessel to
Bombay : Assistant Revenue Commis-
sioner for some years to H. E. Goldsmid
{q.v.) in investigating land assessments :
Private Secretary to Sir G. Arthur, Gover-
nor of Bombay, 1842 : Resident at Satara,
1846 : on the annexation of Satara in
1848-9 (to which he was opposed), Frere
was appointed Commissioner : Chief
Commissioner in Sind, 1850-9 : greatly
advanced the Province in every way,
conciliated the Amirs, improved Karachi
harbour, developed institutions, controlled
the frontier and the tribes : in the mutiny
he nearly denuded Sind of troops to help
the Panjab and South Mahratta country :
repressed attempts at mutiny, and kept
Sind quiet and loyal : his great services
were highly valued in England and India :
K.C.B. in 1859 : Member of the Governor-
General's Supreme Council from Dec. 1859,
to April, 1862 : helped greatly in the
restoration of financial equilibrium and in
the establishment of Legislative Councils :
Governor of Bombay from April, 1862, to
March, 1867 : advanced education, built
colleges, pushed on railways, established
the Bombay municipality, demolished the
old ramparts of the town, initiated female
education. Over-trading, speculation, and
the restoration of peace in America
(causing a fall in cotton) brought on a
commercial crisis, in which the Bank of
Bombay was involved : Frere' s policy
during this period was the subject of
unfavourable criticism. He was Member
of the Council of India, 1867-77 = G.C.S.I. :
D.C.L. : President of the Geographical and
Asiatic Societies : sent to Zanzibar, in
1872, to negotiate a treaty for the sup-
pression of the slave-trade : P.C : LL.D. :
accompanied H.R.H. the Prince of Wales^-
in his Indian tour, 1875-6 : Baronet and
G.C.B. : appointed, in 1887, Governor
of the Cape and High Commissioner in
S. Africa : brought a war with the Kafirs
to conclusion, 1878 : became engaged in
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
157
the Zulu war, 1879 : and in troubles
regarding the Transvaal with the Boers :
the English Government recalled Frere in
1880 for his conduct in relation to the
Zulu war and alleged disregard of orders :
he defended himself on his retturn to
England : he advocated a forward policy
with regard to Afghanistan : died May
29, 1884 : buried in St. Paul's Cathedral :
his statue erected on the Thames Embank-
ment : he was an eminent public servant,
combining strong character under a kindly
and courteous demeanour : and was
earnest in his religious views. He wrote
a number of papers on the questions of the
day, connected with India : also a memoir
of his uncle above-named.
FRERE, WILLIAM EDWARD
(1811-1880)
I.C.S. : born June 6, 1811 : third son
of Edward Frere : and brother of Sir
H. B .E. Frere {q.v.) : educated at Swansea
and Haileybury : went to Bombay, 1830 :
Judge of Dharwar, and of the Sadr Court :
Member of Council, Bombay, 1860-5 :
retired : travelled round the world :
Commissioner to inquire into the health
of the coolies in Demerara, 1870 ; in
Mauritius, 1872 : C.M.G., 1875 : died
March 23, 1880.
FREYER, P. JOHNSTON ( ? - )
Educated at Erasmus Smith's College,
Gal way ; Royal University of Ireland,
Steeven's Hospital, Dublin, and Paris :
entered the Indian medical service, 1875 :
held civil and military appointments :
Medical officer to the Lieutenant-Governor,
N.W.P : and subsequently to H.H. the
Nawab of Rampur, who gave him, on
recovery from an illness, a very large fee
for his services : practises since retire-
ment in London : Surgeon to St. Peter's
Hospital for Stone.
FRYER, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM
RICHARDS (1845- )
I.C.S. : son of F. W. Fryer : entered
the Bengal Civil Service, 1864 : called to
the bar from the Middle Temple, 1880 :
Cojumissioner, Central Division, Upper
Burma, 1886 : Financial Commissioner,
Burma, 1888 : Acting Chief Commissioner
of Burma, 1892-4 : Officiating Financial
Commissioner, Panjab : Additional Mem-
ber of the Governor-General's Legislative
Council, 1894-5 : Lieutenant-Governor of
Burma, 1897-1903 : K.C.S.I., 1895.
FULLARTON, WILLIAM (1754-1808)
Colonel : son of William Fullerton :
born 1754 : educated at Edinbiurgh
University : raised a Scotch regt. and
gazetted Commandant of the 98th in
1780 : went to India : engaged near
Madras, in the second Mysore war with
Hyder Ali, 1780-2 : at the suppression
of the KoUars of Madras, and capture of
Dindigul : commanded the troops south
of the Coleroon, 1783 : took Dharapuram,
Palghat and Coimbatore : showed military
ability : returned to England on the
peace : wrote his View 0/ Englii,h Interests
in India, xySy : F.R.S. of London and
Edinburgh : raised the 23rd Dragoons :
M.P., 1787-1803 : appointed first Com-
missioner for Trinidad : tried his colleague,.
Col. Thomas Picton, for torturing a.
Spanish girl : died Feb. 13, 1808.
FULLER, JOSEPH BAMFYLDE
(1854 - )
I.C.S. : son of Rev. J. Fuller : educated"
at Marlborough : entered the Indian
Civil Service, 1875 : Commissioner of
Settlements C.P., 1885 : Secretary to
Govt, of India, Revenue and Agriculture
Department, igoi-2 : Chief Commissioner
of Assam, from April, 1902 : CLE., 1892 :
C.S.I. , 1902 : Lieutenant-Governor of East-
ern Bengal and Assam, 1905.
FURDUNJI, NAOROJI (1817-1885)
Born in March, 18 17, at Broach : edu-
cated at the Native Education Society's
school at Bombay, where he afterwards
became a teacher : Assistant Professor of
the Elphinstone Institution and leader
of the " Young Bombay " Party : was
chiefly instrumental in estabUshing the
first girls' school, native library, literary
society, debating club, poHtical associa-
tion, body for improving the condition of
women, institution for religious and
social reforms, law association and the
first educational periodicals. In 1836,
he was appointed Native Secretary
and Translator to Sir Alexander Biurnes
{q.v.) at Kabul, but returned to Bombay
before the Afghan war broke out. In
1845 he was appointed Interpreter of the
High Court of Bombay, and retired in
1864, devoting the rest of his hfe to im-
158
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
proving the condition of the people. He
laboured to obtain the passing of the
Parsi Matrimonial and Succession Act.
He visited England on three occasions,
lectured before the East India Association,
and gained the high opinion of many
prominent Englishmen : an influential
member of the Municipality of Bombay:
CLE. in 1884 : died Sep. 22, 1885.
FURSE, GEORGE ARMAND (1834- )
Colonel : born Aug. 21, 1834 : son of
William Henry Furse : educated privately
and abroad : joined 42nd Highlanders,
1855 : served in the Crimea and the Indian
mutiny : present at siege of Lucknow ; on
special service : to Ashanti, 1873-4 '- A.D.C.
to C. in C. Bombay, 1874-8 : A.A.G.,
Soudan expedition, 1884-5 : C.B., 1887 :
author of several works on military trans-
sport and adtninistration.
FYERS, SIR WILLIAM AUGUSTUS
(1816-1895)
General : joined the Army, 1834 : at the
capture of Karachi : Captain in the 40th
regt. in the Afghan war, 1 841-2, under
Nott at Kandahar and Kabul, and in the
return to India : in the Crimea : in the
naiutiny, commanded a battalion at Cawn-
pur : at the capture of Lucknow : died
Nov. 10, 1895 : K.C.B.
FYLER, LAWRENCE (1809-1873)
Maj-General : served in the i6th Lancers
in the first Afghan war : was at Maharaj-
pur, 1843 : in the Satlaj campaign of
1845-6 : at Badiwal and Aliwal (severely
wounded) : with the 3rd Lancers in the
Panjab campaign, 1848-9 : in the Crimea
with the 12th Lancers: retired i860 : C.B.,
1869 : died Sep. 21, 1873.
FYTCHE, ALBERT (1820-1892)
Born 1820 : son of John Fytche : edu-
cated at Rugby and Addiscombe : joined
the Bengal Army, 1839 : served in Arakan
against the Wallengs, 1841 : entered the
Arakan Commission, 1845 : in the Panjab
campaign, 1848-9 : at Chilianwala and
Gvurajat : severely wounded : Deputy
Commissioner of Bassein, 1853 : constantly
engaged against the Burmese : Commis-
sioner of Tenasserim, 1857 : Chief Com-
missioner of British Burma, March, 1867-
March, 1871 : negotiated a Treaty with
the King of Burma : Maj-General, 1868 :
C.S.I : died June 17, 1892: wrote Burma
Past and Present, 1878.
GALBRAITH, SIR WILLIAM
(1837- )
Born 1837 : son of Rev. John Galbraith
of Tuam : entered the 85th regt., 1855 :
Lt-Colonel, 1879 : Colonel, 1883 : Maj-
General, 1893 : served in Afghan war as
A.A.G., 1878-80 : Hazara expedition,
1888 : A.A.G. and Q.M.G. Ireland, 1882-6 :
commanded 2nd class District India,
1886-90 : Adjutant-General in India,
1890-5 : commanded Quetta District,
1895-9 : retired, 1899 : K.C.B. , 1897.
GALLOWAY, SIR ARCHIBALD
(1780?-18oO)
Maj-General: son of James Galloway:
joined the 14th Bengal N.I. in iSoo :
served in several regiments : Colonel of
the 58th N.I. in 1836 : was in the defence
of Delhi and at the siege of Bhartpur :
member of the Military Board : C.B.,
1838: K.C.B., 1848: Chairman of the
Court of Directors of the E. I. Co., 1849 :
died April 6, 1850 : wrote several works on
India, among them on Muhammadan Law :
Observations on the Law and Constitution
of India, 1825 ; Notes on the Siege of Delhi
in 1804, etc. ; on Sieges in India and on the
Government of India, 1832.
GALLWEY, SIR THOMAS JOSEPH
(1852- )
Born April 14, 1852 : son of Henry
Gallwey : educated at Stonyhurst and
Royal University, Ireland : entered the
Army Medical Department, 1874 : and
became Colonel, 1898 : served in the
Afghan war, 1878-80 : the Egyptian
expedition, 1882 ; Kassassin and Tel-el-
Kebir, the Soudan expedition, 1884-5 ;
Dongola expedition, 1896 : C.B. : Nile ex-
pedition, 1897-8 : P.M.O., South Africa,
1899-1901 : K.C.M.G. : P.M.O., India, since
1902.
GAMBIER, SIR EDWARD JOHN
(1794-1879)
Son of Samuel Gambler, nephew of
Baron Gambler: born in 1794 : educated
at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge :
Fellow : called to the bar at Lincoln's
Inn, 1822 : a municipal corporation Com-
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
159
raissioner, 1833 : Recorder of Prince of
Wales^ Island, and knighted 1834 : Puisne
Judge of the Madras Supreme Court, 1836 :
Chief Justice, 1842 : retired in 1849 : died
;May 31, 1879.
GAMBLE, JAMES SYKES (1847- )
Born July 2, 1847, son of Harpur
Gamble, M.D. : educated at Royal Naval
School, New Cross ; Magdalen College,
Oxford ; and at Nancy, France : entered
the Indian Forest Department, 1871, and
rose to be Conservator of Forests, N.W.P.,
and Oudh, and Director of Imperial Forest
School, Dehra Dun : author of A Manual
of Indian Timbers, 1881 ; The Bamboos of
British India, 1885 : C.I.E., 1899 : F.R.S. :
F.L.S.
GARCIN DE TASSY, JOSEPH HELIO-
DORE (1794-1878)
French Oriental scholar : born Jan. 25,
1794 : studied Oriental languages under
Baron Silvestre de Sacy : published a work
on Oriental literature, 1822, in which year
he was Secretary of the Societe Asiatique,
then established : the first Professor of
Hindustani at the special school of Oriental
languages, 1828 : he wrote a History of
Hindi and Hindustani Literature, and
Hindustani Authors and their Works, the
Rudiments of Hindustani and Hindi,
Allegories, Poetic Recitations and Popular
Songs of Arabic, Persian, Hindustani and
Turkish : edited Sir W. Jones' Persian
Grammar in 1845, and translated El-
Attar's Language of Birds : wrote a num-
"ber of annual progress reports on the whole
'field of Indian literature : on the Muham-
madan religion, on Islam d'apres le Coran,
1874: on the Rhetoric and Prosody of the
Muslim Nations, and on the religious
Poetry of the Persians : in 1854-5 he
translated the poet Wall, and The A dven-
iures of Kamrup : contributed largely to
the Journals of the Societe Asiatique : was
a member of the Royal Asiatic Society
and of the French Institute from 1838 :
received the Cross of the Legion of Honour,
1837 : died at Paris, Sep. 3, 1878.
GARDNER, ALEXANDER HAUGH-
TON (1785-1877)
Adventurer : Colonel : born 1785, in
N. America, son of a Doctor, a Scotch
emigrant : educated for 9 years at St.
Xavier, Mexico : was 5 years in Ireland :
left America, 1812 : travelled to Lisbon,
Madrid, Cairo, Trebizond, Astrakhan,
Astrabad, Herat (1819), to near Khiva,
Astrakhan, across the Caspian and Aral
Seas, near Uratube, Kunduz, Anderab, to
Afghanistan : took service under Habi-
bulla Khan, nephew of the Amir Dost
Muhammad (q.v.), engaged in the fights
tween them : after HabibuUa's flight in
1826, Gardner wandered, through Kafir-
istan, Badakshan, Shighnan, among
the Kirghiz, to Yarkand, Leh, Srinagar,
Gilgit, Chitral, Kabul, Kandahar (1830),
Girishk (imprisioned for 9 months), to
Kabul, to Dost Muhammad, to Bajour,
Peshawar, Lahore (1832), where he joined
Ranjit Singh's service, as Colonel of
Artillery : engaged in campaigns, in
Bannu, against the Afghans (1835), etc. :
commanded the Jammu artillery : after
Ranjit Singh's death (1839), Gardner
shared in the fighting about the succession
and was at Lahore when the first Sikh war
against the British was declared : but
was given no active part in either Sikh war :
was exiled from Lahore : entered Golab
Singh's service in Jammu-Kashmir (1846),
and remained there till he died at Jammu,
Jan. 22, 1877 : buried at Sealkot : in his
old age was visited by high officers.
GARDNER, WILLIAM (1821-1897)
Quartermaster-Sergeant : entered the
42nd Royal Highlanders, 1841, served
through the Crimea, and through the
mutiny : present at the siege of Delhi,
the capture of Lucknow and the action at
Bareli, where he gained the V.C. for saving
the life of Colonel Cameron when attacked
by three Ghazis at once, of whom he killed
two : retired 1862, and became a drill
instructor of Volunteers : died Oct. 1897,
GARDNER, WILLIAM LINN^US
(1770-1835)
Son of Major Valentine Gardner, and
nephew of the first Lord Gardner : entered
the British Army in the 89th foot in 1783.
and, passing through several regiments,
was Captain in the 30th foot in 1794,
which he left, to join, in 1798, Maharaja
J aswant Rao Holkar of Indore, raising and
commanding a Brigade of Infantry for
him. He married a Princess of Cambay.
Holkar accusing Gardner of treachery, the
latter would have killed the Maharaja, but
was prevented. He then entered the
i6o
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
service of Amrit Rao at Poona. Leaving
such adventurous employment, he joined
Lord Lake in 1804, and raised and com-
manded a regiment of irregular horse
under him and Sir David Ochterlony in
Nipal and Rajputana : local Lt-Colonel,
1819 : his regiment, " Gardner's Horse,"
became the 2nd Bengal Cavalry. He
settled at Khasganj, N.W.P. : died July 29,
1835.
GARNETT, ARTHUR WILUAM
(1829-1861)
Son of William Garnett : born June i,
1829 : educated at Addiscombe : went to
India in the Bengal Engineers, 1848 : in
the siege of Multan in 1848 : held the
Chenab fords at Gujarat, 1849 :j was in
the pursuit of the Sikhs : served in Kohat
in 1850 : reconstructed the fort there, and
made " Fort Garnett *' and other defensive
positions and roads on the Afghan frontier :
engaged in frontier expeditions, and kept
the frontier quiet in the mutiny : in the
P.W.D. Secretariat : died in 1861 in
Calcutta : Colonel.
GARSTIN, JOHN (1756-1820)
Maj -General : born 1756 : educated for
the Army : given a commission, by
George III, in the Engineers : the first of
his family to go out to India : rose to be
Maj -General of his Corps : Surveyor-
General of Bengal, and Chief Engineer :
chiefly employed in the construction of
civil works, especially the large " Golah "
at Bankipur, intended as a granary in case
of famine : was also the architect of
Government House, Calcutta : " Garstin's
Place " in that city still preserves his
name : translated Paul Frisi's Rivers and
Torrents from the Italian, 1818 : the work
is dedicated to Warren Hastings, his
friend and patron : died Feb. 16, 1820 :
and was buried at Calcutta.
GARTH, SIR RICHARD (1820-1903)
Son of the Rev. Richard Garth : born
March 11, 1820 : educated at Eton and
Christ Church, Oxford : he was Captain
of the Oxford cricket eleven in 1840 and
1 841: called to the bar, at Lincoln's Inn, in
1847 : was Q.C. and a Bencher in 1866 :
was Conservative M.P. for Guildford,
1866-8 : and Chief Justice of Bengal from
1875 to 1886 : knighted in 1875 : made a
Privy Councillor, 1889 : after his retire-
ment retained his interest in Indian
questions : wrote A few Plain Truths about
India : died March 23, 1903.
GARVOCK, SIR JOHN ( ? 1878)
General : entered the Army, 1835 :
Brig-Major in Sir Harry Smith's Division
in the Satlaj campaign, 1845-6 : at all the
battles : on his Staff in the Boer war, 1848,
and Kafir war, 1850-2 : Q.M.G. in Ceylon :
Brigadier at Dover : commanded the
Peshawar Division : succeeded Sir N.
Chamberlain in command in the Umbeyla
campaign, 1863 : K.C.B. : commanded the
N. district in England, 1866-71 : the S.
district, 1877-8 : G.C.B., 1875 : died Nov.
10, 1878.
GASELEE, SIR ALFRED (1843- )
Born June 3, 1843 : entered the Indian
Army, 1863, and became Colonel, 1893 :
Brig-General, N.W. Frontier, 1898 : served
in Aybssinian expedition, 1868 : Bizoti
expedition, 1869 : Jowaki-Afridi expedi-
tion, 1877-8 : Afghan war, 1878-80 :
Kandahar : Brevet-Major : Zhob Valley,
1884 : Hazara, 1891 : C.B., 1891 : Isaza,
1892 : Waziristan, 1894-5 : Tirah expedi-
tion, commanding 2nd Brigade, 1897-8 :
K.C.B. , 1898: Officiating Q.M.G. India,
1898 : commanding 2nd class District,
1 898-1901 : commanded British Forces
in China, 1900 : Maj-General : G.C.I. E.,
1901.
GATACRE, JOHN (1841- )
Son of Edward Lloyd Gatacre : born
1841 : educated privately : joined the
Bombay Army, 1857, and Bombay Staff
Corps, 1866 : commanded his regt., 1884-
91 : Brig-General at Nagpur, 1891-6 :
Maj-General, 1897 : served in the Indian
mutiny at Khandesh, 1858 : China war,
i860 : Afghan war, 1879-80 : Burmese
expedition, 1886-8 : C.B. 1887.
GATACRE, SIR WILLIAM FORBES
(1843- )
Born 1843 : entered the Army, 1862 :
Staff College, 1874 : served in the Hazara
expedition as D.A.G. and D. Q.M.G., 1888 :
D.S.O. : Burma, 1889 : Chitral, 1895 :
C.B. : Soudan, 1898 : K.C.B. : President
of the Plague Committee, Bombay, 1897 :
commanded 3rd Division in S. Africa,
1 899-1900 : Maj-General commanding
the loth Division, 4th Army Corps, at
Colchester till 1904.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
i6i
GAURISHANKAR UDAYASHANKAR
(1805-1891)
Born Aug. 21, 1805 : entered the service
of the Bhaunagar State in 1822 : was
employed in various political and revenue
duties : became Assistant Diwan in 1839,
and Diwan in 1846 : introducing many
judicial, and revenue reforms, and asserted
the State's rights against its neighbours :
developed its port, commerce, roads, etc. :
appointed Joint Administrator of the State
during a minority : C.S.I, in 1877 : retired
from the service of the State in 1879 : in
1886, became a Sanyasi, i.e. ascetic,
renouncing the world : known as Swami
Satchidanund Saras vati : died Dec. i,
1891.
GAWLER, JOHN COX ( ? -1882)
Colonel : served with the 73rd regt. in
the Kafir war, 1850-3 : in the engage-
ments : district adjutant of Natal at the
end of the war : in the Indian mutiny,
towards the end : in 1 860-1 commanded
as Brigadier a considerable Field Force
against the Raja of Sikhim : took the Raja's
residence, and forced him to accept the
treaty dictated to him : penetrated to the
Tibet frontier : Keeper of H.M.'s regalia
at the Tower of London : died July 31,
1882.
GEARY, GRATTAN ( ? -1900)
Editor of the Times of India : and
subsequently acquired the Bombay Gazette :
took a prominent part in Bombay muni-
cipal affairs and was at one time Chairman
of the Corporation : wrote Through
Asiatic Turkey : a Narrative of a lourney
from Bombay to the Bosphorus, 1878 :
an able writer, and indefatigable worker^;
exerted no little influence on public events
in India : died Sep. 1900.
GELL, RIGHT REV. FREDERICK
(1810-1902)
Son of Rev. PhiHp Ge'i : educated al
Trinity College, Cambridge : Scholar :
Bell University Scholar : Fellow of Christ's
College, 1843 : ordained, 1843 : lecturer
and tutor : Cambridge Preacher at Chapel
Royal, Whitehall : Domestic Chaplain to
Bishop of London (Dr. Tait) : Bishop of
Madras, 1861-9^ when he retired : died
at Coonoor, March 25, 1902 : D.D.
GENTIL, JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH
(1726-1799)
Born at Bagnols, June 25, 1726: of
noble family : in 1752 went out to India
as officer in an Infantry regt. : served
with distinction under Dupleix, Law of
Lauriston, Lally, etc. After the collapse
of the French power in India and the
surrender of Pondicherry to the English,
in 1761, Gentil served for a time under
Mir Kasim, Nawab of Bengal, then under
Shuja-ud-daula, Nawab of Oudh, who
loaded him with honours : was most
generous in helping less fortunate fellow
countrymen, and enrolled a body of them
to serve under the Nawab : after the
defeat of the Nawab at Baxar, Gentil
helped to negotiate peace between him
and the English : after Shuja-ud-daula's
death in i775. Gentil was compelled by
the English to leave, and in 1778 returned
to France : appointed Colonel of Infantry :
was already Chevalier of St. Louis, 1771 :
died in poverty, having lost his pension
at the Revolution, at Bagnols, Feb. 15,
1799 • author of Memoires sur Vlndoustan,
Histoire des Radjahs de VHindoustan^
etc. : his collection of Persian MSS. is in
the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.
GERARD, ALEXANDER (1792-1839)
Son of Gilbert Gerard, D.D. and
brother of James Gilbert {q.v.) and
Patrick [q.v.) : born Feb. 17, 1792 :
joined the Bengal N.I. in 1808 : employed
in siurvey work in 1812-7 and after, and
1825-7 : ascended great heights in the
Himalayas and penetrated into Tibet :
in 1 82 1, he ascended the Charang Pass,
over 17,000 ft. ; the Keeobrang Pass, over
18,000 ft. , and Mount Tahigung, over
22,000 ft. ; travelled from Sabathu to
Shipki in Chinese Tartary, and from
Shipki to Chinese Tibet, and wrote an
account of his attempt to penetrate to
the lake Mansarowar : he retired early
from ill-health, in 1836 : died Dec. 15,
1839.
GERARD, JAMES GILBERT (1796-
1835)
Son of Gilbert Gerard, D.D. : bom
1795 : entered the E.I. Co.'s Bengal
medical service in 1814 : accompanied
his brother Alexander in his Himalayan
travels: in 1831 went with (Sir Alexander)
1 62
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Burnes {q.v.) to Bokhara, though in bad
health : detained by illness at Mashad
and Herat, and died, worn out, at Sabathu,
March 31, 1835. His scientific accuracy
was valuable in connexion with the
geographical information acquired by the
expedition.
GERARD, SIR MONTAGU GILBERT
(1843-1905)
General : born 1843 : son of Colonel
Archibald Gerard : educated at Stony-
hurst : entered the R.A., 1864, and
Bengal vStaff Corps, 1870 : Central India
Horse, 1870-95 : served in Abyssinia,
1868 : Brig-Major in the Afghan war,
1878-80 : in the advance to Kabul: in the
Kabul- Kandahar march and battle of
Kandahar : Brevets Major and Lt-
Colonel : in the campaign in Egypt,
1882, as D.A.A. and Q.M.G. : at Tel-el-
Kebir : C.B. : on Secret Service in Persia,
1881-2, and 1885 : Military Attache, St.
Petersburg, 1892-3 : Commissioner for
Delimitation of Pamir Boundary, 1895 ;
General commanding Hyderabad Con-
tingent, 1896-9 : commanding Oudh
District, 1899 : C.S.I., 1896 : K.C.S.I.,
1897 : K.C.B., 1902 : attached to the
Russian Forces in Manchuria, 1904-5 :
died of pneumonia at Irkutsk, July, 1905 :
wrote Leaves from the Diaries of a Soldier
and Sportsman during Twenty Years' Service
in India, Afghanistan, Egypt, and Other
Countries, 1865-85.
GERARD, PATRICK (1794-1848)
Son of Gilbert Gerard, D.D., and
brother of Alexander and James Gilbert :
born June 11, 1794 : entered the Bengal
N.I., in 1812 : Captain, 1828 : invalided,
1832 : died Oct. 4, 1848 : recorded obser-
vations on the climate of Sabathu and
Kotghar, and wrote on meteorology, and
the Himalayas and their mineral pro-
ducts, in scientific journals.
GERICKE, REV. CHRISTIAN WIL-
HELM (1742-1803)
A devoted Danish missionary and
evangelist : native of Colberg in Pomer-
ania : graduate of Halle : reached
Tranquebar, 1767 : to Cuddalore, 1767,
joining the S.P.C.K. and Hutteman
there : assisted at Trichinopoly : during
the attack by Mysoreans and French on
Cuddalore, he interceded, to prevent
destruction of British life and property :
on its capture, in 1782, he removed to
Negapatam till he took charge of the
Vepery Mission, 1788, whence he visited
other stations : appointed Dutch trans-
lator, 1792 : Naval Chaplain of H.M.S.
Victorious and of the Naval Hospital at
Vepery, 1 796-1 803 : Chaplain and Secre-
tary of the Female Orphan Asylum,
Madras, 1788-1803 : fortunate in his
speculations with the Mission balances,
and died rich, leaving a considerable sum
to the Vepery Mission : in personal
character stood high with the Govern-
ment : died on a visit to Vellore, 1803.
GHOSE, CHUNDER MADHAB
(1838- )
Son of Rai Bahadur Durga Persad
Ghose, Deputy Collector : born Feb. 26,
1838 : educated at the Hindu and Presi-
dency Colleges : passed the Pleadership
examination, 1859 : was Government
Pleader at Burdwan, 1860-2 : practised as
pleader in the Sadr Court, 1862, and as
Vakil of the High Court from 1862, attain-
ing a prominent position : Member of the
Bengal Legislative Council, 1883-5 : Fel-
low of the Calcutta University, 1885 :
President of the Board of Examiners for
Pleaders, 1892 : Puisne Judge of the
Calcutta High Court, from Jan. 12, 1885 :
Fellow of the Calcutta University and
President of the Faculty of Law : has
established charitable institutions in his
native village : is President of the Bengal
Kayastha Sabha.
GHOSE, GRISH CHANDRA,
(1829-1869)
Born 1829 : educated at the Oriental
Seminary : established a weekly paper.
The Bengal Recorder, in 1849 : in 1850
entered the Military Pay Examiners'
office, of which he ultimately became the
Registrar, drawing a salary of Rs. 350 a
month. The B ngal Recorder was con-
verted into the Hindu Patriot in 1853,
and Haris Chandra Mukerji became its
principal editor, but Grish Chandra con-
tinued his crnnexion with the paper as
a contributjr. In 1859, he and his
brother were introduced into the Dalhousie
Institute fo ; their literary attainments :
in 1861, fhe Bengalee newspaper was
started, and Grish Chandra accepted the
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
163
editorship in addition to his own official
duties : in 1868 he published a Life of
Ram Dulal Dey (^.u.) the Bengali million-
aire : died suddenly in Sep. 1869.
GHOSE, KARA CHANDRA (1808-1868)
Educated at the Hindu College under
David Hare {q.v.), and Derozio {q.v.):w3iS
appointed a Munsif in 1832 and rose high
in the native judicial service. In 1852 he
was made junior Magistrate of Calcutta,
and in 1854 a Judge of the Small Cause
Court : held the post till his death in
1868. His bust, in marble, was placed in
the main entrance of the Court.
GHOSE, KASI PRASAD (1809-1873)
Born Aug. 1809 : admitted as a free
scholar in the Hindu College, Oct. 1821 :
in Dec. 1828, reviewed MilVs History of
British India at the request of Prof. H. H.
Wilson for the Government Gazette and
the Asiatic lournal : in 1829 left the
Hindu College : in 1831, published his first
volume, Shairand other Poems : in 1834 pub-
lished, anonymously, his Memoir of Native
Indian Dynasties, which had previously
appeared in D. L. Richardson's Literary
Gazette ; in 1840, Richardson included
some of his poetical compositions in his
Selections from the British Poets : in
Nov. 1846, he established the weekly
journal, The Hindu Intelligencer, which
he discontinued in 1857 on the passing of
" The Gagging Act " by Lord Canning : in
1838, the Dharma Sabha was founded :
he opposed all social reforms : was a
Justice of the Peace of the City of Calcutta,
and Honorary Presidency Magistrate :
died Nov. 11, 1873.
GHOSE, MAN MOHAN (1844-1896)
Lawyer : born March, 1844 : a member
of an old Kayastha family in Bikrampur,
in the district of Dacca : son of Ram
Lochan Ghose, a Subordinate Judge and
friend of Raja Rammohan Roy, with
whose views he sympathized : educated
at the Krishnagar Collegiate School and
the Presidency College, Calcutta. In
1 861, he founded the Indian Mirror, then
issued fortnightly : in 1862, he went to
England and stood for the Indian Civil
Service Examination in 1864 and 1865,
but without success : in 1866, he was
called to the bar, and in 1867 joined the
Calcutta High Court as the first Indian
barrister : delivered a series of lectures
against the open competitive examinations
for the Indian Civil Service. In 1885, he
was sent to England as delegate from
Bengal, to speak on Indian questions :
visited England again in 1887, 1890, 1895,
sometimes with his family. As a barrister,
he was engaged in several notable cases,
and achieved great success. He became,
in 1873, Secretary of the Bethune College,
and, as a member of the National Con-
gress, was a strong advocate for the
separation of judicial and executive
functions of District Officers : Fellow of
the Calcutta University : died Oct. 17,
1896.
GHOSE, RAM GOPAL (1815-1868)
Son of a petty shopkeeper : born Oct.
1815 : educated at the Hindu College in
Calcutta. He early entered on a mercan-
tile career, and after gaining experience,
first as banian and later as partner in a
European firm, he, with his acquired
capital, opened a firm under the name of
R. G. Ghose & Co., with a branch at
Akyab. He was a very active member
of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce.
In 1849 he was offered the post of Second
Judge of the Calcutta Small Cause Court,
but declined it. He was one of the earliest
" politicians " in Bengal, taking part in
all political movements,'and was connected
with several literary and self -improvement
associations. He brought out one or
two newspapers, and attempted to rouse
the sympathy of the British public with
Indian grievances : was a recognized
leader of the Native community, as a
reformer, a patriot, an eloquent speaker,
and in force of character, and did much
to advance native society : through his
exertions a statue was erected to David
Hare : took a leading part in defence of
what were termed " The Black Acts " in
1849 : took great interest in education,
and was one of the first to send his daugh-
ter to the Bethune School : was a Fellow
of the University, and of various Societies :
Hony. Magistrate and J. P. for Calcutta :
appointed by Government a member of
several committees : on the Council of
Education, 1848-55: Member of the
Bengal Legislative Council, 1862-4 : died
Jan. 25, 1868.
GHULAM HASSAN KHAN, NAWAB
SIR ( ? -1881)
An Alizai Pathan : son of Ashik Mu-
hammad Khan, ruler of the Tonk sub-
1 64
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
division of Dera Ismail Khan under
Ranjit Singh : offered his services to
Government : distinguished himself by
capturing Fort Laki when held by Sikh
rebels in 1848, and frustrated the advance
of the rebel garrison of Bannu to Multan :
aided Reynell Taylor {q.v.) at Bannu,
1 85 1-7 : in 1857-8 as native commandant
took to Lahore the Multan' horse, 2,000
strong, which he had raised : under
Colonel Cureton, C.B., led them in 15
general actions : for five years after the
mutiny, 1859-64, was Envoy at Kabul
and accompanied the Afghan army to
Herat : Nawab, 1863 : C.S.I., 1868 :
commanded the Bahawalpur Army, 1868 :
on the Staff of H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, 1875-6 : was sent in advance to
the Amir of Kabul in 1878 : was a trusted
and honoured counsellor during the
campaigns of 1878-80 at Kandahar and
Kabul : was made hereditary Nawab
and K.C.S.I. and given jagirs : was
officially declared to be " a gallant soldier,
an able counsellor and a chivalrous
gentleman " : died 1881.
GHULAM HUSSEIN KHAN TABA-
TABA, SYAD ( ? - ? )
Muhammadan nobleman : his maternal
ancestors were Syads : Zainul-abidin
was his maternal grandfather : related,
as a cousin, to Aliverdi of Bihar : son of
Hidayat Ali Khan, a Deputy Governor
of Bihar : born at Shahjahanabad : Mir
Munshi, or Secretary, of the Mogul Em-
peror : resided at the Court of the Nawab
of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa : representa-
tive of Mir Kasim [q.v.) at Calcutta, until
removed : served under the British :
befriended by General Goddard, Resident
at Chunarghar : entered, with permission,
the Nawab of Oudh's service for a time :
left it : wrote the Siyar-almuta' akhkhirin,
a " Review of Modern Times," i.e. " The
Manners of the Moderns, the Chronicle of
the Decay of the Mogul Empire and
Muhammadan Domination of India, during
the reigns of the seven last emperors of
Hindustan, written in Persian, showing
the progress of the English in Bengal up
to 1780 A.D. " : translated by M. Raymond
{q.v.), a French Creole, who assumed the
name of Haji Mustapha : published in
1789 : dedicated to Warren Hastings : it
was lost at sea on the way to England : a
subsequent edition of about one-sixth of
the work was issued by General J. Briggs
of the Madras Army : the Satr, or Siyar-
ul- mutakherin (its usual name) has been
highly regarded by great authorities.
GIB, SIR WILLIAM ANTHONY
(1827- )
Born Jan. 9, 1827: son of Colin Gib,
R.N. : educated privately : joined Madras
Army, 1843 : served in Khandesh, 1844,
and Indian mutiny, 1857-9 : commanded
the 25th regt. M.I. in expeditionary
force to Malta, 1878 : commanded a
Brigade in Afghan war, 1879-80, and
troops in action of Mazina : C.B. : held
various civil and military appointments
in India, including the command of the
ist class District of Sikandarabad :
General : K.C.B., 1897.
GIBBS, JAMES (1825-1886)
I.C.S. : born 1825 : son of Right Hon.
Michael Gibbs, Lord Mayor, 1845 : edu-
cated at Merchant Taylors' and Hailey-
bury, 1844-6 : called to the bar at the
Inner Temple, 1864 : went to Bombay
in the Civil Service, 1846 : Judicial
Assistant to the Commissioner in Sind :
Special Commissioner for Income Tax,
i860 : President of the Income Tax
Commission : Judge of Poona, 1864 :
Puisne Judge of the High Court, Bombay :
President of the Asiatic Society, Bombay :
Member of Council, Bombay, April, 1874,
to April, 1879 : Member of the Supreme
Council, May, 1880, to May, 1885 : Vice-
Chancellor of the Bombay University,
1870-9 : died Oct. 30, 1886 : C.S.I. :
CLE.
GIBBS, SIR SAMUEL ( ? -1815)
Joined the 102nd foot in 1783 : served
in Canada,at Gibraltar, the Mediterranean,
at Ostend, in the W. Indies, 1799 : com-
manded the 59th at the Cape, 1805-6 :
and in the Travancore war, 1808-9 :
was in the expedition of 181 1 under Sir S.
Auchmuty to Java : distinguished him-
self : at Fort Cornells, and led the final
attack on the Dutch General Janssens :
then left India : in Holland, in 18 12 : in
the United States, in the attack on New
Orleans : severely wounded, and died
Jan. 9, 1815 : K.C.B. : Maj-General.
GIBSON, ALEXANDER (1800-1867)
Born Oct. 24, 1800 : M.D. of Edinburgh :
went to India in the E.I. Co.'s medical
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
165
service in 1825 : served in the Indian
navy : vaccinator for the Dekkan and
Khandesh, 1836 : studied botany and
agriculture : Superintendent of the Dapuri
botanic garden near Poona, 1838-67 :
aimed at introducing new trees and plants
and drugs : Conservator of Forests,
Bombay, 1847-60 : F.L.S., 1853 : wrote
on Bombay Forests and Flora : died Jan.
16, 1867.
GIDHOUR, MAHARAJA SIR JAI
MANGAL SINGH BAHADUR,
OF ( ? -1889)
During the Sonthal rebellion, 1855, he
rendered valuable service to the Govern-
ment, for which he received rewards :
during the Sepoy mutiny he helped the
Government greatly in the protection of
Bihar, and was made " Maharaja Baha-
dur," and K.C.S.I. : a jagir was granted
to him in 1864 : during the Bengal famine
of 1874 he gave great assistance, and the
title of " Maharaja " was extended to his
son : in 1877, at the Delhi Imperial
Assemblage, this title was made hereditary
in his family : he died in 1889 : grand-
father of Maharaja Sir Ravaneshwar
Singh iq.v.).
GIDHOUR, MAHARAJA SIR RAVANE-
SHAR PRASAD SINGH BAHA-
DUR, OF (1860- :
Member of Bengal Legislative Council,
1893-5, and 1895-7 and 1901 : title of
Maharaja made hereditary, 1877 : K.C.I.E.
1895.
GILBERT, SIR WALTER RALEIGH,
BARONET (1785-1853)
Son of Rev. Edmund Gilbert : born
1785 : joined the 15th Bengal N.I, in
1 801 : present at the actions at Alighar,
Delhi, Agra, Laswari in 1803, at Deeg
and Lake's unsuccessful attacks on
Bhartpur : Commandant of the Calcutta
native militia, 1815 : Superintendent of
the Mysore Princes, 1816, and on Lord
Hastings' Staff: A.G.G. on the S.W.
frontier, 1822 : Colonel of the ist Euro-
pean Fusiliers, 1832 : Maj -General, 1841 :
Lt-General, 185 1 : commanded a Division
in the first Sikh war at Mudki, Firozshahr,
and Sobraon : K.C.B., 1846 : and in the
Panjab campaign : at Chilianwala and
Gujarat : after the last-named battle he
commanded in the pursuit of the Sikhs,
who surrendered to him at Hoormuck
and Rawul Pindi, the Afghans flying to
the Khyber : G.C.B. : Baronet in 1851 :
Military Member of the Supreme Council,
Dec. 1852, to Feb. 1853 : he was a famous
sportsman, and paid much attention to
horse-racing : died May 12, 1853.
GILCHRIST, JOHN BORTHWICK
(1759-1841)
Born in 1759 : educated at Heriot's
Hospital, Edinburgh : to Calcutta in the
E.I. Co.'s medical service, 1794 : was
the first to reduce to a system the lan-
guage, then unsettled, called Hindustani :
published a dictionary and grammar in
it, and popularized its study : he was
also well versed in Sanskrit and Persian :
the Marquis Wellesley made him Principal
of the College of Fort William at Calcutta
in 1800 : he supervised the preparation
of works in Hindu and Urdu by native
scholars, and himself wTote chiefly on
those languages : left India in 1804 :
LL.D. of Edinburgh : acted as Oriental
Professor at Haileybury, Feb. to May,
1806 : retired in 1809 : taught privately
in Oriental languages, 181 6-8 : Professor
of Hindustani at the Oriental Institution,
1818-26: his method of obtaining re-
muneration for his teaching, by the sale
of his works, was irregular, and he turned
to abusing his employers. After giving
up his Professorship, he still taught Hin-
dustani for a time : died in Paris, Jan. 9,
1841 : a scholarship in his name was
founded in Calcutta.
GILDEMEISTER, JOHANNES GUS-
TAV (1812-1890)
Born July 20, 1812, at Klein Siemen in
Mecklenburg: studied theology and
Oriental languages at Gottingen and
Boon : Sanskrit under Schlegel and Las-
sen : Privat-docent at Bonn, 1839, for
Oriental languages and literature : Extra-
ordinary Professor at Bonn, 1844 : Pro-
fessor, in 1845, of theology and Oriental
literature at the University of Marburg ;
also Librarian there for ten years: Professor
of Oriental languages and literature at
Bonn, 1859, retaining this post till his
death, on March 11, 1890. A contro-
versialist as well as a scholar : of wide and
varied interests and learning : thorough
and conscientious in all his work : a great
teacher and noted librarian : yet has left
1 66
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
no great monument of his industry behind
him. Among his works on Indian sub-
jects are : Die falsche Sanskrit-philologie,
1840 ; Bihliothecac Sanskritae specimen,
1847 ; a new edition of Lassen's Antho-
logia Sanskritica, 1865 ; one of the founders
of the Deutsche Morgenlandische Gesell-
schaft.
GILL, ROBERT ( ? -1876)
Major : antiquary, artist and sports-
man : entered the Indian Army in 1842 :
his regimental service was apparently
uneventful : he is remembered for his work,
as follows. In 1844, the Court of Direc-
tors of the E.I. Co. ordered that copies
should be made of the frescoes in the
Buddhist excavations at Ajanta : Gill
was appointed about 1844-6 to the work,
and spent the remainder of his life, about
thirty years, at Ajanta, doing it : living
in the sarai in which Colonel (Sir) Arthur
Wellesley (q.v.) had quarters after Assaye.
With great labour. Gill, working in feverish
jungle, and in dark recesses (haunted by
wild animals), copied in full size and oils
the principal frescoes, about thirty in
number, and sent them to England, about
1855. Of these paintings, twenty-five,
exhibited at the Crystal Palace, were burnt
in 1866 : five at the India office escaped :
some of those burnt had been copied by
George Scharf to illustrate the works of
Mrs. Manning. The Ajanta frescoes were
again copied, under Government orders,
in 1872-85 by Mr. John Griffiths, Princi-
pal of the Bombay School of Art : and the
results were published, 1896. Other
drawings by Gill, i.e., of ground plans of
the caves, and architectural details, are
still preserved : he was also an expert
photographer, as shown in his two books,
viz. The Rock-cut Temples of India, illus-
trated by his 74 photographs, 1864 : and
One Hundred Stereoscopic Illustrations of
Architecture and Natural History in W.
India, 1864, both books with descriptions
by J. Fergusson {q.v.). Gill, as a sportsman,
killed above 150 tigers, mostly on foot,
his name being well known for his prowess
for nearly half a century : he died while
being conveyed, very ill, from Ajanta to
Bhosawal, where he was buried.
GILLESPIE, SIR ROBERT ROLLO
(1766-1814)
Of an old Scottish family : born Jan. 21,
1766 : educated at Kensington and near
Newmarket : joined the 3rd Irish Horse
in 1783 : was acquitted on a verdict of
" justifiable homicide," after shooting a
man in a duel: went to Jamaica, 1792:
recovered from yellow fever : to St.
Domingo : fired on while swimming with
a flag of truce : Adjutant-General at St.
Domingo, 1796 : personally killed six out
of eight men attacking him : received a
sword of honoiu: from the Jamaica House
of Assembly : tried by court martial at
Colchester, 1804 : honourably acquitted :
stationed at Arcot in Madras : from there,
14 miles off, rescued the survivors of the
69th foot from the mutineers at Vellore,
July 10, 1806 : commanded the cavalry
against Ranjit Singh in 1809 : command-
ant at Bangalore : commanded the
Mysore Division : was Brig-General in
181 1 : commanded the advance of Sir S.
Auchmuty's expedition to Java : led the
attack at Cornells : left in command at
Java : deposed the Sultan of Palimbang
in Sumatra : defeated Javanese chiefs
at Yodhyakarta : Maj-General, 1812 :
left Java : commanded at Meerut : and a
Division in the Nipal war : killed, leading
an attack on Fort Kalanga, near Deyra
Doon, Oct. 31, 1814 : but named as
K.C.B. on Jan. i, 1815 : a monument to
him by Chantrey in St. Paul's Cathedral.
His military actions were all distinguished
by his reckless courage : he was also a
keen sportsman.
GIRAUD, HERBERT JOHN (1817-1888)
Son of John Thomas Giraud : born
April 14, 1817 : took his M.D. degree at
Edinburgh University, 1840 : entered the
E.I. Co.'s Bombay Medical Service, 1842 :
Professor of Chemistry and Botany, and
afterwards Principal of the Grant Medical
College, Bombay : Principal of Sir
Jamsetji Jijibhai's Hospital : Chemical
Analyst to the Bombay Government :
Deputy Inspr-General of the Army Medi-
cal Service : Fellow of the Bombay
University : Surgeon on the Staff of
several Governors of Bombay : stated to
have been the first to introduce the study
of chemistry and botany into W. India :
wrote papers on chemical and botanical
subjects, including toxicology, for scienti-
fic journals : retired, 1867 : died Jan. 12,
1888.
GLADWIN, FRANCIS ( ? -1813?)
Was in the Bengal Army : encouraged
by Warren Hastings in his studies in
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
167
Oriental literature : translated a portion
of Abul Fazl's Ain-i-Akbari, 1783-6 :
member of the Asiatic Society of Ben-
gal : published a History of Hindustan,
1788 : a number of translations of
Persian writers, including the Gulistan :
a Persian-Hindustani-English dictionary,
1809 : was first Professor of Persian at
the College of Fort William, 1801 : Col-
lector of Customs at Patna, 1802 : Com-
missary resident at Patna, 1808 : he died
about 1813.
GLEIG, REV. GEORGE ROBERT
(1796-1888)
Born April 20, 1796: son of Bishop
George Gleig : educated at Glasgow and
Balliol College, Oxford : entered the
Army, 1812 : served in the Peninsula and
America : took his degree, 1819 : or-
dained, 1820 : Chaplain of Chelsea
Hospital, 1834 : Chaplain-General of the
Forces, 1844-75 : died July 9, 1888 :
wrote largely for Reviews and Magazines :
also, among other works. The Life of Sir
Thomas Munro, The History of India,
Sale's Brigade in Afghanistan, Lives of
" Lord Clive," and " Warren Hastings.'^
GLENELG, CHARLES GRANT, BARON
(1778-1866)
Son of Charles Grant (q.v.) : born Oct.
26, 1778, at Kidderpur, Bengal : came to
England, 1790 : educated at Magdalen
College, Cambridge : Fellow : won Claud-
ius Buchanan's {q.v.) University Prize
poem on "The Restoration of Learning in
the East " : called to the bar at Lincoln's
Inn, Jan. 30, 1807 : M.P. from 18 11-35
for Inverness and the county : Lord of
the Treasury, 1813 : Chief Secretary for
Ireland, 1819-23 : and Privy Councillor :
Vice-President of the Board of Trade,
1823-7 : President of the Board, and
Treasurer of the Navy, 1827-8 : President
of the Board of Control from Nov. 22,
1830, to Dec. 15, 1834. It devolved on
him to carry the Bill, in 1833, for the
renewal of the E.I. Co.'s charter : the
Company retained its political status, but
its property was vested in the Crown :
the Bishopric in India was increased. He
was Secretary for the Colonies, 1835-9 :
.made a peer in 1835 : abolished West
Indian Slavery : his policy in Canada
was attacked on all sides, and he resigned
in 1839, receiving a pension and the office
of Commissioner of the Land-Tax : died
April 23, 1866, and the title became
extinct. ;
GOBLET D'ALVIELLA, COUNT
EUGENE (1846- )
Born Aug. 10, 1846, at Brussels : son
of Count Louis Goblet d'Alviella, member
of the Belgian House of Representatives :
educated at Brussels and Paris : took
the degrees of D.Polit.Science, D.LL. and
D.Phil., at Brussels : called to the bar :
became a member of the Provincial
Council of Brabant, 1872 : managed,
1874-92, the Revue de Belgique : in 1875,
accompanied H.R.H. the Prince of Wales
to India, as special correspondent of the
Independence Beige : afterwards visited
Sikhim and the Buddhist monasteries on
the Tibet frontier : sat in the Belgian
House of Representatives, 1878-84 :
member of the Senate, 1892 : Secretary
of the Senate since 1900 : appointed
Professor of the History of Religions in
1884, and still occupies this post : Hibbert
Lecturer at Oxford and London, 1891 :
1896-8, Rector of the University of
Brussels : 1897, elected President of the
Royal Academy of Belgium : Senator of
Belgium, 1894 : Secretary of the Senate
since 1900 : author of works dealing
with both the ancient civilization and the
modern development of India under
British rule : Inde et Himalaya ; Souvenirs
de Voyage, \^77, 1880 ; UHistoire re-
ligieuse chez les Anglais, les Americains, et
les Hindous, 1884 ; La Migration des
Symboles, 1891 ; Ce que VInde doit a la
Grece, 1897 : and numerous articles on
the people and religions of India in the
Revue de Belgique, Revue des Deux Mondes,
etc. : M.R.A.S. : LL.D. of the University
of Glasgow, 1901.
GODDARD, THOMAS (1740P-1783)
Grandson of Thomas Goddard, Canon
of Windsor : at Madras with his regiment
under Coote, 1 75 9-61 : at the capture of
Pondicherry, Jan. 16, 1761 : in the 84th
regt. in the Bengal campaign, 1763 -
joined the Bengal Army : raised " God-
dard's battalion " of sepoys at Murshida-
bad in 1764 : served in quelling the
mutiny at Patna, 1766 : at capture of
Burrareah, near Chapra, 1770 : and
against the Mahrattas in Rohilkund, 1772 :
in command at Berhampur, 1774 '• and
of the contingent at Lucknow, 1776 : com-
i68
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
manded, in succession to Colonel Leslie,
the Bengal contingent which marched
across India to aid the Bombay Army
against the Mahrattas, 1778-81 : took
Mhow : Ahmadabad on Feb. 15, 1780 :
defeated Sindia : captured Bassein, Dec.
II, 1780: threatened Poona : Goddard
was compelled to retreat : treaty with
Sindia, Oct. 1781 : Brig-General : ap-
pointed C. in C. of the Bombay Army :
retired for ill-health : died at sea, off the
Land's End, July 7, 1783.
GODEHEU, M. ( ? - ? )
Member of Council at Chandernagore
and befriended by Dupleix while the
latter was the Intendant there, before
1741 : Director of the Company of the
Indies in France : sent out by the French
Ministry as Commissary of the French
King, and Governor-General of the French
Settlements, to supersede Dupleix, con-
clude peace with the English, and examine
Dupleix's accounts : reached Pondicherry,
Aug. I, 1754 : ruined Dupleix by rejecting
his claims for sums advanced from his
private means, and by his reports : in
negotiating with Saunders, the English
Governor at Madras, Godeheu reversed
Dupleix's policy, and gave up nearly all
the points at issue, thus diminishing the
French position in India : left Pondi-
cherry for France in Feb. 1755.
GODLEY, SIR JOHN ARTHUR
(1847- )
Born June 11, 1847, son of J. R. God-
ley : educated at Rugby and Balliol
College, Oxford : Hertford, Ireland and
Eldon Law Scholar : Fellow of Hertford
College, 1874 : Private Secretary to Mr.
Gladstone when Prime Minister, 1872-
4 and 1880-2 : Commissioner of Inland
Revenue, 1882-3 : Under Secretary of
State for India since 1883 : K.C.B., 1893.
GODWIN, SIR HENRY THOMAS
(1784-1853)
Joined the 9th foot in 1799 ' served in
Hanover in 1805 : in the Peninsula,
1808 : Brevet-Major and C.B. : went to
India as Lt-Colonel of the 41st, 1822 :
throughout the first Burmese war, 1824-6,
including capture of Rangoon and occupa-
tion of Martaban : Ma j -General, 1846 :
commanded a Division in Bengal, 1850 :
and held the Command-in-Chief of the
Force in the second Burmese war, 1852-3 :
captured Rangoon, April, 1852, Bassein
in May, Pegu in June : commanded the
Sirhind Division : died at Simla, Oct. 26,
1853, from the effects of the Burmese
campaigns : made K.C.B., but died
before the notification reached him.
GODWIN-AUSTEN, HENRY HAVER-
SHAM (1834- )
Born July 6, 1834 : son of Robert A. C.
Godwin-Austen, a distinguished geolo-
gist : educated at Sandhurst : entered
the Army, 1851 : went to India, 1852 :
served in the second Burmese war and
Panjab : entered the Trigonometrical
Survey of India, 1857 : surveyed large
tracts in the Himalayas : on special
duty with Bhutan Field Force, 1864 :
President of Section E (Geography) of
British Association, 1883 : author of On
the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of
British India, 1882-99 '• contributed to
several scientific Journals on geology,
ethnology and natural history : Lt-
Colonel : retired, 1877.
GOETHALS, MOST REV. ARCH-
BISHOP (1833-1901)
Born 1833, in Belgium : of a family of
wealth and influence : had a distinguished
career in Europe : was Count of the
Roman Empire, and a Domestic Chaplain
to the Pope, before he went to Calcutta in
1878, to be, at first, Bishop : like the
other Vicariates and Prefects Apostolic in
India, he was subject to the Archbishop
at Goa : from 1886, under the concordat
between the Portuguese authorities at
Goa and the Vatican, he became Arch-
bishop under the constitution issued by
the Pope, which converted the 16 Vicariates
into regular dioceses and appointed him
Archbishop by special proclamation.
He was thus, for 15 years, head of the
Roman Catholic Church in India, under
the direction of the Congregation of the
Propaganda at Rome : he devoted his
energies and his wealth to the interests
of the See, especially in the development
of churches, convents and schools : died
at Calcutta, July 4, 1901 : described as
a most distinguished prelate and true,
devoted friend to India.
GOLDNEY, PHILIP (1802-1857)
Son of Thomas Goldney : born Nov.
21, 1802 : educated privately : entered
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
169
the E.I. Co.'s Bengal Army, 1821 : served
in Sind, from 1844 : became Collector-
Magistrate there : in the expedition to
the Trucki hills : had great influence
over the Beluchis : increased the area of
canal cultivation : commanded a Brigade
sent to annex Oudh : in charge of the
Faizabad Division, when the mutiny of
1857 broke out : fortified the town :
compelled to leave in boats : killed at
Begamji, on the Gogra, 30 miles from
Faizabad, about Jime 9, 1857.
GOLDNEY, THOMAS HOLLROW
(1847- )
Born Oct. 10, 1847 : son of Colonel
Philip Goldney, Bengal Array : educated
privately : joined the English Army, and
subsequently the Bengal StaEE Corps :
served in Sikhim expedition, 1888 : ex-
pedition to Dongola, 1896 : N.W. Frontier
of India, 1897, relief of Chakdara : Moh-
mand expedition, 1897-8 : C.B. : Colonel.
GOLDSMID, SIR FREDERICK JOHN
(1818- )
Maj-General : son of Lionel P. Gold-
smid : educated at Paris and King's
College, London : entered the Madras
Army, 1839 : served in China war, 1840-1 :
in Eastern Crimea with Turkish troops,
1855-6 : on special missions and political
employment under Bombay Government,
1862-4 : Director of Government Indo-
European Telegraph, 1865-70 : Colonel,
1870 : Boundary Commissioner to settle
Perso-Kelat frontier, and arbitrator in
the Perso-Afghan Boundary settlement,
Seistan, 1870-2 : Maj-General, 1875 :
British Commissioner on International
Commission for Indian immigrants in
Reunion, 1877-80 : British Controller of
Daira vSanieh, Egypt, 1880-3 '- author of
Telegraph and Travel, 1874 ; James
Oittram, a Biography, 1880, and contri-
butor to Encyclopaedia Britannica : C.B.,
1866 : K.C.S.I., 1871 : F.R.G.S.
GOLDSMID, HENRY EDWARD
(1812-1855)
Of the Bombay Civil Service : born
May 9, 1812 : son of Edward Goldsmid :
educated privately and at Haileybury :
went to the Bombay Presidency, 1832 :
became assistant to the Revenue Com-
missioner, Mr. Williamson, in 1835 :
devised the Revenue Survey and assess-
ment system of Western India, and
applied it, 1835-45 : Private Secretary to
Sir G. R. Clerk, Governor of Bombay,
1847-8 : Secretary in the Revenue Depart-
ment in 1848, and Chief Secretary, 1854.
He was the founder of a school of revenue
officers who gave effect to the ryotwari
system of direct tenure of the cultivators
from the Government as landlord : the
system generally adopted in W. India :
Goldsmid died at Cairo, Jan. 3, 1855.
GOLDSTUCKER, THEODORE
(1821-1872)
Born Jan. 18, 1821, at Konigsberg :
educated at the University, Konigsberg,
1836, and at Bonn, studying Sanskrit
under Schlegel and Lassen, devoting him-
self chiefly to philosophy and Oriental
languages : stayed in Paris and Berlin, but
finally lived in England, 1850, when he was
appointed Professor of Sanskrit, Univer-
sity College, London : held this post till
his death : an authority on Sanskrit
philology : he wrote on Panini, his Place
in Sanskrit Literature, 1861 ; an unfinished
Dictionary, Sanskrit and English ; an
edition de luxe of the Mahabhashya, an
Indian Commentary on Panini's Grammar,
published in 1874 by the Indian Govern-
ment after Goldstiicker's death. He also
wrote for the English public, in various
Encyclopaedias, popular articles on Indian
philosophy and mythology, published
after his death as Literary Remains, 1879 '•
founded the Society for the Publication of
Sanskrit Texts in London, 1866 : Member
of the Royal Asiatic Society and of its
Council : President of the Philological
Society, before which he read papers, but
would not publish them : respected as an
authority on ancient Hindu literature
and law, and consulted on the Hindu Law
of Inheritance by the Government of
India : referred to also by scholars and
statesmen, in Europe and India. His last
work was On the Deficiencies in the Present
Administration of Hindu Law : he died
March 6, 1872.
GOLIGHTLY, ROBERT EDMUND
(1856- )
Born Sep. 15, 1856 : son of Rev. Canon
Golightly : educated at Eton and Sand-
hurst : joined the Army, 1875 : became
Captain, 1886 : served at Kandahar and
Ghazni, 1878, and in march from Kandahar
I/O
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
to Kabul and battle of Ahmad Kheyl :
marched with Sir F. Roberts from Kabul
to Kandahar : with King's Royal Rifles
in Boer campaign, 1880 : Adjutant,
1 88 1-5 : commanded Mounted Infantry
in Burma Field Force, 1886-7 : D.S.O :
A.A.G., Meerut, 1889 : commanded ist
Battalion Imperial Yeomanry in S.
Africa, 1 900-1 : promoted Colonel in
Reserve of Officers.
GOMM, SIR WILLIAM MAYNARD
(1784-1875)
Field-Marshal : born Nov. 10, 1784 :
son of Lt-Colonel William Gomm : Ensign
and Lieutenant in the 9th regt. in 1794 :
studied at Woolwich until 1799 : served
in Holland, 1799 : at Ferrol, 1800 :
Hanover, 1805 : in the Copenhagen
expedition, 1807 : at Corunna : on the
Walcheren expedition, 1809 : in the
Peninsula, i8ro : in many of the engage-
ments : Lt-Colonel : K.C.B. : in the
Coldstream Guards : at Waterloo, Q.M.G.
to Picton's Division : Maj-General, 1837 :
commanded the troops in, and Lieutenant-
Governor of, Jamaica, 1839-42 : Governor
and C. in C. of the Mauritius, 1842-9 :
Lt-General, 1846 : disappointed of the
Commandership in Chief in India in 1849,
after being told of his appointment, but,
on the resignation of Sir Charles Napier
(who had been separately appointed),
became C. in C. in India from Dec. 6, 1850
to 1855 : General in 1854 : G.C.B. in 1859 :
Field-Marshal, 1868 : Constable of the
Tower of London, 1872 : D.C.L. and LL.D. :
died March 15, 1875.
GONDAL, THAKUR SAHIB OF
(1865- )
Born Oct. 24, 1865 : educated at the
Rajkumar College, Rajkot, and Edin-
burgh University : Hon. LL.D. Edin.,
1887 : M.B. and G.M. Edin. 1895 : D.C.L.,
Oxford, 1892 : M.D. Edin., 1895 : F.R.C.P.
Edin., 1895 : Fellow of the Bombay
University : F.R.S.E., 1900 : K.C.I.E.,
1887 : G.C.I.E., 1897 : author of A
Short History of Aryan Medical Science,
Journal of a Visit to England.
GOODFELLOW, CHARLES AUGUS-
TUS ( ? - )
Entered Royal Bombay Engineers,
1855 : became Lt-General, 1892 : served
in the Indian mutiny, 1857-8 : V.C :
Kattiawar Field Force, 1859 : Abyssinian
expedition : Brevet-Major : un-employed
supernumerary, 1896.
GOPAL, MADAN, RAI BAHADUR
( ? -1901)
Began his career as a pleader at Delhi :
called to the bar in 1887 : practised at the
Lahore Chief Court, obtained a leading
position at the bar : Fellow of the Pan jab
University in 1888 : leading member of the
Senate : Rai Bahadur in 1896 : member
of the Pan jab Legislative Council, in
1898, 1900, 1902 : died at Delhi, Aug. 11,
1904.
GORDON, SIR BENJAMIN LUMSDEN
(1833- )
Born July 8, 1833 : educated at Edin-
burgh Academy and Addiscombe : joined
the Madras Artillery, 1852 : served in the
Horse Artillery in the Indian mutiny :
present at the relief of Lucknow, battle of
Cawnpur, etc. : Lt-Colonel, 1875 : com-
manded R.A. in Sir F. Roberts' advance
on Kabul : at Charasia and Kabul : C.B.
commanded a Brigade in Madras, 1884-6
Maj-General in command in Lower Bmrma
commanded Burma District, 1889-91,
when he retired : K.C.B. 1899.
GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE
(1833-1885)
Maj-General, R.E. : son of General
H.W. Gordon of the Royal Artillery : born
Jan. 18, 1833 : educated at Taunton and
the R.M.A., Woolwich : entered the Army
in 1852 : served in the Crimea, China,
Egypt. His connexion with India was
curious and brief : in May, 1880, he, being
then a Colonel, went to India as Private
Secretary to Lord Ripon, who was going
out as Viceroy of India. They arrived in
Bombay on June i : on the 3rd Gordon
resigned his appointment, explaining that
the duties were distasteful, that he saw
he could not hope to do anything really
to the purpose in the face of vested interests,
and that his views were diametrically
opposed to those of the official classes.
Some years later, he recommended the
strengthening of the British naval force on
the Indian station, and that our main
communication with India should be by
the Cape route. His services in Africa
and elsewhere, and his death at Khartoum,
on Jan. 26, 1885, are matters of national
history.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
GORDON, SIR JAMES DAVIDSON
(1835-1889)
I.C.S. : son of Evelyn Meadows Gordon :
born 1835 : educated at Haileybury,
1852-4 : joined the Civil Service in Lower
Bengal, 1854 : Private Secretary, Jan. 23,
1866, to Lord Lawrence, when Viceroy and
Governor-General : Judicial Commissioner
of Mysore, 1873 : Chief Commissioner of
Mysore, 1878, Resident, 1881 : retired,
1883 : C.S.L, 1866 : K.C.S.L, 188I : died
June 27, 1889.
GORDON, SIR JOHN BURY, FIFTH
BARONET (1779-1835)
Born in India, April 6, 1779 •• son of Sir
John James Gordon : entered the 22nd
Light Dragoons, 1813 : Captain 13th
Light Dragoons, 1821 : entered the
Nizam's service, 1822 : commanded the
force at capture of Fort Mohun : and the
Elichpur Horse (5th Nizam's Cavalry),
1822 : the 4th Nizam's Cavalry, 1826 :
raised Gordon's Horse (since 30th Lancers):
died at Madras, July 23, 1835, when the
Baronetcy became extinct.
GORDON, JOHN CHARLES
FREDERICK ( ? - )
Entered the Army, 1869 : became
Lt-Colonel, 1899 : served in the Mahsud-
Waziri expedition and Egyptian war,
1882 : N.W. Frontier in command of 6th
Bengal Cavalry : with the Kuran movable
column : Tirah expedition, 1897-8 : CLE.,
1897.
GORDON, SIR JOHN JAMES HOOD
(1832- )
Born Jan. 12, 1832 : son of Captain
William Gordon : entered the Army,
1849, and became General, 1894 : joined
the Indian Staff Corps, 1861 : served in
the Indian mutiny, 1857-8 : Jowaki-
Afridi expedition, 1877-8 : Afghan war,
1878-9 : in command of the 29th Pan jab
N.I., at Peiwac Kotal, etc. : in the Mahsud-
Waziri expedition, 1881 : Burmese ex-
pedition, 1886-7 : Assistant Military
Secretary at the War Office, 1890-7 :
C.B., 1879 : K.C.B., 1898 : Member of the
Council of India since 1897.
GORDON, PETER ( ? - ? )
Merchant, missionary, traveller : his
father was domiciled in Calcutta as an
owner and commander of the Wellesley
171
merchantman, and Commodore of the
expedition to Egypt : Peter was captured
by the French in 1809, but escaped :
entered, 18 10, into the country service in
India : served the E.I. Co. occasionally
to 1824 : obtained valuable contracts
from the E.I. Co. : published, 18 16, a book
about his adventures : made two voyages
from Calcutta to Okhotsk in a schooner
of 65 tons, 18 17-8 : travelled across
Russia to Persia, 1820 : arrested in 1827 by
orders of the Assistant Collector of Madura :
imprisoned two months : wrote various
works about his career, e.g. on his imprison-
ment and escape, 1816 : on his tour through
Persia, 1820 : on India, on the E.I. Co. :
Christian Researches in Southern India,
1834 : and about China.
GORDON, SIR THOMAS EDWARD
(1832- )
Born Jan. 12, 1832 : son of Captain
William Gordon : educated at Edinburgh
Military Academy : entered the 4th regt.,
1849 : the Indian Stalf Corps, 1861 : and
became General, 1894 : served in India,
N.W. Frontier campaign, 1851 : Indian
mutiny, 1857-9 : to Kashgar, as second
in command of the Mission, with Sir T.
Douglas Forsyth, 1873 : C.S.L, 1874 :
in the Afghan war, 1879-80 : D.A.G.
Bengal, 1879-83 : Military Attache in
Persia, 1889-93': K.C.I.E., 1893: K.C.B.,
1900.
GORDON, WILLIAM (1824-
Born Feb. 10, 1824 : son of Adam
Gordon of Cairnfiield : educated at Addis-
combe : joined the Bengal Army, 1842 :
served at siege of Multan as Field Engineer,
1848-9 : at battle of Gujarat, in command
of a Company of Pioneers : in the Indian
mutiny as Brig-Major and D.A.Q.M.G. :
District Inspector of Musketry, 1860-2 :
Chief Inspector of Musketry, 1862-8 :
Brig-General, 1878 : commanded three
Districts : Maj -General, 1882 : retired,
1883 : CLE., 1878.
GORDON, WILLIAM EAGLESON
(1866- )
Born May 4, 1866 : son of W. E. Gordon,
M.D. : educated at Edinburgh University :
joined the Gordon Highlanders, 1888 :
served in Chitral Relief expedition, 1895 :
Tirah expedition, 1897-8 : adjutant of ist
Battalion Gordon Highlanders throughout
172
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
the S. African campaign : dangerously
wounded at Magersfontein : V.C.
GORE, ST. GEORGE CORBET
(1849- ).
Colonel : born at Paramatta, N.S.W.»
Feb. 24, 1849 : son of Rev. W. F. Gore:
educated at Lancing and Woolwich :
joined the Royal Engineers, 1870 : served
in India, since 1872 : joined the
Survey Department : in the Afghan war,
1879-80 : present at Ahmad Kheyl :
Afghan Boundary Commission, 1884-6 :
Brevet-Major : Smrveyor-General of India,
1899-1904 : C.S.I. : retired.
GOREH, REV. NEHEMIAH GOREH
(1825-1895)
His original name was Nilkanta Sastri :
born near Jhansi, Feb. 8, 1825 : of a
Mahratta Brahman family of hereditary
Prime Ministers of the Peshwas : educated
at Benares in Sanskrit lore : baptized
March 14, 1848, at Jaunpur: accompanied
Dulip Singh {q.v.) to England as his
Sanskrit tutor : attended theological
lectures at the Islington College of the
Church Missionary Society : returned to
India, 1855 : entered Bishop's College,
Calcutta : ordained, 1870 : wrote on
religious subjects : wrote also the Rational
Refutation of the Hindu Philosophical
Systems : joined the mission of the
Scottish Episcopal Church to Chanda, in
the Central Provinces : and the Cowley
Fathers at Bombay, Poona and Indore :
died Oct. 29, 1895 : helped to revise the
Hindi and Mahratti Prayer Book : had
influence with the Brahmans, Muham-
madans and Parsis, and with Pandita
Ramabai.
GORRESIO, COMMENDATORE
GASPARO (1808-1891)
Born 1808 : Professor of Sanskrit at
Turin : made the first translation, into a
European language, of the Ramayatia,
published at Paris, 1843-56 : Librarian of
the University of Turin : the " father of
Sanskrit philology " of his time : " Sena-
tore di Regno " for his literary merits :
appointed member of the French Academy :
died May, 1891.
GORST, RIGHT HON. SIR JOHN
ELDON (1835- )
Born 1835 : son of Edward Chaddock
Gorst (who took the name of Lowndes
in 1853) : educated at Preston Grammar
School and St. J ohn's College, Cambridge :
Fellow : 3rd Wrangler, 1857 : called to
the bar from the Inner Temple, 1865 :
Solicitor General, 1885-6 : Undersecretary
of State for India, 1886-91 : Financial
Secretary to the Treasury, 189 1-2 : Vice-
President of the Council of Education,
1895-1902 : M.P. for Cambridge and Chat-
ham between 1866 and 1892 : since then
M.P. for Cambridge University : LL.D. :
F.R.S. : K.C. : author of The Maori
King.
GOUGH, SIR CHARLES JOHN
STANLEY (1832- )
Born Jan. 28, 1832 : entered the 5th
Bengal European Cavalry, 1848 : General,
1894 : served in the Panjab campaign,
1848-9 : Indian mutiny, 1857-8 : Bhutan
war, 1864-5 '• Afghan war, 1878-80, in com-
mand of a Brigade, through the Khyber,
to Kabul : K.C.B. 1881 : commanded
Hyderabad Contingent, 1881 : and a
Division of the Bengal Army, 1886-90 :
author of The Sikhs and the Sikhs War :
gained the V.C. for gallantry on four occa-
sions in the mutiny : in the first of them, at
Kharkowda, near Rohtak, on Aug. 15,
1857, saved his brother, who was wounded :
killed two of the enemy : G.C.B., 1895.
GOUGH, HUGH, FIRST VISCOUNT
(1779-1869)
Field-Marshal : born Nov. 3, 1779 :
fourth son of George Gough : entered the
Militia, 1793, the Army in 1794 : Adjutant
of the 119th at fifteen : with the 78th in
1895 at the capture of the Cape : served in
the W. Indies until 1803 : in the Peninsula
force, 1809, at Talavera, Barossa, Tarifa,
Vittoria, Nivelle, twice severely wounded :
knighted, 1815 : Maj-General, 1830 :
K.C.B. , 1831 : commanded the Mysore
Division of the Madras Army, 1857 : sent
to command at Canton, 1841 : captured
the forts, penetrated 170 miles up the
Yang-tze-kiang, won several actions, con-
cluded the treaty of Nankin, 1842 : G.C.B.
and Baronet : returned to Madras as
C. in C. and became C. in C. in India,
1843 : defeated Sindia's troops at Maharaj-
pur, Dec. 28, 1843 : took the command in
person in the first Sikh war, 1845-6, and
won the battles of Mudki, Dec. 18, 1845 ;
Firozshahr, Dec. 21, and Sobraon, Feb. 10,
1846, Lord Hardinge, the Governor-
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
^73
General, serving under his command :
made Baron Gough, of Ching-keangfoo
in China, Maharajpur and the Satlaj in the
East Indies : commanded again in the
second Sikh war, 1848-9, and won the
battles of Ramnagar, Nov, 22, 1846 ;
Chilianwala, Jan. 13, 1849. The result of
Chilianwala was regarded as being so
indecisive that Sir Charles Napier was sent
out to supersede Gough, but, before his
arrival. Gough had won Gujarat, Feb. 21,
1849, the Sikhs being thoroughly defeated.
He retired in May, 1849 ; was made Viscount
Gough of Gujarat and Limerick : received
thanks of Parliament and a pension, and
freedom of the City of London : General in
1854 : sent in 1856 to Sebastopol to invest
Pelissier and others with the Order of the
Bath : K.P. in 1857 : P.C. in 1859 :
K.C.S.T. in 1861 : Field Marshal in 1862 :
he died March 2, 1869. He is said to have
commanded in more general actions than
any British officer in the century, the Duke
of Wellington excepted. He was very
popular with the soldiers.
GOUGH, SIR HUGH HENRY (1833- )
Born Nov. 14, 1833 : son of George
Gough : educated privately : entered the
Bengal Army, 1853 : in Hodson's Horse,
served throughout the Indian mutiny :
at siege of Delhi, relief and capture of
Lucknow : V.C. on Nov. 12, 1857, on the
advance to the relief of Lucknow : was
in Abyssinia : C.B. : Afghan campaign,
several times wounded : in command of
the Cavalry Brigade on the Kabul- Kanda-
har march : General : Keeper of Crown
Jewels, 1898-1904 : Lieutenant-Governor
of the Channel Islands, 1904 : G.C.B., 1896 :
author of Old Memories, 1897.
GOUGH, HUGH SUTLEJ (1848-
Born Feb. 4, 1848 : son of General Sir
J. B. Gough : educated at Royal Naval
School, Gosport, and Emmanuel College,
Cambridge : served in R.N. 1862-5: entered
loth Hussars, 1868 : became Colonel,
1888, and Maj-General, 1900 : A.D.C. to
C. in C, India, 1876-81 : served in Afghan
war, 1878-9 : Egyptian campaign, 1884 :
Bechuanaland expedition, 1884-5 : com-
manded 1 8th Hussars, 1889-93 : Assistant
A.G. for Cavalry, 1893-8 : C.M.G., 1886 :
C.B., 1899 : Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey,
1904.
GOUGH, SIR JOHN BLOOMFIELD
(1804-1891)
General : son of Very Rev. Thomas
Bunbury Gough, and nephew of Lord
Gough : born 1804 : entered the Army
through the R.M. College, 1820 : Captain
in the 3rd Light Dragoons : went to India
with his uncle : on his Staff through all his
battles in China, Gwalior, the Satlaj and
Panjab compaigns : commanded the
cavalry Brigade at Mudki and Firozshahr:
severely wounded at Sobraon : Colonel :
A.D.C. to Queen Victoria : C.B. : Q.M.G. of
the Queen's Troops in India: Colonel of
the Royal Scots Greys, 1864 : K.C.B. 1867 :
G.C.B., 1876 : died Sep. 22, 1891.
GOUR, HARI SINGH (1868- )
A Rajput : born Nov. 26, 1868, at
Sagar, C.P. • educated at the High School
there, at the Jabalpur College, at Hislop
College, Nagpur : to England, 1889 :
graduated at Cambridge in Moral Sciences
and Law, 1892 : called to the bar at the
Inner Temple, 1892 ; returning to India,
he first entered the Central Provinces
Commission : resigned it for the bar :
Secretary of the District Council at Raipur,.
1 897-1905 : wrote on the Law of Transfer :
M.A. : LL.D. Dublin : D.C.L : a social
reformer and political speaker.
GOVER, CHARLES E. ( ? -1872)
Son of Thomas Gover : appointed
Principal and Secretary of the Madras
Military Orphan Male Asylum at Egmore
in 1864 : member of the Royal Asiatic
Society, 1868-72 : also of the Society of
Arts : and Fellow of the Anthropological
Society : wrote on Indian Weights and
Measures, on Indian folk-lore, and a
collection of Essays, The Folk-songs of
Southern India, 1872 : died at Madras,.
Sept. 20, 1872.
GOWER, SIR ERASMUS (1742-1814)
Son of Abel Gower : entered the Navy in
1755 : served on various stations in N..
America, Jamaica, etc. : in 1781 com-
manded the Medea frigate in the E. Indies :
captured the Vryheid, a Dutch ship, at
Cuddalore in 1783 : and retook the Chaser
with despatches : present in engagement
between Suffrein and Sir E.Hughes [q.v.)
off Cuddalore : in i792-4» with Lord.
Macartney and his embassy to China:
174
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
commanded the Triumph and the Neptune :
Admiral in 1809 : died June 21, 18 14.
GRAHAM, JOHN (1805-1839)
Botanist : went to India in 1826 ;
appointed by Sir John Malcolm, then
Governor of Bombay, to be Deputy Post-
master-General of the Bombay Presidency :
also Superintendent of the Bombay
Botanic Garden : to which he added many
plants, both exotic and indigenous : was
printing a catalogue of Bombay plants
when he died, May 28, 1839.
GRAHAM, THOMAS ( ? - )
Entered the Bengal Artillery, 1858 :
became Maj -General, 1891 : served in the
Hazara expedition : Afghan war, 1878-80 :
Brevet-Lt-Colonel : Burma expedition :
in Command of the Sikhim expedition,
1888-9 : C.B. : Manipur, 1891.
GRAND, CATHERINE NOEL JUDDE
(1762-1835)
Born at Tranquebar, Nov. 21, 1762 :
daughter of a Dane, M. Peter John Worlee,
Chevalier de Saint Louis, Capitaine du
Port, of Chandernagore : married July 10,
i777» George Francois Grand, of the Indian
Civil Service (formerly in the E.I. Co.'s
military service), then Secretary to the
Salt Committee and Head Assistant and
Examiner in the Secretary's office. In
Feb. 1779, Grand brought an action against
(Sir) Philip Francis, then Member of the
Supreme Council, for criminal conversation
on Dec. 8, 1778, with the wife of the
plaintiff, and after trial before Impey, C.J.,
and Chambers and Hyde, J J., obtained,
on March 6, i779» a judgment in his
favour, and 50,000 sicca rupees as damages:
and later a divorce from Mrs. Grand :
she lived at Hughli under Francis'
protection in 1779, and went to Europe
in 1780-1. She resided partly in France,
where she also obtained a divorce, and
partly in England, and about 1797 came
under the notice of Talleyrand, the
liaison leading to their marriage on Sep.
10, 1802, which was forced on by the
influence of Napoleon to allow the Foreign
Ambassadresses to visit her. They lived
at Neuilly, but were separated about 1815.
After a sojourn in England, she returned
to France, and lived at Auteuil : she died
Dec. 10, 1835, and was buried at Mont
Parnasse.
GRAND, GEORGE FRANCOIS
(1748P-182I)
Native of Lausanne : educated there :
in early life sent to England : obtained,
in 1766, a cadetship in Bengal : Lieutenant,
1768 : Captain in 1773 : after furlough in
Europe, he was nominated to a writership
in 1776 : soon became Secretary to the
Salt Committee at Calcutta. On July 10,
1777, he married C. N. J. Worlee {q.v.), and,
1779* obtained 50,000 sicca rupees damages
in an action at Calcutta against (Sir)
Philip Francis, for crim. con. with his wife :
divorced her later : she went to Europe,
eventually marrying Talleyrand and
figuring as Princesse de Benevento :
Grand, in 1782, was Collector of Tirhut
and Hajipur, and promoted the indigo
manufacture in Bihar to his own advantage.
In 1788 he was appointed Judge and
Magistrate at Patna, warned to give up
his indigo concerns, and finally removed
from the service. He returned to Europe,
and in France, by the influence of his
former wife with Talleyrand, obtained the
post of Privy Councillor of the Govern-
ment of the Cape of Good Hope, from the
Batavian Republic in 1802 : later, became
Inspector of H.M.'s woods and lands there
under the British : married again, and
died at the Cape in 1821.
GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER, BARONET
(1826-1884)
Son of Sir Robert Innes Grant, seventh
Baronet : born Sep. 13, 1826 : educated
at Harrow and Balliol College, Oxford :
Scholar : played twice in the Harrow
Cricket Eleven against Eton and Win-
chester : Fellow of Oriel, 1849 : became pri-
vate tutor : succeeded as Baronet in 1856 :
published the Ethics of Aristotle in 1857 :
went to Madras in 1859, as Inspector of
Schools : became Professor of History,
at the Elphinstone Institution, Madras,
in i860, and Principal in 1862 : in 1863
he became Vice-Chancellor of the Bombay
University, till 1868 : in 1865, Director
of Public Instruction in the Bombay
Presidency : Member of the Legislative
Council, Bombay, in 1868 : made his mark
on education in India : became Principal
of the Edinburgh University in 1868 :
D.C.L. and LL.D. of Cambridge, Edin-
burgh and Glasgow : F.R.S. of Edinburgh :
wrote on Aristotle and Xenophon and
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
175
The Story of the University of Edinburgh :
on female education, endowed schools, and
articles in Reviews, etc. : died suddenly
Nov. 30, 1884.
GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
Born April 16, 174C, the date of the
battle of Culloden, at which his father,
Alexander, was severely wounded : edu-
cated at Elgin : apprenticed at Cromarty,
1758, and a clerk in London, 1763-67 :
went to India in 1767 : attended to the
private trade of Richard Becher, the
Resident at Murshidabad : worked hard
in the terrible Bengal famine of 1770 :
suffered from fever : returned to Scotland,
1 771-2 : and went out again as a " writer "
to Bengal, in 1772-3 : became a " factor,"
and then Secretary to the Board of Trade
at Calcutta : in 178 1 commercial resident
at Malda, in charge of the silk filature :
the post was very lucrative : Grant had
his accounts examined by Cornwallis, who
expressed a wish that all the Company's
servants were equally scrupulous : in
1787 he was made Fourth Member of the
Board of Trade, with the superintendence
of all the Company's trade in Bengal.
He supported mission work in Bengal.
When the mission church (J. Z. Kier-
nander's) in Calcutta was attached by
the Sheriff, Grant paid down 10,000
rupees to save it, and assigned it to the
Church Missionary Society. He retired
in 1790. He wrote, in 1792, his Observa-
tions on the State of Society among the
Asiatic Subjects of Great Britain, advocating
the cause of missions and education : it
was printed for Parliament in 181 3 : he
wrote the despatch from England on the
Permanent Settlement of 1793 : he
became M.P. for Inverness in 1802, and
for the county from 1804-18 : he was
Chairman of the Court of Directors in
1805, 1809, and 1815, and in Parliament
took a leading part in all discussions on
the E.I. Co.'s affairs, such as the renewal
of the Charter in 1813, the China trade,
missions, the Press, etc. : he opposed the
Marquess Wellesley's warlike policy, and
supported in 1808 the motion for his
impeachment. In the new Charter he
obtained an annual grant for education in
India, the appointment of Bishops in
India, and greater freedom for missionary
work. He promoted the establishment
of the E.I. Co.'s College at Hertford
•Castle in 1806, moved to Haileybury in
1809. He was a prominent member of
the Clapham sect and of the reUgious
Societies, and had much influence in the
selection of missionary chaplains for
India. He was Chairman of the Com-
missioners for the issue of Exchequer
Bills, and served on the Commission for
the building of churches. He retired
from Parliament in 1818, and died on
Oct. 31, 1823 : the E.I. Co. placed a
memorial of him in St. George's Church,
Bloomsbury. No one, at the time of
Charles Grant, laboured harder to raise
the moral condition of India, its inhabi-
tants and officials, or had greater influence
in the settlement of Indian affairs than
he had, as Director of the E.I. Co. and as
M.P. : he had remarkable moral courage,
a masterful hand, a determined will, and
a hot temper under control.
GRANT, SIR CHARLES (1836-1903)
Son of Sir Robert Grant (q.v.) : born in
1836 : educated at Harrow, Trinity
College, Cambridge, Haileybury : went
to India, 1858 : served in the N.W.P.
and Central Provinces : Secretary to the
Chief Commissioner, 1861 : Commissioner,
1870 : compiled the Central Provinces
Gazetteer: acted as Judicial Commissioner
and ■ as Chief Commissioner in 1879 :
Member of the Governor-General's Legis-
lative Council, 1879-80 : Acting Home
Secretary, 1880 : Foreign Secretary to the
Government of India, 1881-85 : when
he retired : K.C.S.I., 1885 : died April
12, 1903.
GRANT, CHARLES JAMES WILLIAM
( ? - )
Son of Lt-General D. G. S. Grant :
educated privately and at Sandhurst :
joined the Army, 1882, and the Madras
Staff Corps, 1884 : A.D.C. to Lt-General
Dormer, C. in C. in Madras, 1891 : Offi-
ciating A.A.G., Madras District, 1897 :
served in the Burma expedition, 1886-7 :
in Manipiu:, where he proceeded to assist-
ance of Chief Commissioner's defeated
escort': stormed and held Thobal, till re-
lieved, March 31-April 9, 1891 : severely
wounded : Captain and Brevet-Major
and V.C. : second in command 32nd
Burma Infantry Frontier Force.
GRANT, HUGH GOUGH (1846-
Born July 23, 1845 : son of Field
Marshal Sir Patrick Grant : educated at
176
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
Eton and Sandhurst : served with the
Seaforth Highlanders, 1863-95 ■ in the
Madras famine, 1877-8 : Brig-Major
during Afghan war, 1879-80, and in
Mahsud-Waziri expedition, 1881 : served
in Black Mountain expedition, 1891 :
A.A.G., Panjab command, 1895-7 : com-
manded Regimental Districts in Scot-
land : retired : C.B., 1900.
GRANT, JAMES ( ?
In the service of the E.I. Co. : was
stationed in Bengal, 1784-9 : selected by
the Government to superintend the native
management of the revenues : found him-
self obliged to expose the abuses con-
nected with the whole system of native
agency : appointed Chief Sarishtadar, or
general superintendent of native revenue
accounts under the Board of Revenue,
1786 : his tract, — An Inquiry into the
Nature of Zemindary Tenures in the
Landed Property of Bengal, 1791 — gives
the best account of the native revenue
system.
GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827-
1892)
The African traveller : born April 11,
1827 : son of James Grant : educated at
Nairn and Aberdeen schools and at the
Marischal College, Aberdeen : joined the
8th Bengal N.I. in 1846 : was present at
Multan and Gujarat : Adjutant : was
with the 78th Highlanders at the relief of
Lucknow : accompanied J. H. Speke on
his African expedition, 1 861-4, including
the discovery of the source of the Nile :
received the Gold Medal of the Geographi-
cal Society, 1864 : C.B., 1866 : in the
Intelligence Department in the Abyssinian
expedition : C.S.I. : retired as Lt-Colonel,
1868 : died Feb. 11, 1892 : wrote A Walk
across Africa, 1864 : and in scientific
Journals about his travels.
GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808-1875)
Son of Francis Grant : born July 22,
1808 : educated at Edinburgh and
Hofwyl, Switzerland : remained in the
9th Lancers from Colonel in 1826 to Maj-
General in 1858 : Brig-Major to Lord
Saltoim in the first Chinese war, 1840-2 :
C.B. : in the first Sikh war, 1845-6, includ-
ing Sobraon : in the Panjab campaign of
1848-9, at Ramnagar, Chilianwala and
Gujarat : Brevet-Lt-Colonel : was at
Umbala when the mutiny broke out :
Brigadier of the cavalry : at Badli-ka-
sarai : at the siege of Delhi : the relief of
Lucknow : Cawnpur : commanded mov-
able columns and the trans-Gogra force :
K.C.B., 1858 : commanded in the second
Chinese war, 1 860-1 : captured the Taku
forts and Pekin : G.C.B. : C. in C. at
Madras, Dec. i86i-May, 1865 : Q.M.G.
of the Army, 1865-70 : in command at
Aldershot, 1870, where he initiated the
autumn manoeuvres, and introduced
many improvements : he was strong in
his religious views : died March 7, 1875.
GRANT, JAMES WILLIAM (1788-1865)
Born Aug. 12, 1788 : son of Robert
Grant : was in the E.I. Co.'s Civil Service,
1805-49 : devoted himself to astronomy,
the microscope and other scientific pur-
suits : he made a granite observatory on
the Elchies estates, and there had the
" Trophy Telescope " : he was F.R.A.S.,
1864 : died Sep. 17, 1865.
GRANT, SIR JOHN PETER (1774-1848)
Son of William Grant, M.D. of London
and Rothiemurchus : born Sep. 21, 1774 :
succeeded his uncle in the Rothiemurchus
estate in 1790 : educated at Cambridge :
read law at Edinburgh : called to the bar
from Lincoln's Inn, 1802 : M.P. for
Great Grimsby and Tavistock : went to
Bombay in 1827 as a Puisne Judge of the
Supreme Court there : knighted : when
the Bombay Government interfered to
prevent the execution of decrees of the
Court, a rupture took place, and Grant
closed the Court in April, 1829 : Lord
Ellenborough, at the Board of Control,
appointed a new Chief Justice, Sir J.
Dewar, and a new Judge, writing that
Grant " will be like a wild elephant led
between two tame ones." Grant re-
signed his appointment, left Bombay in
Sep. 1830, and went over to Calcutta :
practised there at the bar, and became a
Puisne Judge, 1833-48, of the Calcutta
Supreme Court. He died May 17, 1848,
on his voyage homewards : he wrote on
legal subjects.
GRANT, SIR JOHN PETER (1807-1893)
I.C.S. : son of Sir John Peter Grant
{q.v.) : born Nov. 23, 1807 : educated at
Eton, Edinburgh University, Haileybury :
went to India in 1828 : served for four
years in the N.W.P. : Secretary in 1832
to the Board of Revenue, Calcutta :
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
served in the Government of India Secre-
tariat : was Superintendent of the Botanic
Garden : Secretary to Lord Macaulay's
Indian Law Commission, Private Secre-
tary to the Governor-General : Commis-
sioner for payment of the Maharaja of
Mysore's debts : inquired into the pro-
ceedings for the suppression of meriah, or
human sacrifices, in Ganjam : from 1848
to 1852 he was Secretary to the Govern-
ment of Bengal under the Governor-
General and, in his absence, under the
Deputy Governor : was Secretary to the
Government of India in the Home and
Foreign Departments, 1852-4 : Member of
the Governor- General's Supreme Council,
1854-9 : and, for a portion of that time,
Lieutenant-Governor of the " Central "
Provinces during the mutiny : Lieu-
tenant-Governor of Bengal, 1859-62. As
Member of Council he advocated annex-
ation of Oudh, which was carried, instead
of Lord Daihousie's less thorough scheme :
he passed an Act to legalize the marriage
of Hindu widows. As Lieutenant-
Governor, he had to deal with the
indigo disturbances — incurring unpopu-
larity with the planters in his determina-
tion to do justice to the cultivators — and
with troubles from tribes on the frontier.
In both these capacities he showed great
ability, in writing, in speech, and in
action : greatly trusted by Lords Dalhousie
and Canning : K.C.B. in 1862. After the
rebellion in Jamaica, in 1865, he was
Governor of that island, 1866-73 '• the
whole administration was reformed by
him, the finances re-organized, and sound
political and fiscal principles applied by
the light of his previous experience : died
Jan. 6, 1893.
GRANT, MALCOLM (1762-1831)
Joined the E.I. Co.'s Bombay Army in
T777 : served against the Mahrattas, i779»
and with Goddard's {q.v.) force at Bassein,
in 1 780-1 : in Malabar, until 1788, and
again from 1792 to 1798 : commanded
against the Mahrattas, was in the capture
of Mysore, under General James Stuart
at Mangalore, in Canara, and Jamalghar :
in the chief command in Malabar and
Canara, 1804 : captured Savandrug :
returned to England, 1807 : Maj -General,
1813 : Lt-General, 1815 : died Sep. 28,
1831.
177
GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
Field Marshal : son of Major John
Grant, 97th foot : born Sep. 11, 1804 :
Ensign, 1820: joined the nth Bengal
N.I. in Jan. 1821 : rose to be General,
1870 : Field Marshal, June, 1883 : Goldstick
in Waiting to Queen Victoria, 1885 : raised
the Hariana Light Infantry,i836: organized
the N.W. Frontier Force in 1841 : Deputy-
Adjutant-General, 1843 : in the Gwalior
campaign at Maharajpur : in the first Sikh
war was at Mudki,acting there as Adjutant-
General ; at Firozshahr, and Sobraon : C.B.:
Adjutant-General of the Bengal Army,
1846 : at Chilianwala and Gujarat : Brevet-
Colonel and A.D.C. to Queen Victoria:
served against the N.W. frontier tribes :
C. in C. of the Madras Army, 1856 : K.C.B. :
C. in C. in India, temporarily, in the
mutiny, between General Anson {q.v.)
and Lord Clyde {q.v.) : retired in 1861 :
G.C.B. : C. in C. at Malta, 1867-72 :
G.C.M.G., 1868 : Governor of the Chelsea
Hospital, 1874-95 : died March 28, 1895.
GRANT, SIR ROBERT (1779-1838)
Governor : second son of Charles Grant
{q.v.) : born in Bengal in 1779 : went to
England, 1790 : educated at Magdalen
College, Cambridge, Craven Scholar, 1799 »
third wrangler. Chancellor's Medallist
and Fellow : called to the bar at Lincoln's
Inn, 1807 : M.P. for various constituencies
from 18 18 to 1834 : advocated Jewish
emancipation from civil disabiUties : Judge
Advocate General, 1832 : Governor of
Bombay from March 17, 1835 : knighted
in 1834 : and G.C.H. : died of apoplexy
at Dapuri, July 9, 1838 : wrote Sketch of the
History of the E.I. Co., from its First Foun-
dation to 1773 : a View of the System
and Merits of the East India College,
Haileyhury, and a volume of sacred poems,
which was edited by his brother. Lord
Glenelg. The Grant Medical College at
Bombay was erected as a memorial to
him.
GRANT, SIR WILLIAM KEIR
(1772-1852)
Son of Archibald Keir, I.C.S. : bom
in 1772 : joined the 15 th King's Light
Dragoons, 1792 : served in Flanders,
1794 : saved the German Emperor,
Francis II, at Villiers-en-Couche : served
in Germany : and in Italy with the Rus-
sian and Austrian armies, in several
N
178
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
battles : Adjutant-General of the King's
troops in Bengal, 1806 : commanded the
advance on the Satlaj, 1810 : against
Amir Khan, the Pathan freebooter, in
1814 : C. in C. in Java, 1815 : com-
manded part of the Army of the Dekkan
against the Pindaris, 1817 : also against
Sawantwari and Cutch, 1819 : defeated
the piratical Arabs in the Persian Gulf in
1819-20, and arranged for the complete
suppression of piracy : assumed the
name of Keir Grant, instead of Grant
Keir : K.C.B., 1822 : Lt-General, 1825 :
G.C.H., 1835 : General, 1841 : died May 7,
1852.
GRANT-DUFF, JAMES CUNNINGHAM
(1789-1858)
Son of John Grant and Margaret Duff :
born July 8, 1789 : educated at Marischal
College, Aberdeen : joined the E.I. Co.'s
military service at Bombay in 1805 : was
at the storming of Maliah, 1808 : became
Adjutant and Interpreter of his regiment :
was Assistant to Mountstuart Elphinstone,
then Resident of Poona, who had a high
opinion of him : as Captain, he served
against the Peshwa, Baji Rao, when the
latter was dethroned in 1818, and was
then made Resident of Satara, administer-
ing the State in the Raja's name till
1822, and making treaties with the Satara
jagirdars. After five years he retired to
Scotland and brought out the History of
the Mahrattas in 1826. He took the
additional names of Duff and Cunningham
on succeeding to landed estates : died
Sep. 23, 1858. Sur M. E. Grant-Duff
{q.v.), formerly Governor of Madras, is his
son.
GRANT-DUFF, SIR MOUNTSTUART
ELPHINSTONE (1829- ^
Born Feb. 21, 1829 : son of James
Cunningham Grant-Duff (q.v.) : educated
at Edinburgh University, The Grange,
Bishop Wearmouth, and Balliol College,
Oxford : barrister of the Inner Temple :
M.P. forthe Elgin Burghs, 1857-81 : Under
Secretary of State for India, 1868-74 :
and for the Colonies, 18 80-1 : Privy
Councillor, 1880 : Governor of Madras,
1 88 1-6 : advanced education and science :
constructed the Marina at Madras : Presi-
dent of the Royal Geographical Society,
1889-93 : President of the Royal Historical
Society, 1892-9 : Author of Studies
in European Politics, "Elgin Speeches,
Notes of an Indian Journey, Memoir of
Sir H. S. Maine, Note<; from a Diary, etc.,
etc. : C.I.E., 1881 : G.C.S.I., 1886 : F.R.S. :
D.L.
GRAVES, BENJAMIN CHAMNEY
(1845- )
Born Feb. 2, 1845 : son of Henry
Graves : educated at Kingstown school
and Woolwich : joined R.A., 1866, and
Indian Staff Corps, 1871 : Brevet-Colonel,
1897 : served in Afghan war, 1879-80 :
commanded Garhwal Rifles, 1893-8 :
served with Malakand Field Force, 1897,
and in the N.W. Frontier campaign, 1897-
8 : C.B.
GREATHED, SIR EDWARD HARRIS
(1812-1881)
Son of Edward Greathed : born 1812 :
educated at Westminster : entered the
Army, 1832 : in the mutiny was with the
8th regt. at the siege of Delhi and led the
regt. to the assault : after its fall, was
placed in command of the column to
open up the country between the Jamna
and the Ganges : in the fighting at
Bulandshahr, Alighar and Agra : com-
manded a Brigade at Sir Colin Campbell's
relief of Lucknow : at the engagement
before Cawnpur on Dec. 6, 1857 : at
Khudaganj and the occupation of Fateh-
ghar : Colonel and C.B. : D.C.L., 1859 :
K.C.B., 1865 : commanded E. district in
England, 1872-7 : Brevet-General, 1880 :
died Nov. 19, 1881.
GREATHED, WILLIAM WILBER-
FORCE HARRIS (1826-1878)
Son of Edward Greathed : born Dec. 21,
1826 : educated at Addiscombe : joined
the Bengal Sappers and Miners at Meerut
in 1846 : was in the siege and capture,
Jan. 2, 1849, of Multan : present at
Gujarat : Consulting Engineer for Rail-
ways at'Allahabad, 1855-7 : in the mutiny,
he twice conveyed despatches from Agra
to Meerut through the mutineers : was at
the siege of Delhi, directing the left
attack : severely wounded : was at
several engagements as Engineer of the
Doab Field Force : directed as Engineer
at the attack on Lucknow and its capture :
C.B. : and Brevet-Major : was A.D.C. to
Sir R. Napier in China : at the capture of
Pekin : Brevet-Lt-Colonel : Assistant Mih-
tary Secretary to the Horse Guards, 1861-
5: Head of the Irrigation Department,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
179
N.W.P., 1867-75 : made the Agra and
Lower Ganges canals : retired from India,
1876 : died Dec. 29, 1878 : Maj-General.
GREAVES, SIR GEORGE RICHARDS
(1831- )
Bom Nov. 9, 1 83 1 : son of Capt. George
Greaves, 6oth Rifles : educated at Sand-
hurst : joined the 70th regt. : served in
the Indian mutiny : New Zealand war,
1860-6 : Ashanti campaign, 1874 : Sou-
dan, 1885 : Chief Secretary and Com-
missioner, Cyprus, 1878 : Adjutant-General
in India, 1879 : commanded a Division in
India, 1886 : C. in C, Bombay, 1890 :
resigned. 1893 : became General, 1896,
and retired : K.C.M.G., 1881 : K.C.B.,
1885 : G.C.B.
GREEN, SIR EDWARD (1810-1891)
Son of James Green : educated at
Addiscombe : entered the Indian Army,
1827 : in the Afghan war, 1841-2 : saw
active service at Hyderabad, Sind, with
the 22nd regt., in defence of the Residency
and at the battle of Hyderabad : also as
A.A.G. against the Cutchi Hill Tribes,
1844-5 : at the capture of Multan, at
Gujarat, and pursuit and surrender of the
Sikhs : Adjutant-General, Bombay, 1856-
60 : commanded a Division, 1862-5 :
died May 9, 1891 : General : K.C.B.
GREEN, SIR GEORGE W.
(1825-1891)
G.
General : son of the Rev. G. W. G.
Green : educated at Bridgnorth : entered
the Indian Army in 1841 : served in Sind
and in the Panjab campaign of 1848-9 :
at Gujarat : commanded the 2nd Panjab
N.I., through the mutiny : wounded at
the siege of Delhi : at Sir Colin Campbell's
relief of Lucknow, Nov. 1857 : C.B.,
1858 : Lt-General, 1877 : died Nov. 27,
1891 : K.C.B., 1877.
GREEN, SIR WILLIAM HENRY
RHODES (1823- )
Born May 31, 1823 : son of Vice-
Admiral Sir Andrew P. Green, K.C.B. :
educated at King's College, and Brussels :
entered the Indian Army, 1841, and
joined the Sind Irregular Horse, 1846 :
served throughout the second Panjab
\ war, 1848-9 : present at siege of Multan
and battle of Gujarat : employed on
special diity during the Crimean war, as
Colonel in the Turkish Army : present at
Balaclava and Inkerman and siege of
Sebastopol : severely wounded : Adjt-
General of Turkish Bashi-Bazouks in Asia
Minor and Bulgaria : A.A.G., Persian
war, 1856-7 : Indian mutiny, 1857-8 :
Political Agent in Beluchistan, 1859 :
Officiating Chief Commissioner of Sind :
Political Superintendent of N.W. Frontier
of Sind, 1866-8 : retired, 1874 : K.C.S.I.,
1866 : C.B. : author of Papers on Defence
of N.W. Frontier of India.
GREER, RICHARD TOWNSEND
(1854- )
I.C.S. : born Oct. 14, 1854 : son of Rev.
George Samuel Greer, Rector of BuUhal-
bert, CO. Down, Ireland : educated at
Kingstown school, co. Dublin : Member
of the Irish International Football Team :
went to Bengal, 1877 : employed in
Assam : Deputy Commissioner of Sibsa-
gar, and Sylhet : Assistant Secretary to
the Chief Commissioner, 1884 : Magte-
CoUector of Tippera : Deputy Commis-
sioner, Darjeeling, 1893-9 : Inspr-General
of Police, Bengal, 1 899-1 900 : Chairman
of the Calcutta Corporation since igoo :
C.S.I. , 1904.
GREY, SIR CHARLES EDWARD
(1786-1865)
Son of R. W. Grey : born 1785 : edu-
cated at University College, Oxford :
Fellow of Oriel College : called to the bar,
1811 : Commissioner in Bankruptcy,
1817 : Judge of the Supreme Court,
Madras, 1820 : knighted : Chief Justice,
Bengal, 1 825-32 : Commissioner to Canada,
1835-6 : G.C.H. : M.P. for Tynemouth,
1838-41 : Governor of Barbados, 1841-6 :
Governor of Jamaica, 1847-53 : died
June I, 1865.
GREY, SIR JOHN (1780P-1856)
Son of Charles Grey, and great-nephew
of the first Earl Grey : joined the 75th
foot in 1798 : served in the war against
Tippoo : at Malavilli and Seringapatam :
was in the Peninsula, at Ciudad Rodrigo :
commanded a Division in Bengal, 1840-
5 : commanded against 12,000 Mahrattas
at Punniar and defeated them, Dec. 29,
1843 : K.C.B. : commanded a Division
in the Satlaj campaign, 1845-6 : C. in C. and
Member of Council, Bombay, 1850-2 :
Lt-General, 1851 : died Feb. 19, 1856.
i8o
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
GREY, LEOPOLD JOHN HERBERT
(1840- . )
Born July i, 1840: son of L. J. H.
Grey : educated at Cheltenham : joined
the Bengal Army, 1857 : served with
Pan jab Frontier Force on the N.W.
Frontier, 1857-62 : Bhutan campaign,
1865-6, as Political Officer : Commissioner
of Hissar Division, 1882 : retired, 1894 :
re-employed as Superintendent of the
Bahawalpur State, 1899-1902 : C.S.I.,
1877.
GREY, SIR WILLIAM (1818-1878)
Born 1818 : son of Edward Grey, Bishop
of Hereford, and grandson of first Earl
Grey : was at Christ Church, Oxford, but
left it to enter the War Office : educated
at Haileybury : went to India in 1840 :
Private Secretary to Sir Herbert Maddock,
Deputy Governor of Bengal, 1845-7 :
served in the Bengal Secretariat, and in
the Secretariat of the Government of
India, in the Home and Foreign Depart-
ments : Secretary to the Bank of Bengal,
1 85 1-4 : Secretary to the Government of
Bengal, 1854-7: Director General of the Post
Office : Secretary to the Home Depart-
ment, 1859 : Member of the Governor-
General's Supreme Council, from April,
1862, to April, 1867 : had considerable
difference of opinion with Sir John
Lawrence, the Governor-General. When
discussions arose after the Orissa famine,
he opposed the proposed abolition of the
Bengal Legislative Council, and, instead
of any reduction in the status of the
Bengal Government, advocated its assimil-
ation to the Governments of Madras and
Bombay. He held strong opinions about
taxation, and his views did not agree
with those of Lord Mayo : K. C.S.I, in
1871 : retired on March i, 1871 : Governor
of Jamaica, 1874-7 : died May 15, 1878.
GRIERSON, GEORGE ABRAHAM
(1851- )
I.C.S. : born Jan. 7, 1851 : son of
George Abraham Grierson, LL.D., Queen's
Printer for Ireland : educated at St.
Bee's School, Shrewsbury ; Trinity College,
Dublin (Exhibitioner) : went out to Ben-
gal, 1873 : Inspector of Schools, Bihar,
1880 : Additional Commissioner of Patna,
and Opium Agent, Bihar, 1896 : in charge
of the Linguistic Survey with the Govern-
ment of India, 1898-1902 : retired, 1902 :
CLE., 1894 : Ph.D. (Halle) 1894 : D.
Litt. of Trin. Coll., Dublin, 1902 : Member
of the Asiatic Society of Bengal and of the
Royal Asiatic Society, the Folklore, and
other Societies. His principal writings
are Introduction to the Maithili Lan-
guage, A Handbook to the Kaithi Character,
Seven Grammars of the Bihar i Dialects,
Bihar Peasant Life, The Modern Vernacular
Literature of Hindustan, Notes on Tulsi
Das, The Satsaiya of Bihar i. Essays on
Kashmiri Grammar, The Linguistic Survey
of India, The Languages of India : the
Chapters on Vernacular Languages and
Vernacular Literatures in the forthcoming
edition of the Imperial Gazetteer.
GRIESBACH, CHARLES LUDOLF
(1847- )
Born Dec. 11, 1847 : son of G. L.
Griesbach of Zobelsberg : educated at
Vienna University : Member of ten
Scientific Societies : joined the Royal
Fusiliers, 1874 : and Geological Survey
of India, 1878 : on special service during
the Afghan war : present at Maiwand,
July 27, 1880 : siege and battle of Kanda-
har, 1880 : Afghan Boundary Commission,
1884-6 : CLE. : on special duty with
H.H. the Amir, in Afghanistan, 1888-9 :
Miranzai expedition, 1890-1 : Burma,
1892 : S. Africa, 1896-7 : Director of the
Geological Survey of India : retired.
GRIFFIES- WILLIAMS, SIR W. L.,
BARONET (1800-1877)
Son of Sir George Griffies- Williams,
Bart. : born in 1800 : entered the Indian
Army, 1819 : served in the first Burmese
war, 1824-6 : at the siege and storming
of Punnullah and capture of Munnohur,
1844-5 : in the second Burmese war,
1852 : became Baronet in 1870 : died
May 23, 1877.
GRIFFIN, SIR LEPEL HENRY
(1840- )
I.C.S. : born 1840 : joined the Civil
Service in the Panjab, i860 : Chief Secre-
tary to the Panjab Government, 1870 :
Chief Political Officer in Afghanistan, 1880 :
negotiated with Abdur Rahman {q.v.),
who became Amir of Afghanistan : Resi-
dent at Indore : Agent to the Governor-
General for Central India, 1881-8 : retired,
1889 : Chairman of East India Associa-
tion : author of The Panjab Chiefs, 1865 ;
The Law of Inheritance in Chiefships,
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
i8i
1869; The Rajas of thePanjab, 1870; The
Great Republic, 1884 ; Famous Monu-
ments of Central India, 1888 ; Ranjit
Singh, 1894 : founded the Asiatic Quarterly
Review in conjunction with D. Boulger :
K.C.S.I., 1881.
GRIFFITH, RALPH THOMAS
HOTCHKIN (1826- )
Born May 25, 1826 : son of Rev. R. C.
Griffith : educated at Warminster, Up-
pingham and Queen's College, Oxford :
University Boden Sanskrit Scholar : As-
sistant Master, Marlborough, 1849-53 '•
Professor of Enghsh Literature, Benares
College, 1854-62 : Principal of Benares
College, 1863-78 : Director of Public
Instruction, N.W.P., and Oudh, 1878-85 :
retired, 1885 : author of Specimens of
Old Indian Poetry, 1852 ; The Birth of the
War -God, 1853 ; Idylls from the Sanskrit,
1866 ; Scenes from the Ramayan, 1868 ;
The Ramayan of Valmiki, 1870-5 ; The
Hymns of the Rig-veda, 1889-92 ; The
Hymns of the Atharva-veda, 1895-6; The
Texts of the White Yajur-veda, 1899 :
founder and editor of the Pandit, a San-
skrit journal, for eight years : CLE.,
1885.
GRIFFITH, WILLIAM (1810-1845)
Son of Thomas Griffith : born March 4,
1810 : studied medicine : educated at
the University of London : went to
Madras in 1832, in the E.I. Co.'s medical
service : botanical member of an expedi-
tion to Assam, 1835, in connexion with
the search for, and discovery of, the tea
plant : explored between Sadiya and
Ava : and from Assam to Ava and Ran-
goon : attached in 1837 to Pemberton's
embassy to Bhutan : in 1839, accom-
panied the Army of the Indus to Kabul,
and went beyond the Hindu Kush to
Khorasan : on medical duties to Malacca
in 1 841-2 : made enormous and valuable
collections of dried plants on his journeys :
they were distributed from Kew after
his death : he also made researches in
Natural History and valuable collections :
acting Superintendent of the Botanic
Garden, near Calcutta, and Professor of
Botany at the Medical College, Calcutta :
again to Malacca in 1844, and died there,
Feb. 9, 1845 : his valuable notes and
collected papers were published in nine
volumes after his death, at the expense
of the E.I. Co. : the editorial work is said
to have been badly done: he had the
greatest reputation for his " achievements
as ' one of the most brilliant of Indian
botanists ' " : he published papers in
scientific Journals.
GROSE, JOHN HENRY (before
1760— after 1783)
A writer in the E.I. Co's service, son of
Francis Grose : went out to Bombay in 1750:
in 1757 he published A Voyage to the East
Indies, of which there were subsequent
editions and a French translation. He
was a Member of the Society of Arts.
GROTE, ARTHUR (1814-1886)
I.C.S. : son of George Grote,and brother of
the historian, George Grote : born Nov.
29, 1814 : educated at Haileybury : went
to Bengal in 1833 : rose to be Commis-
sioner and Member of the Board of Revenue,
Calcutta, 1 861-8 : was President of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1859-62 and
in 1865 : left India, 1868 : a prominent
member and a Vice-President of the Royal
Asiatic Society : wrote papers on Botany
and Natural History : F.L.S. and F.Z.S :
died Dec. 4, 1886.
GROVES, ANTHONY NORRIS
(1795-1853)
Born 1795 : educated at Lymington
and Fulham : learnt chemistry, dentistry
and surgery : resided at Plymouth and
became a founder of the sect of Plymouth
brethren : devoted himself to missionary
work from 1829 : went overland to
Bagdad and taught Christianity there :
from Bagdad to Bombay in 1833 : stayed
in India till 1852, visiting England twice
during that time. In India he visited the
missionary stations, chiefly on the west
coast and in the Madras Presidency :
practised dentistry for a year in Madras :
laboured steadily for years in his work of
evangelization : his preaching was very
successful : died at Bristol, May 20, 1853.
He wrote journals of his journey to Bagdad
and of his residence there.
GROWSE, FREDERIC SALMON
(1837-1893)
I.C.S. : son of Robert Growse : born
1837 : educated at Oriel College, and
Queen's College, Oxford (Scholar) : went
to India to the N.W.P. in i860 : served
I 82
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
in Mathura and Bulandshahr : built a
Catholic Church at Mathura : wrote
Mathura, a District Memoir, 1880 : and an
English translation of the Ramayana
of Tulsi Das, 1883 (said to occupy the
place almost of a Bible among the people
of the N.W. Provinces) : also Bulandshahr,
1884 : he ardently defended the purity
of the vernacular Hindi, as opposed to the
official Hindustani : Member of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal : a learned
Oriental scholar and archaeologist: C.I.E.,
1879 : retired 1890 : died May 19, 1893.
GRUNWEDEL, ALBERT (1856- )
Born at Munich, July 31, 1856 : son of
Karl Grlinwedel, an artist : educated at
the Max-Gymnasium at Munich, and later
(1876-82) studied Archaeology, classical
Philology, Sanskrit, Pali, Tibetan, at the
Munich University : Dr. : chiefly known as
a Tibetan scholar, and leading authority in
the history of Indian (especially Buddhist)
art : has been, since 1882, Assistant
Director of the Royal Museums at Berlin,
and is Director of the Asiatic Section of
the Berlin Ethnographical Museum
(1904) : Corresponding Member of the
Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences at
Munich (1900), and ; of the Oriental
Division of the Archaeological Society at
St. Petersburg (1901) : his chief works
are : Buddhistische Kunst in Indien,
1893, etc., translated into English in 1901 :
his Lepcha-English Dictionary, compiled
from General Mainwaring's MSS., 1898 :
Mythologie des Buddhismus in Tibet
und der Mongolei, 1900. His Report on
his archaeological laboiurs in Idikutsari
(Turfan), 1905, is the result of his travels
(1902-3) in Chinese Turkistan (Turfan) in
the company of Dr. Huth.
GUBBINS, MARTIN RICHARD
(1812-1863)
I.C.S. : educated at Haileybury, 1829-
30 : went out to India in 1830 : served in
the N.W. P. and in Oudh on its annexation
in 1856, when he was made its Financial
Commissioner. In the mutiny, he took
a leading part in the operations at Luck-
now : had charge of the Intelligence De-
partment : advocated various measures,
some of which were adopted, and some,
such as the disarmament of the native
troops, were not accepted by Sir H.
Lawrence : served throughout the siege
of Lucknow : " retrenched and completed
the post which bore his name, and was
eminent among those who fought hard and
laboured unceasingly." After the relief,
he was with Sir Colin Campbell at Cawnpur:
ill-health then compelled him to go to
England. He was Judge of the Agra
Chief Court, 1858-63 : died May 6,;;i863 :
wrote The Mutinies in Oudh.
GUBERNATIS, COUNT ANGELO DE
(1840-
Born April 7» 1840, at Turin : descended
from ancient family of Provence : studied
first at Turin : in 1862, sent by the
Italian Government to continue his
philological studies in Berlin under Weber
and Bopp : appointed, 1863, Professor
of Sanskrit and Comparative Literature
at the Institut des Etudes Superieures in
Florence : in 1881, King Himibert con-
firmed to him the title of Count, borne
formerly by his ancestors : visited India
in 1885 and 1886, and on his return
founded an Indian Museum, and an
Italian Asiatic Society at Florence :
appointed, 1890, to his present position.
Professor of Sanskrit and Italian Litera-
ture at the University of Rome : has
travelled much, and is a prolific and
many-sided writer, poet, dramatist, author
of many works on Italian literature, and a
Sanskritist : has written on the mythology
of the Vedas : Le fonti vediche delV epopea,
1867, etc. : other works are : — Piccola
enciclopedia Indiana, 1867 ; Letter attir a
Indiana, 1883 : Storia dei viaggiatori
italiani nelle Indie, 1875 ; II Dio Indra
nel Rigveda : Primi Venti Inni del Rigveda
(translated with notes) : Drammi indiani,
in verse : Zoological Mythology, etc. :
elected an honorary member of the Royal
Asiatic Society, and of its branch in Bom-
bay, besides belonging to other learned
Societies : delegate of the Italian Govern-
ment at International Congresses of
Orientalists.
^GUISE, JOHN CHRISTOPHER
(1826-1895)
Lt- General : son of Sir J. Guise, Bart. :
born 1826 : entered the Army, 1845 :
served in the Crimea with the 90th Light
Infantry : in the mutiny at siege and
capture of Lucknow : led the attack on the
Sikandrabagh : V.C. for gallantry in
action on Nov. 16 and 17, 1857, at Luck-
now : C.B. : died Feb. 5, 1895.
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
183
GUNDERT, REV. HERMAN (1814-1893)
Born at Stuttgart, 1814 : worked in the
Basel Evangelical Mission in Malabar and
Canara, 1839-63 : at Tellicherry : In-
spector of Government Schools in Malabar
and Canara, i860 : a learned scholar :
wrote Malayalam grammar and other
books, including a dictionary and Bible
translations : retured, 1865 : Editorial
Secretary and Principal of the Calver
Verlagsverein : died 1893.
GUY, SIR PHILIP M. N. (1804-1878)
Son of Melmoth Guy : educated pri-
vately and at the Military College, Brussels :
entered the Army, 1824 : was in the 5th
regt. for 37 years, commanding it for 10 :
in the mutiny, commanded the Dinapur
district in 1857 : in several engagements :
commanded an Infantry Brigade under
Sir Hope Grant : and at the Alambagh
during and after the second relief of
Lucknow, and at its capture : C.B. : held
commands at Colchester, China and Jersey :
K.C.B., 1873 : General, 1877 : died March
10, 1878.
GWALIOR, DAULAT RAO SINDIA,
MAHARAJA OF (1780-1827)
Succeeded his great uncle and adoptive
father Madhava (Madhoji) Sindia {q.v.), in
1794: he organized a formidable army under
French officers, plundered Poona,seized Ah-
madnagar : declined an alliance with the
British against an Afghan invasion : was
defeated at Poona in 1802 by Jaswant Rao
Holkar. In 1803 he was allied with the
Raja of Berar to defeat the objects of the
Treaty of Bassein : they were routed by
General Arthur Wellesley at Assaye on
Sep. 23, 1803, and at Argaum on Nov.
28, 1803 : he was forced to sign the Treaty
of Sirji Anjenguam, Dec. 30, 1803, and cede
territory : Lord Lake also defeated his
forces at Alighar on Aug. 29, 1803, at Delhi
and Agra, and at Laswari on Nov. i :
he submitted in 1805 : Lord Comwallis in
1805 restored Gohadand Gwalior to him.
Daulat Rao continued to give trouble by
the support he gave to the Pindaris and
their depredations, and was compelled by
Lord Hastings to make another treaty in
1817 : as he failed in his engagements,
the fort of Asirghar was taken from him :
he died March 21, 1827.
GWALIOR, SIR JIAJI RAO SINDIA,
MAHARAJA OF (1835-1886)
His real name was Bagirat Rao : was
adopted by his predecessor's (Jankoji)
widow, Tara Bai : grave distiirbances
broke out regarding the regency : the
Regent, Mama Sahib, the Maharaja's
father-in-law, was driven out. Lord
Ellenborough sent an army to Gwalior,
to whom the usvurper, Dada Khasgeewala,
surrendered. The State Army was
defeated at Maharajpur and Punniar on
Dec. 29, 1843, and a treaty made at
Gwalior in Jan. 1844, when Jiaji was
placed on the throne. He paid great
attention to military affairs and the im-
provement of his army. During the
mutiny, the Maharaja remained loyal to
the British, though the contingent force
at Gwalior rebelled : from Tantia Topi
and the Rani of Jhansi, he fled to Agra,
but was re-established by Sir Hugh Rose
at Gwalior : he was handsomely rewarded
for his loyalty in the mutiny. Another
treaty was made with him in 1864. The
Fort at Gwalior was restored to him in
1885 and the British cantonment at Morar
abandoned. He sat in 1875 as a member
of the Court to try the then Gaekwar of
Baroda for attempting to poison Colonel
R. Phayre. He entertained H.R.H. the
Prince of Wales in 1876. He was a
G.C.S.I : and a General : died June 20, 1886.
GWALIOR, MADHAVA (MADHOJI)
RAO SINDIA, MAHARAJA OF
(1730-1794)
Son of Ranoji Sindia, who, originally a
sUpper bearer of the Peshwa, rose to be an
of&cer of rank : Madhava was illegitimate,
the fourth of his five sons. He and his
brother Dattaji were present in the war
of 1 75 1 against the French and at the
battle of Panipat, where the Peshwa was
completely defeated by the Afghans under
Shuja, 1760-1 : after this battle, which
vktually overthrew the Mahratta design
to conquer the whole of India, Madhava
became ruler of Ujain, in succession to his
father. In the following years, he was
an ally of the Poona Regent Raghunath,
or Raghoba, fighting against the Jats of
Bhartpur and against the Rohillas, annex-
ing the fort of Gwalior and generally con-
soHdating his power. Intrigues at the Courts
of the Peshwa and of the Emperor of Delhi
1 84
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
against the British ended in the treaty of
Salbai between the Peshwa and the British
in 1782, and led Warren Hastings to
appreciate his talents so greatly that he left
him virtually a free hand in the administra-
tion of Central India and Hindustan. He
now came tobe recognized as anindependent
Prince, though nominally the vassal of the
Peshwa and the Delhi Emperor : with the
aid of De Boigne, who entered his service
about this time, he soon made himself
feared by his neighbours, but in his
attempt to attack the Raja of Jaipur was
repulsed by a conspiracy of Rajput chiefs
and Ismail Beg, who defeated him. In
the revolt of Ghulam Kadir against the
Emperor of Delhi, in 1788, Sindia took no
part, but, after Delhi was retaken, he
espoused the cause of the blind Emperor.
One of his first acts was to re-engage De
Boigne as Commander of his forces. He
defeated Ismail Beg and the Rajputs in
i790» and entered the town of Ajmir. In
1 79 1 he formed the famous alliance with
Lord Cornwallis against Tippoo, which
ended in the latter's defeatat Seringapatam.
In 1794 he proceeded to Poona to invest
the young Peshwa with the Vice-regency
of the Empire, and received from him the
title of Deputy Vice-Regent. In his
absence, his territories were attacked by
Ismail Beg and Holkar, who were both
defeated by De Boigne. Madhava Rao
died suddenly at Poona on Feb. 12, 1794,
and it is not improbable that he was the
victim of foul play on the part of Nana
Farnavis, who was jealous of his influence.
He early recognized the military power
of the British, and did not oppose them
for long. In his schemes of self-aggrandize-
ment, he worked as the subordinate of
the Peshwa and the Delhi Emperor.
GWALIOR, MAHARAJA SIR MADHO
RAO SINDIA BAHADUR, OF
(1876- )
Born Oct. 20, 1876 : succeded to the
Raj, July 3, 1886 : Hon. Colonel British
Army, 1898 : went to China as Orderly
Officer to General Sir A. Gaselee, 1901, and
provided the expedition with a hospital
ship at his own expense : G.C.S.I., 1895 :
went to England for the Coronation of
H.M. King Edward VII in 1902 : Hon.
LL.D., Cambridge : Hon. and Extra
A.D.C. to the King.
GWATKIN, FREDERICK STAPLETON
(1849- )
Born Jan. 30, 1849 : son of F. Gwatkin :
educated at Rugby and Trinity College,
Cambridge : M.A. : entered the Array,
1872, and Indian Staff Corps, 1875 : served
in Afghanistan, Egypt, Soudan, Lushai
Hills, Chin-Lushai Hills, Manipur, Chitral
and Tirah : Brevet -Major and Brevet-
Lt-Colonel: D.A.A.G., Assam: Military
Secretary to C. in C. in India : A.A.G.,
Peshawar District : Colonel on the Staff,
commanding Sialkot : C.B., 1902.
HADLEY, GEORGE ( ? -1798)
Joined the E.I. Co.'s Bengal Army,
1763 : retired, 1771 : wrote and published
grammatical treatises on Hindustani in
1772 and 1796, and Persian, 1776, with
vocabularies : died Sep. 10, 1798.
HADOW, REGINALD CAMPBELL
(1851- )
Son of Patrick Douglas Hadow :
educated at Cheltenham : entered the
Army, 1870, and the Bengal Staff Corps,
1876 : became Brevet-Colonel, 1892 :
served during the Afghan war, 1878-80 :
present at Ahmad Kheyl and Urzoo : in the
march from Kabul to Kandahar, and
battle of Kandahar : Soudan expedition,
1885, present at Tofrek andTamai : second
Miranzai expedition, 1891 : Chitral relief,
1895: D.S.O. : Tirah expedition, 1897:
present at Dargai : severely wounded at
Khangarbur : commanded 15th Sikhs :
retired.
HAFFKINE, WALDEMAR MORDECAI
WOLFF (1860- )
Born March 15, i860 : son of Aaron
Haffkine, Odessa : educated at Berdiansk
College (S. Russia) and Odessa University :
engaged in research work at Zoological
Museum, Odessa, 1883-8 : Assistant Pro-
fessor of Physiology, Geneva, 1888-9 :
assistant to Pasteur in Paris, 1889-93 '•
on bacteriological duty in India since
1893 : Director-in-Chief, Government
Plague Research Laboratory, Bombay :
CLE. : author of works of general Micro-
biology, Cholera, Plague, etc.
HAFIZ RAHMAT KHAN (1710F-1774)
A famous Rohilla chief : born about
1710 in Afghanistan : uncle of Ali Muham-
DICTIONARY OF INDIAN BIOGRAPHY
185
mad, chief of the Rohillas, who had settled
on the N.W. frontier of Oudh : joined his
people in 1739 and received large grants
of land from his nephew : on the death of
Ali Muhammad, he was made " Hafiz " or
" guardian " of his sons : but betrayed
the trust and made himself virtual ruler
of the country : entered into alliance with
the Nawab of Oudh, Shuja-ud-daula,
against the Mahrattas, engaging to pay him
40 lakhs in return for his aid. Sir Robert
Barker, the English general, attested the
treaty. The Mahrattas were driven out,
but Rahmat Khan failed to fulfil his part
of the engagement. The destruction
of the Rohillas was the result : they were
defeated at Miranpiir Katra by the united
forces of the Nawab and the English :
Hafiz Rahmat Khan was killed in the
battle (1774) : a man of education, and of
literary attainments : a strong ruler, and
on the whole a beneficent one, both to-
wards the Rohillas and as regards his
Hindu subjects.
HAINES, SIR FREDERICK PAUL
(1819- )
Field Marshal : son of Gregory Haines,
C.B. : entered the Army, 1839 : Military
Secretary to Sir Hugh Gough, C. in C,
India, 1845-9 : served in the Satlaj
campaign, 1845-6 : present at Mudki
and Firozshahr : in the Panjab campaign
of 1848-9, at Ramnagar, the Chenab,
Chilianwala, Gujarat : Crimea, 1854-5 :
C. in C. Madras, 1 871-5 : C. in C. India,
1876-81, during the Afghan war, 1879-
80 : thanked by Parliament : K.C.B.,
1871 : General and G.C.B., 1877 : G.C.S.I.
HALDANE, JAMES AYLMER LOW-
THORPE (1862- )
Born Nov. 17, 1862 : son of D. Rutherford
Haldane, M.D. : educated at Wimbledon
school, Edinburgh Academy, and at the
Staff College : joined the Gordon High-
landers, 1882 : served in Waziristan
expedition, 1894-5 : Chitral, 1895 : Tirah
expedition, 1897-8 : A.D.C. to Sir W.
Lockhart : present at Dargai : D.S.O. :
South Africa, 1899-1900 : taken prisoner
and escaped from Pretoria : author of
How we Escaped from Pretoria.
HALHED, NATHANIEL BRASSEY
(1751-1830)
I.C.S. : born May 25, 1751 ' son of
.William Halhed, Director of the Bank of
England : educated at Harrow, and Christ
Church, Oxford : went to Bengal in
the E.I. Co.'s service : published A
Code of Gentoo Laws on Ordinations of
the Pandits, from a Persian Translation,
1776 : and in 1778 a Bengali grammar,
printed at Hughli, at the first printing-
press in India : in its preface, he drew
attention to the similarity between San-
skrit and European languages : returned
to England, 1785 : M.P. for Lymington,
1790-5 : took the part of the lunatic
prophet Richard Brothers, an act which
was fatal to his career : in 1809 he was
appointed to a post in the East India
House : he imitated Martial's epigrams
and translated Aristaenetus : he wrote
A Narrative of the Events in Bombay and
Bengal relative to the Mahratta Empire,
1779 ■ his Oriental MSS. were purchased
by the British Museum : died Feb. 18,
1830.
HALIFAX, CHARLES WOOD,
VISCOUNT (1800-1885)
Born Dec. 20, 1800 : son of Sir Francis
Lindley Wood, second Baronet : educated
at Eton and Oriel College, Oxford : double
first, 1821 : was M.P. for Grimsby and
Wareham, and for Halifax, 1832-65
joint Secretary to the Treasury, 1832
Secretary to the Admiralty, 1835-9
Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1846-52
P.C. : and succeeded to the Baronetcy
in 1846 : was President of the Board of
Control, Dec. 1852, to Feb. 1855, and
passed the India Charter Act of 1853 :
First Lord of the Admiralty, 1855-8 :
G.C.B., 1856 : Secretary of State for India,
1859-66 : dturing this time he passed
several important measures for the
reorganization of the Indian 
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